Ƒuta agakpewo ƒe mumu, togbɛwo ƒe ʋuʋu, kple tsikpe mavɔ ƒe tsidzadza¶

Ƒuta agakpewo, ƒumelãwo ƒe togbɛwo, kple Artik alo Arctic ƒe anyiehe tsikpe siwo nɔa anyi ɖaa ƒe togbɛwo dzena abe woli ke eye wonɔa anyi ɖaa ene, ke hã wole anyigba ƒe nɔnɔme siwo ŋu ŋusẽ le wu eye womeli ke o wu le Anyigba dzi la dome. To vovo na togbɛwo ƒe ʋuʋu vivivi le togbɛwo dzi la, ƒuta agakpewo ƒe mumu kple tsikpe mavɔ ƒe tsidzadza ƒe ɖiɖi dzɔna enuenu esime xɔtunu siwo mu kpata, siwo gblẽa nu le wo ŋu, woƒe ɖiɖi le tɔtrɔ me, alo gbeɖuɖɔ siwo ƒua du sesĩe eye womesea nuxlɔ̃ame aɖeke hafi doa kpo nu o. Ƒe sia ƒe la, kpe siwo le gegem ƒe metrik tɔn akpe geɖe ɖia ƒutadela siwo le zɔzɔm alo bɔbɔ nɔ anyi ɖe kpe kɔkɔwo alo kpe gbadzɛwo te agbagbee, evɔ todzizɔla kple tsaɖila siwo le tsitre ɖe ʋuƒo siwo le tsia dzi gbɔ la gena ɖe anyigba ne afɔti siwo wotso ɖe ete la lãna le woƒe afɔkpawo te.

Le dziehe ƒe anyigba ƒe lolome kple togbɛ kɔkɔwo ƒe nutowo me la, ya kple atsiaƒu ƒe dzoxɔxɔ si le dzo dam kabakaba le dzoxɔxɔ ƒe nugbegblẽ, tsikpe ƒe ʋuʋudedi, kple tsikpe ƒe ɖiɖi ɖe megbe kabakaba. Ne tsikpe si me tsikpe le si nɔa anyi ɖaa la xɔ dzo la, anyigba si sesẽ abe kɔkrit ene tsã la megawɔa ɖeka le eƒe xɔtunuwo me o eye wòzua tsi zua anyikpe si womate ŋu atɔ te o, si mia mɔwo, gbãa xɔwo ƒe gɔmeɖoanyiwo, eye wògbãa tɔsisiwo ƒe gowo katã kple ƒuta togbɛwo ɖe atsiaƒua me le gaƒoƒo ʋɛ aɖewo ko me. De dzesi nusiwo doa ŋgɔ na togbɛwo ƒe gbagbã si wokpɔna, dedienɔnɔ ƒe mɔxenu sesẽwo léle ɖe te le ƒuta togbɛwo tame kple wo te, ame ɖokui ɖeɖe enumake ne wodze anyi, kple xɔ siwo dome gblẽ hafi xɔtuɖaŋuwo ƒe ʋuʋu nadzɔ nye agbeɖeɖe ƒe aɖaŋu veviwo.

Wɔ esia fifia¶

1. Trɔ afɔ ɖe megbe enumake tso agakpe ƒe go ɖesiaɖe, si le etame, alo anyigba si me gbagbã yeyee. Ʋu yi anyigba me meta 5 va ɖo 10 (afɔ 16 va ɖo 33) ya teti tso eƒe go kemɛ gbɔ, alo yi megbe le tsia dzi si sɔ kple agakpe la ƒe kɔkɔme le tsitrenu ne ke si le gbadzaa, anyi, tsikpedzi, alo tsikpe mavɔ si le ƒoƒom le togbɛa dzi.
2. Si yi tsia gbɔ alo le axadzi le ƒuta ne agakpe aɖe dze gbagbã gɔme le dziwò le ƒuta. Mègaƒu du tẽ to agakpe la gɔme gbeɖe o; ƒu du yi ƒutsotsoeawo ƒe fli la gbɔ tẽ be nàdo go le afisi kpewo gena ɖo, eye nànɔ ŋku lém ɖe kpe siwo le dzodzom kple ƒutsotsoe evelia siwo le tsia dzi le megbewò ŋu.
3. Takpɔ wò ta kple akɔta le fugboe ƒe bɔl me ne èlé wò le ʋuʋudedi si le dɔ wɔm me eye màte ŋu asi o. Dze klo dzi, ƒo xlã wò ɖe bɔl sesẽ aɖe si dze ŋgɔ togbɛ si le gegem la gbɔ, xatsa wò ŋgɔgbe abɔwo ɖe wò kɔ kple tagbɔ dzi, eye nàtsɔ wò asiwo awɔ kotoku si me nàgbɔ ya le wò mo ŋgɔ ne tsi si le gbadzaa tsyɔ dziwò.
4. Miɖe xɔ ɖesiaɖe si le ƒuta alo tsikpe si nɔa anyi ɖaa la ɖa enumake ne ʋɔtruwo xa, anyigba ƒo, alo gɔmeɖoanyi ƒe gbagbã keke kabakaba. Mègatɔ vie nàtsɔ nuwo abla ne èse gbeɖiɖi sesẽ siwo le ʋuʋum, wole ɣli dom, alo le ʋuʋum le atiwo ƒe xɔtunuwo me, alo ne èkpɔ tension ƒe gbagbãƒewo le ʋuʋum le akpataa me le aƒea kple bluff ƒe nugbɔ dome o.
5. Tsi dzɔdzɔme gas, propane, kple elektrikmɔ̃ gãwo nenye be elektrikŋusẽnamɔ̃awo le anyigba me dedie ko. Mègazɔ ɖe xɔtaxɔ si wotu ɖe xɔtaxɔe dzi, akpata si gblẽ, alo anyigba si le ɖiɖim le togbɛa ƒe ta gbɔ gbeɖe be nàtsi elektrikŋusẽdzidzenu o; gas-ka siwo gbã le anyigba si le tɔtrɔm me hea afɔku siwo le wowó me vɛ enumake.
6. Mègatsɔ asi ƒuƒlu kuku ɖe agakpe si mu ƒe afɔbidɛ me gbeɖe ne nukpɔla tɔxɛ aɖeke mele ŋku lém ɖe gege evelia ŋu o. Ɣesiaɣi kloe la, agakpe siwo wotso yeyee la ɖea kpe evelia siwo wua ame ɖe go le aɖabaƒoƒo ʋɛ aɖewo ko me tso esime wodze anyi zi gbãtɔ; ƒo ka na wò nutoa me xexlẽdzesi kpata (911 le United States kple Canada, 112 le Europa Dukɔwo ƒe Habɔbɔ bliboa me, 999 le United Kingdom) alo nàlé ŋku ɖe eŋu xexlẽdzesi siwo wozãna kpata eye woalala mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ƒe xɔnamehawo.

flowchart TD
    Start["Ƒuta Bluff, Cliff, alo Permafrost Slope ƒe Afɔku"] --> Location{"Afikae nèle?"}
    Location -->|"Le Agakpe Tame / Le Xɔa Me"| TopCheck{"Ðe tension ƒe gbagbã, kpe gbadzɛ siwo le gegem, alo xɔtuɖaŋu ƒe ʋuʋu le emea?"}
    Location -->|"Le Ƒuta le Base of Cliff"| BaseCheck{"Ðe kpe gbadzɛwo le sisim, ke le dodom, alo kpewo le gbagbãm?"}
    Location -->|"Le Tsidzadza si nɔa anyi ɖaa / Thermokarst si le ƒoƒom ŋu"| PermaCheck{"Ðe anyigba le abe ƒumelã ene, ɖe wòle ŋeŋem, alo ɖe tsikpe ƒe ŋkumeɖonu siwo woɖe ɖe go la ɖem fiaa?"}
    TopCheck -->|"Ẽ"| EvacInland["He ɖe megbe tẽe yi anyigba me ɖa tso rim gbɔ, tsi gas ne ele dedie, ƒo ka na 911 / 112 / 999"]
    TopCheck -->|"Ao"| BufferTop["Nɔ mɔxenuwo megbe, na avuwo nanɔ ka dzi, nɔ megbe meta 5 va ɖo 10 (afɔ 16 va ɖo 33) tso nugbɔ"]
    BaseCheck -->|"Ẽ"| SprintSurf["Duƒuƒu yi atsiaƒu ƒe ƒutsotsoeawo gbɔ tẽ alo nàdzo le axadzi tso mɔ si dzi woato aƒu du la gbɔ enumake"]
    BaseCheck -->|"Ao"| BufferBase["Zɔ le tsia gbɔ ne mede ɖeke o la, agakpe kɔkɔ 1 va ɖo 2 ya teti tso togbɛa ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi gbɔ"]
    PermaCheck -->|"Ẽ"| RetreatHigh["He ɖe megbe le togbɛa dzi yi tundra alo kpe gbadza siwo dzi numiemiewo le sesĩe, ƒo asa na anyikpe ƒe ʋeʋẽ"]
    PermaCheck -->|"Ao"| MonitorGround["Do anyigba ƒe sesẽme kpɔ kple nusi wotsɔna dzroa nu me, nɔ adzɔge tso tɔsisi siwo le ete kple tsikpe siwo le wo ŋu gbɔ"]
    SprintSurf --> Trapped{"Ðe woɖi amewo ɖe gbeɖuɖɔ ƒe fesrea mea?"}
    Trapped -->|"Ẽ"| SpotterRescue["Ƒo ka na 911 / 112 / 999, de agakpedzikpɔmɔ̃ asi na anyidzedze evelia, ku nu me le anyigba ƒe gbeɖuɖɔwo ŋu ne ele dedie ko"]
    Trapped -->|"Ao"| StayClear["Ne mede ɖeke o la, nɔ adzɔge tso abi yeyea gbɔ meta 50 (afɔ 165); evelia ƒe gbagbãwo gbɔna kpuie"]

Mɔnu siwo dzi agakpewo mu, togbɛwo ƒe ʋuʋu, kple tsikpe siwo nɔa anyi ɖaa ƒe tsidzadza wɔna¶

Anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe mɔ̃ɖaŋununya si nana togbɛwo ƒe malikenyenye gɔme sese ɖe nusita agakpe si tsi tre ƒe bla nanewo matrɔmatrɔe ate ŋu amu le sɛkɛnd ʋɛ aɖewo me le ŋdɔ si me tomefafa le eye ŋdɔ ʋuna nyuie la me. Anyigba ƒe nɔnɔme vovovowo doa kpo nu to dzɔdzɔmenu vovovowo me, eye wo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe tsɔa nuxlɔ̃amedzesi tɔxɛwo kple didiƒe siwo woƒua du le.

Amedzidzedze si wowɔ le ƒuta togbɛwo dzi le ŋgɔgbe eve¶

Ƒuta agakpewo doa kpo nu elabena wodzea wo dzi le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me tso atsiaƒu ƒe akpa kple anyigba ƒe akpa dzi:

1. Ƒudzi ƒe ʋuʋu le afɔbidɛ gbɔ: Le ƒutsotsoe gãwo kple ahomwo me la, ƒutsotsoe siwo le gbagbãm la tsɔa ke kple kpe gbadzɛwo ƒua gbe ɖe agakpeawo ƒe gɔme esime wole ya mimim ɖe ʋuʋudediwo me le nyaƒoɖeamenu si wu kilopascal 300 (pound 43 le inch square ɖeka me). Esia kpa ƒutsotsoe-tso notch si le dzogoe ene me le eƒe gɔme, si wɔnɛ be agakpe si le etame la nɔa xɔxlɔ̃m abe cantilever beam ene.
2. Anyigba te tsiwo ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ le eƒe tame: Tsidzadza, sno ƒe ʋuʋu, ta siwo me tsi le dodom le, kple tsiɖɔɖɔɖɔɖɔƒewo gena ɖe togbɛa tame eye wogena ɖe anyi va ɖoa anyikpe siwo me tsi mate ŋu age ɖo o me. Tsi si le ʋuʋudediwo me ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu sesẽ tua anyigba ƒe nukuwo ɖe vovo, si gblẽa ŋusẽ si le lãɖeɖe me ŋu esime wòdzia ​​kpekpeme ɖe edzi, si wɔnɛ zi geɖe be yame ƒe nɔnɔme nyuiwo gbãna le tsidzadza ƒe ahomya megbe kwasiɖa aɖewo.

Nuxlɔ̃amedzesi siwo fia do ŋgɔ na eƒe anyidzedze kpɔkpɔ le agakpewo kple togbɛwo dzi¶

Hafi agakpe aɖe alo ƒuta ƒe togbɛ aɖe natso la, kpe alo anyigba si dzi nuteɖeamedzi le la ɖea ŋutilã me tɔtrɔ siwo naa aɖabaƒoƒo veviwo wò be nàdzo.

Dzesi siwo wokpɔna kple esiwo woate ŋu ase tso agakpe la tame¶

Ne èle zɔzɔm le ƒutamɔwo alo agakpewo tame ƒe anyigbawo dzi la, lé ŋku ɖe anyigba si didi meta 3 va ɖo 15 (afɔ 10 va ɖo 50) megbe tso eƒe go kemɛ dzi:

• Tension cracks and arcuate fissures: Kpe gbadzɛ siwo zɔna sɔ kple agakpe ƒe go alo ƒoa xlãe le dzinuvi ƒe nɔnɔme me to gbe alo mɔdodo dzi. Anyigba yeye si xɔ dzo alo numiemie ɣi siwo vuvu le do aɖe me fia be anyigba le hehem dzoe vevie.
• Afɔɖeɖe siwo le tsitrenu (scarplets): Le afisiwo ʋuʋudedi aɖe ƒe akpa si ɖo ta atsiaƒu dzi la ɖiɖi sentimeta 2 va ɖo 10 (inch 1 va ɖo 4) le anyigba wu akpa si le anyigba dzi la, wodzea ʋuʋu le tɔtrɔ me gɔme.
• Turf mats siwo le tsia dzi kple esiwo wotso ɖe ete: Zi geɖe la, gbe siwo me gbewo le siwo kewo lé ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu la dona ɖe gota meta 1 va ɖo 2 (afɔ 3 va ɖo 6.5) ɖe teƒe ƒuƒlu dzi ne ke alo chalk si le ete la ge.
• Gli siwo wotsɔ ƒo xlãe, ati siwo le ŋgɔgbe, kple utility lines siwo keke: Gli siwo wotsɔ ƒo xlã atsiaƒu dzi, asphalt ƒe gbagbã siwo wohe ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu, alo ati siwo wotsɔ ƒo xlãe fia be wole ʋuʋum le togbɛ dzi le dɔ dzi.
• Tsi do siwo le agakpe ƒe go megbe: Do siwo le gota siwo ƒe didime nye meta 5 va ɖo 20 (afɔ 16 va ɖo 65) le anyigba me fia be atsiaƒu me do ƒe xɔtaxɔ si womekpɔ o si le mumu yi dzi alo anyigba te pɔmpiwo ƒe ʋuʋu.

Dzesi siwo wokpɔna kple esiwo woate ŋu ase tso ƒuta si le ete¶

Ne èle zɔzɔm le ƒuta gbadza aɖe si agakpewo do liƒo na la, lé ŋku ɖe mo si le tsitrenu si le etame ŋu ɣesiaɣi:

• Kpekpe siwo le sisim kple ke siwo le dodom ("gakpewo ƒe tsidzadza"): Lãɖeɖe le megbe gbagbã yameʋuwo ŋu ƒoa ke, kpe gbadzɛwo, kple ke ƒuƒu siwo le gbadzaa tso gbagbãƒewo me hafi woɖea wo ɖa. Kpe gbadzɛ siwo le gegem alo ke siwo le dodom la fia be mu gã aɖe gbɔna.
• Agakpe siwo woɖe ɖe go yeyee, siwo yame ƒe nɔnɔme me gblẽ o: Yame ƒe nɔnɔme kple ƒumegbewo tsyɔ agakpe siwo li ke dzi le gbeɖiɖi siwo me mekɔ o me. Afi ɣi si le keklẽm le chalk dzi alo gbagbã dzadzɛ si le sandstone dzi fia be kpe aɖe si ge nyitsɔ laa na be kpe siwo te ɖe eŋu siwo le tsia dzi la megaɖo kpe edzi o.
• Anyigba te tsi ƒe sisi ƒe fliwo kple fli viviti siwo xɔ dzo: Anyigba xɔdzo alo tsi si le dodom ƒe fli vivi siwo le tsia dzi le bluff titina dea dzesi ememe ƒe ʋuʋu kple slip planes siwo wotsɔ amisisi ɖo.
• Talus cones kple fresh debris aprons: Kpe gbadzɛwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo alo anyigbaʋuʋu si ge ɖe agakpe ƒe afɔ dzi ɖo kpe edzi be malikenyenye si le dɔ wɔm le etame.
• Kpe gbagbã, ʋuʋu, alo ɣlidodo si woate ŋu ase: Kpe si ŋu nuteɖeamedzi le la doa gbagbã ɖaɖɛwo alo ʋuʋudedi goglowo ne kpe ƒe tɔdzisasrã siwo le eme la vuvu hafi woɖe wo ɖokui ɖa keŋkeŋ.

Agbetsitsi ƒe afɔɖeɖewo enumake le agakpe aɖe ƒe mumu si le dɔ dzi me¶

Ne èse gbeɖiɖi aɖe kpata, èse le ɖokuiwò me be anyigba le ʋuʋum, alo nèkpɔ be agakpe aɖe le ʋuʋum la, sɛkɛnd 2 va ɖo 8 koe susɔ na wò be nàwɔ nu hafi gbeɖuɖɔwo naɖo ƒuta alo ʋuƒoa naɖe mɔ.

1. Ne èle ƒuta le agakpe aɖe si le mumum te¶

1. Kpɔ dzi sɛkɛnd ɖeka ƒe akpa ɖeka be nàde dzesi afisi nèdo kpo nu le, emegbe nàƒu du ayi atsiaƒua gbɔ: To vovo na anyigba ƒe ʋuʋu le anyigba me afisi mele be nàƒu du ayi togbɛ dzi gbeɖe o la, le ƒuta ƒuta la, atsiaƒu ƒe ƒutsotsoewoe nye wò sitsoƒe si le dedie wu. Si dzo tẽ tso agakpe la gbɔ ɖo ta tsia gbɔ, alo ƒu du le ƒuta le axadzi adzo le akpa si le gegem la gbɔ ne afisi wòmu la le kpuie.
2. Klɔ afisi tsi si sina tona le tsia dzi la ɖa: Kpe gbogbo siwo le gegem la gbãna ne woƒo gɔmeɖoanyia eye wodona ɖe kea dzi le tsia dzi le duƒuƒu si wu kilometa 50 le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me (kilometa 31 le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me). Le kpe ƒuƒuwo me la, zi geɖe la, kakɛwo zɔa mɔ yia gota le didime si le tsia dzi si sɔ kple agakpe la ƒe kɔkɔme si le tsitrenu ƒe teƒe 0.5 va ɖo 1.0. Le anyikpe xɔdzowo ƒe gbagbã alo chalk si me tsi yɔ fũ ƒe mumu me la, gbeɖuɖɔ ƒe akpa si me tsi le ate ŋu aƒu du ayi gota agakpe la ƒe kɔkɔme ƒe teƒe 1.5 va ɖo 3.0, atso ƒuta ayi ƒutsotsoeawo ƒe teƒea.
3. Ge ɖe ƒutsotsoe siwo me goglo o la me ne ehiã, gake lé ŋku ɖe ƒutsotsoe siwo le ʋuʋum ŋu: Ne ƒuta le gbadzaa eye ƒutsotsoea lolo la, ƒu du yi tsi si goglo va ɖo akɔta me be màgagbã kpe gbadzɛwo o. Dzra ɖokuiwò ɖo ɖe atsiaƒu gɔme, elabena kpe tɔn akpe geɖe siwo ge ɖe tsi si me goglo me ate ŋu ana ƒutsotsoe si aʋuʋu le teƒea kple tsi sesẽ siwo akplɔ wò ayi megbe.
4. Ne kpe kakɛwo le dzadzam eye màte ŋu aƒu du wu slide la o: Mègamlɔ wò ƒodo dzi gbadzaa le kea dzi gbeɖe o, si ana wò akɔta kple taɖu nate ŋu akpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe edzi wu. Dada ɖe kpe gã aɖe ƒe akpa si le atsiaƒu gbɔ la megbe ne ɖeka bɔbɔ nɔ adzɔge tso agakpe ƒe gɔme, alo dze klo dzi dze ŋgɔ atsiaƒu, ƒo xlã fugboe ƒe bɔl sesẽ aɖe, tsɔ wò asibidɛwo ƒo ƒu ɖe kɔ megbe, eye nàhe wò klowo ayi dzi be nàkpɔ wò akɔta kple ŋutinuwo ta.
5. If buried in loose sand or bluff soil: Keep your mouth closed while sediment is moving, cup your hands in front of your nose and mouth to create an air pocket, and expand your ribcage deeply as the slide slows down so your chest has room to breathe before the wet sediment sets.

2. If you are on top of the cliff when the ground gives way¶

1. Drop everything and scramble straight inland on all fours: If you feel the ground lurch downward or see a crack opening between your feet and the mainland, leap or dive across the crack toward the inland side immediately. Crawling on hands and knees keeps your center of gravity low so you do not tumble backward over the edge.
2. Grab anchored inland vegetation, never edge vegetation: Reach for tree trunks, fence posts, or bushes rooted firmly on the landward side of the tension crack. Never grab bushes growing on the collapsing block itself, as their roots will pull you down with the falling slab.
3. If you are riding a collapsing slump block downward: A rotational slump often slides downward along a curved plane while keeping its grassy top surface tilted slightly backward toward the cliff face. Stay on top of the moving turf block rather than jumping off the front edge where you will be crushed at the toe, then scramble off the side of the debris mound toward the waterline as soon as it stops.

3. Watch for deadly coastal tidal cutoff¶

A major cliff collapse often dumps an enormous mound of clay, trees, and boulders all the way across the beach into the low-tide surf zone, blocking the coastal walking route.

• Never scramble over a fresh, unstable landslide lobe to get back to your starting stairway if the cliff above is still shedding rocks.
• Check the tide state immediately: If the tide is rising and a cliff collapse blocks one side of a cove while a rocky headland blocks the other, you face tidal cutoff (being trapped against the vertical cliff by rising water). Call 911, 112, or 999 (and request the Coast Guard or RNLI lifeboat) immediately while you still have dry sand, climb onto the highest stable rock outcrop away from the fresh scar, and wave bright clothing to guide rescue boats.

Permafrost thaw, thermokarst, and Arctic slope emergencies¶

Permafrost is ground (soil, sediment, peat, or rock) that remains at or below 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) continuously for at least two consecutive years. Across Alaska (United States), northern Canada, Greenland, Scandinavia, the European Alps, and Siberia, rapid warming is destabilizing the active layer (the top 30 to 150 centimeters / 1 to 5 feet of soil that thaws every summer and refreezes in winter) and melting the deeper permafrost table beneath it.

Escaping liquefied permafrost silt (thermokarst mud entrapment)¶

When ice-rich Pleistocene silt thaws rapidly in a retrogressive thaw slump or coastal bluff collapse, it releases more water than the soil pores can hold. This creates a thixotropic mud slurry that looks like firm grey clay under a thin sun-dried crust but behaves like liquid silt underneath.

1. If you break through the crust into deep permafrost mud: Do not thrash or try to walk forward, which drives your legs deeper into the frigid 1-degree-Celsius (34-degree-Fahrenheit) slurry.
2. Drop your heavy backpack immediately: Unclip your waist belt and sternum strap and let the pack sit on the mud surface next to you as a flotation platform.
3. Spread your body weight horizontally: Lean forward or backward so your chest or back lies flat across the mud surface, distributing your weight over a wide area.
4. Free your legs one at a time: Work your legs slowly in small circular motions to let water seep down around your boots and break the vacuum suction. Never let a rescuer pull you straight up with a winch or ATV strap while your legs are locked in deep silt; dig around the trapped limbs first.
5. Swim or roll across the mud surface: Once both legs are horizontal on the surface, crawl on your stomach using a swimming motion or roll sideways toward solid tundra grass, then treat immediately for dzoxɔxɔ si nu sẽ.

Evacuating structures undermined by bluff erosion or thawing ground¶

Homes, apartments, roads, and industrial facilities built along eroding ocean bluffs, clay bluffs, river cutbanks, and thawing permafrost face sudden structural failure when slope retreat removes foundation support.

Structural red flags requiring immediate evacuation¶

Evacuate immediately if your building exhibits any of these structural failure signs during or after a storm, high tide, or rapid thaw:

• Cantilevered or hanging foundations: Any portion of a concrete slab, footing, pier, patio, or deck support post is visibly hanging over the cliff edge with air beneath it, or soil has washed away from pilings.
• Sudden jamming of multiple doors and windows: When the seaward side of a house settles toward the bluff face, wooden wall frames rack into parallelograms, pinching doors and windows shut and cracking drywall diagonally at 45-degree angles.
• Audible structural noises: Loud popping, snapping, creaking, or groaning sounds from wall studs, roof trusses, or floor joists indicate active load redistribution as ground support drops away.
• Separation of decks, porches, or chimneys: A gap of 1 centimeter (0.4 inches) or more opening rapidly between an oceanfront deck ledger board and the house wall, or a chimney leaning away from the siding, signals imminent detachment.
• Ruptured or stretched utility pipes: Hissing sounds or the rotten-egg odor of mercaptan from gas lines, gushing water from broken PVC pipes, or taut overhead electrical wires pulling at the mast.
• Rapidly retreating bluff rim: If a storm or slide brings the cliff edge within 3 to 5 meters (10 to 16 feet) of your foundation wall, the building is inside the active wedge of failure and is unsafe for occupancy.

Step-by-step building evacuation and utility isolation¶

1. Alert all occupants and exit through the inland (street-side) doors: Evacuate immediately toward the street or inland high ground. Never step out onto an oceanfront balcony, cliffside deck, or seaside patio to look at the erosion scar; cantilevered decks are often the first components to plunge down the cliff.
2. Grab only your emergency go-bag, medications, pets, and keys: Spend no more than 60 seconds exiting. Never move heavy furniture or appliances out of rooms on the cliffward side, as added live load can trigger floor collapse.
3. Shut off natural gas, propane, and electricity if the meters are safely inland:
4. If the gas meter or propane tank is on the street side on stable ground, use an adjustable wrench to turn the quarter-turn supply valve 90 degrees until the lug is perpendicular to the pipe (or close the propane handwheel clockwise).
5. Flip the main circuit breaker off at the electrical panel if it is accessible from a safe inland wall.
6. Shut off the main domestic water valve at the street curb box so a snapped pipe does not pump pressurized municipal water into the unstable bluff soil.
7. Never walk near the cliff edge or enter a tilting basement to shut off utilities. Retreat to the street and call your utilities and the fire department immediately.
8. Warn adjacent neighbors on both sides: Bluff slumps propagate laterally along the shoreline as your yard's slump removes lateral earth support for adjacent properties. Knock on neighbors' street-side doors and alert them to check their foundations.
9. Contact municipal building inspectors and geotechnical authorities: Call 911, 112, or 999 if there is immediate danger to life, gas leaks, or people on the beach below. Request a municipal building and geotechnical engineering inspection before re-entering.

Bystander rescue and medical care after a cliff collapse¶

When a coastal cliff collapses onto a beach, a freshly sheared cliff face is out of mechanical equilibrium and frequently releases lethal secondary rockfalls over the next 5 to 60 minutes.

1. Scene safety and the mandatory cliff spotter rule¶

1. Ƒo ka na dɔwɔƒe siwo kpɔa nudzɔdzɔ kpatawo gbɔ enumake: Ƒo ka na 911, 112, alo 999 eye nàgblɔ ƒuta ƒe ŋkɔ, atrakpui si dzi woato age ɖe eme ƒe xexlẽdzesi, agakpe ƒe kɔkɔme, amesiwo wobu be woawu, kple alesi ƒutsotsoeawo le. Bia tso agakpewo dzi xɔnamehawo, Ƒuta Dzɔlawo / agbeɖeʋuwo ƒe dɔwɔƒea, kple yameʋu me dɔnɔdzikpɔʋuwo ƒe kpekpeɖeŋu.
2. Mègaƒu du ŋkuagbãtɔe yi ɖe agakpewo ƒe gegeƒe gbeɖe o: Kpɔ agakpe ƒe abi la dzi hafi nàte ɖe eŋu. Ne kpewo gakpɔtɔ le gegem, ne gbadzɛ aɖe si le xɔxlɔ̃m la ma to gbagbãƒe si le ʋuʋu ɖi le gbeɖuɖɔwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒoa tame, alo ne ke le ʋuʋum la, nɔ megbe.
3. Tia ŋkuléleɖenuŋula si tsɔ eɖokui na: Ne woɖi amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii ƒe akpa aɖe ɖe gbeɖuɖɔ ƒe fesrea ƒe gota gome la, de dɔ asi na ame ɖeka be wòatsi tre dedie le tsia gbɔ anɔ ŋku lém ɖe ** agakpe la ƒe mo ɖeɖeko** be wòado ɣli axlɔ̃ nu enumake ne kpe gbadzɛwo le dodom alo agakpe la trɔ.

2. Ame siwo ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la ɖeɖe ɖa kple mɔxexe ɖe crush syndrome nu¶

Ne àte ŋu aɖo amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii gbɔ dedie le gbeɖuɖɔ gbogbo aɖe ƒe gota gome evɔ màtsi tre ɖe xɔ si le etame te o:

• Klɔ yaƒoƒomɔ kple akɔta gbã: Klɔ ke, anyi, alo kpe gbadzɛwo ɖa le amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii ƒe ŋɔti, nu, kple akɔta ŋu ale be woƒe lãkusiwo nakeke. Anyigbaʋuʋu kple sand-bluff ƒe amesiwo ŋu wowɔ nuvevii ate ŋu aku le traumatic asphyxia ta le miniti 3 va ɖo 5 me ne ke xɔdzo kpekpewo te woƒe akɔta ɣesiaɣi si wogbɔ ya.
• Ku nu me nyuie ƒo xlã abɔ kple afɔ siwo xa: Zã wò asiwo, ati siwo le tsia dzi, alo plastik-gowo tsɔ wu be nàzã ga-fɔkpa siwo te ɖe ame si woɖi ƒe kukua ŋu be nàƒo asa na lãkusiwo ƒe vuvu.
• Suspect spinal trauma and internal blooded: Amesiame si kpe si le gege ƒo la ate ŋu axɔ vidzidɔ ƒe afɔku gã aɖe abi si woxɔ le aklã me, . ta ƒe abixɔxɔ, and gbagbãƒewo. Na woƒe ta, kɔ, kple akɔta nanɔ ɖeka negbe ɖe evelia ƒe ʋuʋu si le dɔ wɔm bia be woahe wo kpata le ŋutilãa ƒe axa didi la dzi aɖo ta ƒutsotsoeawo gbɔ hafi.
• Kpɔ nyuie le crush syndrome ŋu ne kpe kpekpe aɖe ƒo abɔ alo akɔta wu miniti 15: Ne kpe kpekpe aɖe gbã lãmeka gãwo wu miniti 15 la, lãmeka ƒe gbagbã ƒoa potassium, myoglobin, kple lactic acid si wua ame nu ƒu. Kasia ne wokɔ kpe aɖe tso abɔ kple afɔ si wotsɔ ga ƒo ɖe eŋu didi la, eɖea potassium ɖe ʋukawo me, si ate ŋu ana dzi natɔ te (reperfusion syndrome) si wua ame. Kpɔ atikewɔla siwo kplɔa ame ɖo kpata hafi nàkɔ kpe gã aɖe tso amesi ŋu wòku ɖo si tsi aɖabaƒoƒo 15 kple edzivɔ dzi, negbe ɖe ƒutsotsoe siwo le dzidzim ɖe edzi alo eƒe anyidzedze evelia do ŋɔdzi na ku enumake hafi, eye nàɖu edzi vevie ʋu si le dodom kple nyaƒoɖeamenu tẽ alo tourniquet.

Nuwo dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ ɣeyiɣi didi kple dzadzraɖo ɖe anyigba ƒe ʋuʋu ŋu¶

Ne èle ƒuta togbɛ aɖe, ta la to agakpe aɖe dzi, alo anyigba si dzi tsikpe nɔa anyi ɖaa le la, tsi dzi kpɔkpɔ do ŋgɔ kple anyigbaŋutinunya dzi kpɔkpɔ le togbɛwo dzi blewu la gbugbɔna yia megbe eye nàxlɔ̃ nu wò kaba.

1. Ðe tsi si wowɔ kple asi siwo te ɖe bluff crest ŋu ɖa:
2. Ðe tsifamɔ̃ siwo wotsɔna tsia gbe me kple tsidedee si me tsi le le meta 15 (afɔ 50) tso agakpe la ƒe go kemɛ dzi la ɖa.
3. Tɔdzisasrã siwo le pɔmpiwo tame, tsidzɔƒewo, kple ʋuɖoƒewo sina yia pɔmpi siwo me do mele o siwo wotu nu ɖo me siwo sina yia ablɔdzi ƒe ahomya ƒe tsidzɔƒe si le anyigba me alo yia togbɛa dzi katã le polyethylene (HDPE) si wotsɔ seke bla sesĩe me vaseɖe ƒuta ƒe afɔbidɛ gbɔ.
4. Mègatsɔ tsi si le tadeaguƒe alo tsi ɣiwo ƒu gbe ɖe ƒuta gbe me gbeɖe o, eye nàtrɔ tsiɖɔɖɔɖɔƒe siwo me tsi le si te ɖe togbɛwo ŋu la woazu tsiɖɔɖɔɖɔƒe siwo wotu nu ɖo.
5. Dzra afima numiemie siwo ke goglo la ta eye nàxe mɔ ɖe agakpewo ƒe gowo tsɔtsɔ ƒu gbe nu:
6. Mègaɖe ƒuta gbe siwo le afima, gbe siwo le togbɛwo dzi, alo ati siwo ke goglo le togbɛ aɖe tame gbeɖe be wò nukpɔkpɔ nanyo ɖe edzi o, elabena kewo blaa anyigba eye wònana anyigba te tsiwo ƒua du.
7. Ðe numiemie siwo ƒe kewo megoglo o siwo xɔa ame dzi abe tsikpe (Carpobrotus edulis) ene, siwo tsɔa kpekpeme kuku kpena ɖe agakpe siwo dzi ʋuʋudedi le ŋu eye woɖea wo ɖa le agbalẽwo me la ɖa.
8. Mègatsɔ akpata me gbeɖuɖɔwo aƒu gbe alo akɔe ɖe agakpe aɖe ƒe go si léa tsi eye wòɣlaa tension ƒe gbagbãƒewo dzi gbeɖe o.
9. De bɔbɔe crack-dzikpɔkpɔ stakes:
10. Tsɔ ati eve ƒu gbe ɖe anyigba goglo le ɖa ƒe anyigba ƒe gbagbã ɖesiaɖe si te ɖe togbɛ aɖe ŋu ƒe axa siwo tsi tre ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu eye nàtsɔ gakpodzidzenu adzidze didime si le ɖa eve siwo le atiawo tame dome kwasiɖa sia kwasiɖa.
11. Ne dometsotsoa keke milimeta 5 va ɖo 10 (inch 0.2 va ɖo 0.4) le ŋkeke ʋɛ aɖewo me la, ke togbɛa ƒe ʋuʋu le kabakaba; yɔ anyigbaŋutinunyala si si mɔɖegbalẽ le enumake.
12. Takpɔ permafrost gɔmeɖoanyiwo tso dzoxɔxɔ ƒe ʋuʋu me:
13. Na xɔ siwo me tsikpe nɔa anyi ɖaa le la nakɔ ɖe ʋuƒo siwo woate ŋu atrɔ asi le, dzoxɔxɔdzidzenu siwo mewɔa dɔ o, alo kpe gbadzɛ siwo me ya sina toa anyigba te meta 1 (afɔ 3) ya teti dzi, eye mègaɖe tundra moss mat si xea mɔ na dzoxɔxɔ la ɖa gbeɖe o.

Nya siwo wobiaa amewo enuenu¶

Mɔfiame siwo do ƒome kplii¶

• Anyigbaʋuʋu kple anyigbaʋuʋu
• Do siwo me tsi gena ɖo kple anyigba ƒe mumu
• Tsunami: amewo ɖeɖe le teƒea kple agbetsitsi
• Rip currents kple atsiaƒu me tsi ƒe nɔnɔme kpatawo
• Xɔtuɖaŋu ƒe gbegblẽ kple xɔa ƒe mumu
• Crush injury kple compartment syndrome ƒe dɔléle

Wolé ŋku ɖe dzɔtsoƒewo ŋu¶

• United States ƒe Anyigbaŋutinunya Ŋuti Numekuku (USGS, United States): Ƒuta Bluff ƒe Tsitretsitsi, Anyigbaʋuʋu ƒe Afɔkuwo Ŋuti Ðoɖowɔɖi, Kple Permafrost Thaw Ŋuti Numekukuwo
• Britaintɔwo ƒe Anyigbaŋutinunyalawo ƒe Dɔwɔƒe (BGS) kple Ƒudzinyawo Kple Ƒuta Dzɔlawo ƒe Dɔwɔƒe (MCA, United Kingdom): Ƒuta Anyigba ƒe Afɔkuwo, Agakpewo ƒe Mali ke, Kple Ƒuta Dedienɔnɔ Ŋuti Mɔfiame
• Dzɔdzɔmenuwo Canada (NRCan) kple Canada ƒe Anyigbaŋutinunya Ŋuti Numekuku Dɔwɔƒe (Canada): Tsikpe si nɔa anyi ɖaa ƒe gbegblẽ, Tsidzadza si trɔna yia megbe, kple Anyigbaʋuʋu ƒe Dedienɔnɔ
• Dukɔa ƒe Dɔwɔƒe si Kpɔa Nudzɔdzɔ Kpatawo Gbɔ (FEMA, United States): Ƒuta Xɔtuɖaŋu ƒe Mɔfiamegbalẽ (FEMA P-55) kple Afɔku Siwo Le Anyigbaʋuʋu ƒe Afɔkuwo Dzi Kpɔkpɔ
• Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) kple Xexeame ƒe Yame ƒe Nɔnɔme Ŋuti Habɔbɔ (WMO): Sno, Tsi, Tsikpe kple Permafrost le Arctic (SWIPA) ƒe Mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ƒe Numekukuwo