Ko ɓuuɓri kaaƴe daande maayo, ɓuuɓri bluff, e ɓuuɓri permafrost¶

Kaaƴe daande maayo, ɓulli maayo, e ɓulli permafrost Arktik walla les Arktik ina peeña ina tiiɗi, ina duumoo, kono ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri heewde e leydi e dow Leydi, ko ɓuri tiiɗde e ko aldaa e deeƴre. Nandugol seeɗa-seeɗa e nder leydi, ɓuuɓol kaaƴe e ɓuuɓol permafrost ina keewi waɗde ko yaawi, ɓuuɓol bolokaaji bonɗi, ɓuuɓol njirlotoongol, walla ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓol toowngol tawa jeertinaango nanngaaka ko adii nde ɓuuɓol ngol ustata. Hitaande kala, yahooɓe e maayo yahooɓe walla jooɗiiɓe les kaaƴe toowɗe walla kaaƴe kaaƴe kaaƴe toowɗe, ina mberlee e nguurndam e ujunnaaje ujunnaaje ton kaaƴe gonɗe e dow ŋoral, tawi noon yahooɓe e yiyooɓe ina ndarii saraaji ŋoral ŋoral ina njirloo e dow ŋoral so ŋoral ŋoral ina ŋorol les bottaari mum en.

E nder latitudeeji worgo e nokkuuji toowɗi alpine, nguleeki weeyo e nguleeki geec ina yaawi ustude termokarst, ɓuuɓde ƴiye, e ɓuuɓtude ɓuuɓde retrogressive. So permafrost keewɗo ice oo ɓuuɓtii, leydi ndi wonnoo ko tiiɗndi no beton nii, ina waasa jogaade jokkere enɗam, ina ɓuuɓtoo, ina ɓuuɓna laabi, ina ɓuuɓna tuugnorgal mahaaɗe, ina ɓuuɓna daande maayo fof e ɓulli daande maayo e nder waktuuji seeɗa. Anndude ko yi’etee ko adii ŋakkeende ŋoral, jogaade taƴe kisal tiiɗɗe dow e les ŋoral daande maayo, waɗde hisnude hoore mum ko yaawi so tawii nanngaama e ŋoral, e yaltinde mahaaɗe ɓuuɓɗe hade ŋoral ŋoral waɗde, ko karallaagal kesal ngam hisnude nguurndam.

Waɗde ɗum jooni¶

1. Njillu caggal ɗoon e ɗoon e kala rimre kaaƴe, dow, walla leydi kesiri ɓuuɓndi. Yahdu nder leydi ko famɗi fof meeteeruuji 5 haa 10 (16 haa 33 feet) woɗɗitaade daande maayo, walla distance horizontale caggal fotde tooweeki tikkondire kaaƴe so tawii bluff ina waɗi ti,frollst of clandwing.
2. Doggo feewde ndiyam walla banngeeji ɗii e daande maayo so tawii kaaƴel fuɗɗiima ɓuuɓde dow maa e dow ŋoral. Woto meeɗ dogde e dow ŋoral kaaƴe ɗee; sprint to bannge laabi surf ngam yaltude e nokku runout rockfall, ndaarde caggal maa ngam bouncing kaaƴe e slides ɗiɗaɓere.
3. Reento hoore maa e ɓanndu maa e nder ballal fetal so a nanngaama e ɓuuɓri gonndi e ɓuuɓri, a waawaa dogde. Jippaade e koppi maa, ɓuuɓnaa e ballal tiiɗngal fa’de e ŋoral faɗo, ɓuuɓna juuɗe maa e dow daande maa e hoore maa, e sosde poos fooftere yeeso maa so a loose e junngo maa.
4. Evacuate kala mahdi coastal walla permafrost ɗoon e ɗoon so dame jam, les njippii, walla ɓuuɓri fonndaasiyoŋ ina yaaji e yaawre. Woto woppu ngam paasde geɗe so a nanii daande ɓuuɓnde, ɓuuɓnde, walla ɓuuɓnde e nder kaɓirɗe leɗɗe, walla so a yiyii ɓuuɓɗe tension ina udditoo e nder galle e blu.
5. Shut off main natural gas, propane, and electrical utilities only if the valves are located safely inland. Never walk onto a cantilevered deck, undermined patio, or subsiding ground near the slope crest to turn off a utility meter; ruptured gas lines in shifting earth create immediate explosion hazards.
6. Never dig into the toe of a collapsed cliff with bare hands without a dedicated spotter watching for secondary falls. Freshly sheared cliff faces almost always release deadly secondary rockfalls within minutes of the initial collapse; call your local emergency number (911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom) or check limooje caɗtuɗe and wait for technical rescue teams.

flowchart TD
    Start["Coastal Bluff, Cliff, or Permafrost Slope Hazard"] --> Location{"Where are you located?"}
    Location -->|"On Top of Cliff / In Building"| TopCheck{"Are there tension cracks, falling pebbles, or structural popping?"}
    Location -->|"On Beach at Base of Cliff"| BaseCheck{"Are pebbles trickling, dust puffs rising, or rocks cracking?"}
    Location -->|"On Thawing Permafrost / Thermokarst"| PermaCheck{"Is ground spongy, slumping, or showing exposed ice lenses?"}
    TopCheck -->|"Eey"| EvacInland["Retreat straight inland away from rim, shut off gas if safe, call 911 / 112 / 999"]
    TopCheck -->|"Alaa"| BufferTop["Stay behind barriers, keep dogs on leash, stay 5 to 10 meters (16 to 33 feet) back from edge"]
    BaseCheck -->|"Eey"| SprintSurf["Sprint straight toward the ocean surf or laterally away from the slide path immediately"]
    BaseCheck -->|"Alaa"| BufferBase["Walk near the waterline at least 1 to 2 cliff heights away from the bluff base"]
    PermaCheck -->|"Eey"| RetreatHigh["Retreat uphill to firm vegetated tundra or bedrock, avoid mud slurries"]
    PermaCheck -->|"Alaa"| MonitorGround["Test ground firmness with a probe, stay clear of undercut riverbanks and ice wedges"]
    SprintSurf --> Trapped{"Were people buried in the debris fan?"}
    Trapped -->|"Eey"| SpotterRescue["Call 911 / 112 / 999, assign a cliff spotter for secondary falls, probe surface debris only if safe"]
    Trapped -->|"Alaa"| StayClear["Stay at least 50 meters (165 feet) away from the fresh scar; secondary collapses are imminent"]

Mechanisms of cliff collapse, bluff erosion, and permafrost thaw¶

Understanding the geological mechanics driving slope instability explains why a cliff that has stood unchanged for decades can collapse in seconds on a calm, sunny afternoon. Different geological formations fail through distinct physical processes, each carrying unique warning signs and runout distances.

The two-fronted assault on coastal bluffs¶

Coastal cliffs fail because they are attacked simultaneously from the ocean side and the landward side:

1. Marine undercutting at the toe: During high tides and storms, breaking waves hurl sand and cobbles against the cliff base while compressing air inside fissures at pressures exceeding 300 kilopascals (43 pounds per square inch). This carves a concave wave-cut notch at the base, leaving the upper cliff hanging unsupported as a cantilever beam.
2. Groundwater saturation at the crest: Rainwater, snowmelt, leaking pools, and septic systems infiltrate the top of the bluff and percolate down to impermeable clay layers. High pore-water pressure pushes soil grains apart, destroying shear strength while adding weight, often triggering fair-weather collapses weeks after a rainstorm.

Spotting pre-collapse warning signs on cliffs and bluffs¶

Before a cliff face or coastal bluff shears away, the stressed rock or soil exhibits physical deformations that give you critical minutes to evacuate.

Visual and audible indicators from the cliff top¶

When walking along coastal trails or clifftop properties, scan the ground 3 to 15 meters (10 to 50 feet) back from the rim:

• Tension cracks and arcuate fissures: Narrow cracks running parallel to the cliff edge or curving in a crescent shape through grass or pavement. Fresh, moist soil or torn white plant roots inside a crack mean the ground is actively pulling away.
• Vertical step-offs (scarplets): Where the seaward side of a crack drops 2 to 10 centimeters (1 to 4 inches) lower than the landward side, rotational slumping has begun.
• Overhanging turf mats and undercut rims: Grassy sod held together by roots often projects 1 to 2 meters (3 to 6.5 feet) out over empty space after underlying sand or chalk has fallen away.
• Tilted fences, leaning trees, and stretched utility lines: Fence posts leaning seaward, pulled-apart asphalt cracks, or tilted trees indicate active slope creep.
• Sinkholes behind the cliff edge: Circular depressions forming 5 to 20 meters (16 to 65 feet) inland indicate an unseen sea cave roof collapsing upward or subsurface piping erosion.

Visual and audible indicators from the beach below¶

When walking along a narrow beach bordered by cliffs, continuously monitor the vertical face above you:

• Trickling pebbles and dust puffs ("rock rain"): Shearing along rear fracture planes squeezes loose sand, pebbles, and dry dust out of cracks right before detachment. Falling pebbles or dust puffs signal an imminent major collapse.
• Kaaƴe kese peeñɗe, ɗe ɓuuɓnaaka: Weeyo e alkule ina cokti kaaƴe dartiiɗe e tonngooɗe muusɗe. Ɓoorno-ɗaa wutte daneejo jalboowo e dow kaaƴel walla ɓuuɓol laaɓngol e dow kaaƴe ɓutte firti ko ɓuuɓol kaaƴe ɓooyngol addi ko ɓuuɓol saraaji ngol alaa ballal.
• Laabi ɓuuɓɗi ndiyam les e banngeeji niɓɓiɗi ɓuuɓɗi: Laabi niɓɓiɗi gonɗi e dow leydi ɓuuɓɗi walla ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam hakkunde bluff ina maantinira ɓuuɓri ndernderi e diƴƴe ɓuuɓɗe ɓuuɓɗe.
• Konuuji Talus e aprons debris kesi: Piile kaaƴe ɓutte walla loope ɓutte to koyngal kaaƴe ina kollita ŋakkeende darnde dow.
• Audible cracking, popping, or rumbling: Stressed rock emits sharp cracks or deep thuds as internal rock bridges snap prior to full detachment.

Golle nguurndam ɗoon e ɗoon e sahaa ɓuuɓol kaaƴe gonɗe e golle¶

If you hear a sudden roar, feel the ground shudder, or see a cliff face detaching, you have between 2 and 8 seconds to react before debris reaches the beach or the rim gives way.

1. So aɗa woni e dow maayo les ŋoral ɓuuɓngal¶

1. Look up for a split second to identify the failure zone, then sprint toward the ocean: Unlike inland landslides where you should never run downhill, on a coastal beach the ocean surf is your safest refuge. Run directly away from the cliff face toward the water, or sprint diagonally along the shoreline away from the falling section if the collapse is narrow.
2. Laɓɓin nokku dogdu gonɗo dow oo: Kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe ina ɓuuɓta so ɗe njippiima e dow ŋorol ngol, ɗe ɓuuɓtoo e dow ŋorol ngol e njaaweeki ɓurtuki 50 kiloomeeteer e waktu (31 miil e waktu). E nder kaaƴe joorɗe, pecce ina keewi yahde yaasi, fotde 0,5 haa 1,0 laabi toowgol kaaƴe. E nder ɓulli bluff loope ɓuuɓɗe walla ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi ɓuuɓɗi, ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓngol ngol ina waawi ɓuuɓde haa yaasi 1,5 haa 3,0 laabi toowgol kaaƴe ɗee, taƴa maayo ngoo e nder nokku surf oo.
3. Naatde e surf mo luggiɗaani so ina haani, kono ƴeewto-ɗaa ɓuuɓol diƴƴe: So tawii beeli ɗii ina pamɗi, tee ɓuuɓol ngol ina mawni, dogdu e nder ndiyam luggiɗam haa e ɓalndu ngam waasde ɓuuɓnude ƴiye kaaƴe. Waɗtu hoore maa e dow maayo, sibu ujunnaaje ujunnaaje ton kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe e nder ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina mbaawi jibinde ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓngol nokkuyankeewol e ɓuuɓol tiiɗngol caggal.
4. If rock fragments are raining down and you cannot outrun the slide: Never lie flat on your stomach on the sand, which exposes your spine and skull to maximum impact. Duck behind the seaward side of a massive boulder if one is sitting away from the cliff base, or drop to your knees facing the ocean, curl into a tight fetal ball, interlock your fingers behind your neck, and pull your knees up to protect your chest and organs.
5. If buried in loose sand or bluff soil: Keep your mouth closed while sediment is moving, cup your hands in front of your nose and mouth to create an air pocket, and expand your ribcage deeply as the slide slows down so your chest has room to breathe before the wet sediment sets.

2. If you are on top of the cliff when the ground gives way¶

1. Drop everything and scramble straight inland on all fours: If you feel the ground lurch downward or see a crack opening between your feet and the mainland, leap or dive across the crack toward the inland side immediately. Crawling on hands and knees keeps your center of gravity low so you do not tumble backward over the edge.
2. Grab anchored inland vegetation, never edge vegetation: Reach for tree trunks, fence posts, or bushes rooted firmly on the landward side of the tension crack. Never grab bushes growing on the collapsing block itself, as their roots will pull you down with the falling slab.
3. If you are riding a collapsing slump block downward: A rotational slump often slides downward along a curved plane while keeping its grassy top surface tilted slightly backward toward the cliff face. Stay on top of the moving turf block rather than jumping off the front edge where you will be crushed at the toe, then scramble off the side of the debris mound toward the waterline as soon as it stops.

3. Watch for deadly coastal tidal cutoff¶

A major cliff collapse often dumps an enormous mound of clay, trees, and boulders all the way across the beach into the low-tide surf zone, blocking the coastal walking route.

• Never scramble over a fresh, unstable landslide lobe to get back to your starting stairway if the cliff above is still shedding rocks.
• Check the tide state immediately: If the tide is rising and a cliff collapse blocks one side of a cove while a rocky headland blocks the other, you face tidal cutoff (being trapped against the vertical cliff by rising water). Call 911, 112, or 999 (and request the Coast Guard or RNLI lifeboat) immediately while you still have dry sand, climb onto the highest stable rock outcrop away from the fresh scar, and wave bright clothing to guide rescue boats.

Permafrost thaw, thermokarst, and Arctic slope emergencies¶

Permafrost is ground (soil, sediment, peat, or rock) that remains at or below 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) continuously for at least two consecutive years. Across Alaska (United States), northern Canada, Greenland, Scandinavia, the European Alps, and Siberia, rapid warming is destabilizing the active layer (the top 30 to 150 centimeters / 1 to 5 feet of soil that thaws every summer and refreezes in winter) and melting the deeper permafrost table beneath it.

Escaping liquefied permafrost silt (thermokarst mud entrapment)¶

When ice-rich Pleistocene silt thaws rapidly in a retrogressive thaw slump or coastal bluff collapse, it releases more water than the soil pores can hold. This creates a thixotropic mud slurry that looks like firm grey clay under a thin sun-dried crust but behaves like liquid silt underneath.

1. If you break through the crust into deep permafrost mud: Do not thrash or try to walk forward, which drives your legs deeper into the frigid 1-degree-Celsius (34-degree-Fahrenheit) slurry.
2. Drop your heavy backpack immediately: Unclip your waist belt and sternum strap and let the pack sit on the mud surface next to you as a flotation platform.
3. Spread your body weight horizontally: Lean forward or backward so your chest or back lies flat across the mud surface, distributing your weight over a wide area.
4. Free your legs one at a time: Work your legs slowly in small circular motions to let water seep down around your boots and break the vacuum suction. Never let a rescuer pull you straight up with a winch or ATV strap while your legs are locked in deep silt; dig around the trapped limbs first.
5. Swim or roll across the mud surface: Once both legs are horizontal on the surface, crawl on your stomach using a swimming motion or roll sideways toward solid tundra grass, then treat immediately for hypothermia.

Evacuating structures undermined by bluff erosion or thawing ground¶

Homes, apartments, roads, and industrial facilities built along eroding ocean bluffs, clay bluffs, river cutbanks, and thawing permafrost face sudden structural failure when slope retreat removes foundation support.

Structural red flags requiring immediate evacuation¶

Evacuate immediately if your building exhibits any of these structural failure signs during or after a storm, high tide, or rapid thaw:

• Cantilevered or hanging foundations: Any portion of a concrete slab, footing, pier, patio, or deck support post is visibly hanging over the cliff edge with air beneath it, or soil has washed away from pilings.
• Sudden jamming of multiple doors and windows: When the seaward side of a house settles toward the bluff face, wooden wall frames rack into parallelograms, pinching doors and windows shut and cracking drywall diagonally at 45-degree angles.
• Audible structural noises: Loud popping, snapping, creaking, or groaning sounds from wall studs, roof trusses, or floor joists indicate active load redistribution as ground support drops away.
• Separation of decks, porches, or chimneys: A gap of 1 centimeter (0.4 inches) or more opening rapidly between an oceanfront deck ledger board and the house wall, or a chimney leaning away from the siding, signals imminent detachment.
• Ruptured or stretched utility pipes: Hissing sounds or the rotten-egg odor of mercaptan from gas lines, gushing water from broken PVC pipes, or taut overhead electrical wires pulling at the mast.
• Rapidly retreating bluff rim: If a storm or slide brings the cliff edge within 3 to 5 meters (10 to 16 feet) of your foundation wall, the building is inside the active wedge of failure and is unsafe for occupancy.

Step-by-step building evacuation and utility isolation¶

1. Alert all occupants and exit through the inland (street-side) doors: Evacuate immediately toward the street or inland high ground. Never step out onto an oceanfront balcony, cliffside deck, or seaside patio to look at the erosion scar; cantilevered decks are often the first components to plunge down the cliff.
2. Grab only your emergency go-bag, medications, pets, and keys: Spend no more than 60 seconds exiting. Never move heavy furniture or appliances out of rooms on the cliffward side, as added live load can trigger floor collapse.
3. Shut off natural gas, propane, and electricity if the meters are safely inland:
4. If the gas meter or propane tank is on the street side on stable ground, use an adjustable wrench to turn the quarter-turn supply valve 90 degrees until the lug is perpendicular to the pipe (or close the propane handwheel clockwise).
5. Flip the main circuit breaker off at the electrical panel if it is accessible from a safe inland wall.
6. Shut off the main domestic water valve at the street curb box so a snapped pipe does not pump pressurized municipal water into the unstable bluff soil.
7. Never walk near the cliff edge or enter a tilting basement to shut off utilities. Retreat to the street and call your utilities and the fire department immediately.
8. Warn adjacent neighbors on both sides: Bluff slumps propagate laterally along the shoreline as your yard's slump removes lateral earth support for adjacent properties. Knock on neighbors' street-side doors and alert them to check their foundations.
9. Contact municipal building inspectors and geotechnical authorities: Call 911, 112, or 999 if there is immediate danger to life, gas leaks, or people on the beach below. Request a municipal building and geotechnical engineering inspection before re-entering.

Bystander rescue and medical care after a cliff collapse¶

When a coastal cliff collapses onto a beach, a freshly sheared cliff face is out of mechanical equilibrium and frequently releases lethal secondary rockfalls over the next 5 to 60 minutes.

1. Scene safety and the mandatory cliff spotter rule¶

1. Noddu sarwisaaji cafrirɗi ɗoon e ɗoon: Noddu 911, 112, walla 999 e rokkude innde beeli, limoore jolngo, tooweeki kaaƴe, limtooji maayɓe, e ngonka ndiyam. Ɗaɓɓu kippuuji hisnude kaaƴe, sarwiis Coast Guard / laana ndiwoowa, e ballal ambulance aeroport.
2. Woto meeɗ ruttaade e wumre e nder nokku ɗo kaaƴe njippii ɗoo: Ƴeew dow ŋoral kaaƴe hade maa ɓadtaade. So tawii kaaƴe ina njippoo haa jooni, so tawii lefol gonngol dow ngol ina seerti e ŋoral gap dow ŋoral ŋoral, walla so tawii ŋoral ina ɓuuɓtoo, jokku caggal.
3. Designate a dedicated lookout spotter: So tawii ɓiɗɗo gorko oo ina wirnaa e dow ŋoral yaajngal fannu debris, toɗɗaa neɗɗo gooto ngam daraade e dow jam sara ŋoral ndiyam ina ndaara tan dow yeeso kaaƴe ngam wullude jeertinaango ɗoon e ɗoon so tawii kaaƴe ina njirloo walla kaaƴe ɗee ina njirloo.

2. Ittugol ñawɓe e haɗde mboros crush syndrome¶

So tawii aɗa waawi yettaade ɓiɗɗo gorko e dow ŋoral yaajngal tawa a daraaki les ŋoral :

• Laɓɓin laawol henndu e ɓanndu ko adii: Laɓɓin njaareendi, loope, walla kaaƴe diga nofru, hunduko, e ɓanndu ɓiɗɗo nyawɗo ngam ɓuuɓri maɓɓe waawa yaajde. Jaɓɓotooɓe e ɓuuɓri leydi e ɓuuɓri ceene ina mbaawi maayde e asphyxie traumatique e nder hojomaaji 3 haa 5 so ceene ɓuuɓɗe teeŋtuɗe ina ɓuuɓna e ɓalndu mum en kala nde ɓe ngummii.
• Waɗtu no feewi e saraaji terɗe nanngaaɗe: Huutoro juuɗe maa, leɗɗe ɓutte, walla ɓulli palastik wonaa ɓulli njamndi sara ɓanndu neɗɗo wirnaaɗo ngam waasde ɓuuɓnude ƴiiƴam.
• Tuumaaɗo mboros ɓalndu e ƴiiƴam nder reedu: Kala mo haayre yani e mum ina jogii caɗeele mawɗe e mboros cervical ñawu ɓalndu, gaañannde hoore, e ɓuuɓri. Waɗde hoore maɓɓe, wutte maɓɓe, e ɓalndu maɓɓe ina njuɓɓina so wonaa tawa ko ɓuuɓri ɗiɗmiri ina ɗaɓɓi dogdu ɓuuɓndu e dow ŋoral ɓanndu juutngal feewde e surf.
• Reento-ɗee e mboros “crush syndrome” so tawii haayre teeŋtunde ina pinni tergal walla pelɓondiral ko ɓuri hojomaaji 15: So haayre teddunde ina ɓuuɓna ƴiye mawɗe ko ɓuri hojomaaji 15, ɓuuɓri ƴiye ina moofta potaasiyom, mioglobin, e asid laktik baawɗo warde. Ɗoon e ɗoon, ƴeftude haayre e tergal juutngal ina yaltina potaasiyom e nder ƴiiƴam, ɗum ina waawi addande ɓernde mum ustaade (syndrome de reperfusion). Yeewtid e diisnondirooɓe safaara ko adii nde ƴeftata kaaƴe teeŋtuɗe e dow ñawɗo mo nanngaa ko ɓuri hojomaaji 15, so wonaa tawa ko ɓuuɓri walla ɓuuɓri ɗiɗmiri ina hulɓina maayde ɗoon e ɗoon, e jogaade doole tiiɗɗe ƴiiƴam e ɓuuɓri toowndi walla e ɓuuɓri.

Ustugol jawdi e peewnugol erosion ko juuti¶

So tawii ko e dow ŋoral daande maayo, e dow ŋoral daande maayo, walla e dow ŋoral permafrost, njuɓɓudi ndiyam e ƴeewndo geɗe karallaagal ina leeltina ŋoral, ina rokka jeertinaango ko yaawi.

1. Ittugol naatgol ndiyam artificiel saraaji bluff crest:
2. Seerndude ɓuuɓri huɗo e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam e nder meeteruuji 15 (50 feet) e daande maayo.
3. Tuubaaji dow suudu, dowspouts, e ɓulli laawol e nder tuubaaji ɗi ɓuuɓnaaka ɗi ɓuuɓnaaka ɗi ɓuuɓnata e nder ɓulli henndu mbeddaaji nder leydi walla laawol fof les yeeso bluff e nder laylaytol poliyetileen toowngol (HDPE) tiiɗngol haa e koyngal maayo.
4. Hoto meeɗ werlaade ndiyam poolgu walla ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam e dow ŋoral daande maayo, e waylude gese septik ɓuuɓɗe saraaji bluffs ngam waɗde ɗum en jokkondire ɓuuɓɗe.
5. Resnude leɗɗe ɓutte ɗe ɗaɗi mum en luggiɗi e haɗde duppugol e dow kaaƴe:
6. Hoto meeɗ laɓɓinde leɗɗe daande maayo, huɗo duule, walla leɗɗe luggiɗe e dow ŋoral ngam moƴƴinde yiyngo maa, sibu ŋoral ŋoral ina jokkondiri e leydi, ina ɓuuɓna ndiyam les ɗam.
7. Ittude leɗɗe teeŋtuɗe ɗe ɗaɗi mum en luggiɗi, ko wayi no leɗɗe ice (Carpobrotus edulis), ɗe ɓeydata teddeendi maayndi e jeese kaaƴe ɓutte, ɗe taƴa e nder leppi.
8. Hoto meeɗ duppude mbuuɗu yarde walla hebbinde dow daande kaaƴe, ko ɗum nanngata ndiyam e suuɗde ɓuuɓri tension.
9. Waɗde jokkorgal ƴeewndo crack koyngal:
10. Dogdu leɗɗe ɗiɗi haa juuta e nder leydi e banngeeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi e kala ŋoral leydi ŋoral saraaji bluff e foondaade distance hakkunde ŋoral ɗiɗi dow ŋoral yontere kala e ŋoral njamndi.
11. So tawii luggere ndee ina yaaji fotde milimeeteeruuji 5 haa 10 (0,2 haa 0,4 inch) e nder balɗe seeɗa, dille ŋorol ngol ina yaawi ; noddu ɗoon e ɗoon injenieer geoteknik mo alaa kaayitaaji.
12. Reende fonndaasiyoŋ permafrost e mbayliigu nguleeki:
13. Waɗde mahaaɗe permafrost toowɗe e dow pilinguuji njuɓɓudi, termosifonuuji passif, walla paddorɗe kaaƴe tedduɗe tawa ko famɗi fof meeteer gooto (3 feet) ina ɓuuɓna henndu les leydi, tawa kadi meeɗaa ittude ɓuuɓri tundra moss mat.

Naamne keewɗe naamneede¶

Ardiiɓe jokkondirɓe¶

• Ɓoornugol leydi e ɓuuɓri
• Sinkholes e leydi ɓuuɓndi
• Tsunami : udditgol e wuurde
• Rip ɓuuɓol e emergency ndiyam geec
• Bonnugol mbaydiiji e ɓuuɓgol mahaaɗe
• Gaññeeje ɓuuɓɗe e sindrom kompañi

Fuɗɗoode ƴeewtaama¶

• Wiɗto leydi Amerik (USGS, Dental Dowlaaji Amerik) : Ɓooygol ɓulli e nder geec, Porogaraam Ɓooygol leydi, e Wiɗtooji Ɓooygol Permafrost
• Wiɗto leydi Angalteer (BGS) e Fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e geec e geec (MCA, Angalteer) : Geɗel geec, ŋakkeende dartagol kaaƴe, e ardorde kisal geec
• Resooji tago Kanadaa (NRCan) e Wiɗto Geoloji Kanadaa (Kanada) : Ɓooygol permafrost, Ɓooygol Ɓooygol Retrogressive, e Kisal Ɓooygol leydi
• Fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e caɗeele (FEMA, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik) : Deftere mahngo koɗki (FEMA P-55) e njuɓɓudi haɓaade mborosaaji
• Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO): Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) Technical Assessments