Ọgbara dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri daa, mbuze ikuku, na mgbaze permafrost¶

Nọmba mberede dị iche na mba. Ibe a na-eji 911, nọmba maka United States na Canada. Ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ na-eji 112, 999, ma ọ bụ nọmba ọzọ. Chọta nọmba maka obodo gị.

Ọnụ ọnụ ugwu dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, bluffs mmiri, na slopes Arctic ma ọ bụ sub-Arctic permafrost na-egosi ihe siri ike na nke na-adịgide adịgide, ma ha so n'ime ọdịdị ala kachasị ike na nke na-adịghị akwụ ụgwọ n'ụwa. N'adịghị ka nke nta nke nta nke nta nke nta n'ime ime ugwu na-akpụ akpụ, ugwu dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-ada na permafrost slumps slumps na-emekarị dị ka mberede, ọdachi ngọngọ topples, rotastrophic slumps, rotational slumps, ma ọ bụ elu-ọsọ irighiri mkpọmkpọ ebe nwere ịdọ aka ná ntị efu tupu ọdịda. Kwa afọ, ọtụtụ puku metrik tọn nke nkume dara ada na-eli ndị na-aga n'ụsọ osimiri na-eje ije ma ọ bụ na-anọdụ ala n'okpuru nkume aja dị elu ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọnụ nzu na ndụ, ebe ndị njem na ndị na-ekiri ihe na-eguzo n'akụkụ akuku elu na-adaba n'ala mgbe oghere ndị a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ na-akpụpụ n'okpuru akpụkpọ ụkwụ ha.

N'ebe ugwu na mpaghara ugwu ugwu, ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ngwa ngwa na okpomọkụ nke oké osimiri na-eme ka mbibi thermokarst dị ngwa ngwa, agbaze nke ice na-agbaze, na mgbada na-eweghachite azụ. Mgbe permafrost bara ụba nke ice na-agbaze, ala nke siri ike dị ka kọnkịrị na-efunahụ ịdị n'otu ya ma na-abanye n'ime mmiri apịtị a na-agaghị akwụsị akwụsị, na-eloda okporo ụzọ, na-akụri ntọala ụlọ, na ịkwatu akụkụ osimiri niile na mkpọda mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'ime awa ole na ole. Ịghọta ihe ndị a na-ahụ anya nke ọdịda mkpọda, na-edobe nchekwa nchekwa siri ike n'elu na n'okpuru bluffs nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na-azọpụta onwe ya ozugbo ma ọ bụrụ na ejidere ya na ndakpọ, na ịchụpụ ụlọ ndị mebiri emebi tupu ịkwa osisi emee bụ nkà na-azọpụta ndụ.

Mee nke a ugbu a¶

Sụghachi ozugbo site na ọnụ ọnụ ugwu ọ bụla, n'elu elu, ma ọ bụ n'ala gbawara agbawa ọhụrụ. Gaa n'ime ala ma ọ dịkarịa ala mita 5 ruo 10 (16 ruo 33 feet) site na nsọtụ, ma ọ bụ ebe dị anya n'azụ azụ nhata n'ogo kwụ ọtọ nke ugwu ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na bluff nwere ájá rụrụ arụ, ụrọ, glacial till, ma ọ bụ thawing perma.
**Gbaga n'akụkụ mmiri ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ azụ n'akụkụ oke osimiri ma ọ bụrụ na ugwu na-ada n'elu gị n'akụkụ osimiri. sprint ozugbo gaa n'ahịrị sọfụ ka ị ga-esi pụọ na mpaghara runout rockfall, na-ekiri n'azụ gị maka ịgbawa nkume na ihe nkiri slide nke abụọ.
** Chebe isi gị na ọkpụkpụ gị n'ime bọọlụ nwa ebu n'afọ ma ọ bụrụ na ejidere gị na slide na-arụ ọrụ na-enweghị ike ịgbapụ.** Dadaa n'ikpere gị, tụgharịa n'ime bọọlụ siri ike chere ihu na mkpọda ahụ na-ada ada, kechie ọkpọ gị n'olu na okpokoro isi gị, ma jiri aka gị mepụta akpa iku ume n'ihu ihu gị ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri na-adịghị ekpuchi gị.
** Wepụ ụlọ ọ bụla dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ma ọ bụ permafrost ozugbo ma ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ụzọ na-agbawa ngwa ngwa, ala ala, ma ọ bụ ntọala gbawara ngwa ngwa.** Akwụsịla ịkwakọ ngwongwo ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-anụ ụda na-agbapụta, na-eme mkpọtụ, ma ọ bụ na-akụ ụda n'osisi osisi, ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na ị na-ahụ mgbagwoju anya na-emeghe n'ogige dị n'etiti ụlọ na ọnụ ọnụ.
Shut off main natural gas, propane, and electrical utilities only if the valves are located safely inland. Never walk onto a cantilevered deck, undermined patio, or subsiding ground near the slope crest to turn off a utility meter; ruptured gas lines in shifting earth create immediate explosion hazards.
Never dig into the toe of a collapsed cliff with bare hands without a dedicated spotter watching for secondary falls. Freshly sheared cliff faces almost always release deadly secondary rockfalls within minutes of the initial collapse; call your local emergency number (911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom) or check nọmba mberede and wait for technical rescue teams.

flowchart TD
    Start["Coastal Bluff, Cliff, or Permafrost Slope Hazard"] --> Location{"Where are you located?"}
    Location -->|"On Top of Cliff / In Building"| TopCheck{"Are there tension cracks, falling pebbles, or structural popping?"}
    Location -->|"On Beach at Base of Cliff"| BaseCheck{"Are pebbles trickling, dust puffs rising, or rocks cracking?"}
    Location -->|"On Thawing Permafrost / Thermokarst"| PermaCheck{"Is ground spongy, slumping, or showing exposed ice lenses?"}
    TopCheck -->|"Ee"| EvacInland["Retreat straight inland away from rim, shut off gas if safe, call 911 / 112 / 999"]
    TopCheck -->|"Mba"| BufferTop["Stay behind barriers, keep dogs on leash, stay 5 to 10 meters (16 to 33 feet) back from edge"]
    BaseCheck -->|"Ee"| SprintSurf["Sprint straight toward the ocean surf or laterally away from the slide path immediately"]
    BaseCheck -->|"Mba"| BufferBase["Walk near the waterline at least 1 to 2 cliff heights away from the bluff base"]
    PermaCheck -->|"Ee"| RetreatHigh["Retreat uphill to firm vegetated tundra or bedrock, avoid mud slurries"]
    PermaCheck -->|"Mba"| MonitorGround["Test ground firmness with a probe, stay clear of undercut riverbanks and ice wedges"]
    SprintSurf --> Trapped{"Were people buried in the debris fan?"}
    Trapped -->|"Ee"| SpotterRescue["Call 911 / 112 / 999, assign a cliff spotter for secondary falls, probe surface debris only if safe"]
    Trapped -->|"Mba"| StayClear["Stay at least 50 meters (165 feet) away from the fresh scar; secondary collapses are imminent"]

Mechanisms of cliff collapse, bluff erosion, and permafrost thaw¶

Understanding the geological mechanics driving slope instability explains why a cliff that has stood unchanged for decades can collapse in seconds on a calm, sunny afternoon. Different geological formations fail through distinct physical processes, each carrying unique warning signs and runout distances.

Landform and Failure Type	Primary Geological Material	Triggering Mechanisms	Typical Warning Signs	Speed and Runout Distance
Hard-Rock Block Topple and Rockfall	Granite, basalt, limestone, chalk, sandstone	Wave-cut basal notching, freeze-thaw wedging, root prying, seismic shaking	Fresh unweathered rock scars, trickling gravel, cracking sounds, overhangs	Free-fall at 10 to 30 m/s (33 to 98 ft/s); boulders bounce 1 to 1.5 times cliff height across beach
Soft-Sediment Coastal Bluff Slump	Marine clay, sand, gravel, loess, glacial till	Heavy rainfall saturation, lawn irrigation, storm surge wave undercutting	Arc-shaped tension cracks at crest, leaning trees, muddy mid-bluff seepage	Rapid rotational slump or earthflow; debris spreads 1.5 to 3 times bluff height toward surf
Sea Cave Roof and Arch Collapse	Sedimentary rock, karst limestone, volcanic tuff	Hydraulic air compression from waves inside caves, roof joint erosion	Circular sinkhole depressions on clifftop above sea caves, hollow vibrations	Sudden vertical drop of surface into underlying void; zero lateral escape time once shear starts
Retrogressive Thaw Slump (Permafrost)	Ice-rich silt (yedoma), ground ice lenses, peat	Warm summer air, wildfire moss removal, solar radiation on dark soil	Headwall retreating meters per day, exposed ice faces, mud slurries	Continuous headwall collapse with liquefied mud pulses traveling hundreds of meters
Thermo-Erosion Coastal Block Collapse	Permafrost bluffs with ice-wedge polygons	Warm ocean waves melting a deep horizontal thermal niche at bluff base	Deep polygonal cracks outlining tundra blocks, overhanging sod mats	Frozen blocks 5 to 15 meters (16 to 50 feet) wide topple once basal niche reaches 2 to 4 meters (6.5 to 13 feet)
Thermokarst Sinkhole and Pingo Collapse	Drained lake basins, ice-cored mounds, ice wedges	Subsurface meltwater drainage creating caverns, infrastructure heat transfer	Sudden circular ponds on tundra, cracked asphalt, tilting poles, methane bubbles	Subsidence of 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in) per year, plus sudden 1-to-3-meter (3-to-10-foot) surface cave-ins

The two-fronted assault on coastal bluffs¶

Coastal cliffs fail because they are attacked simultaneously from the ocean side and the landward side:

Marine undercutting at the toe: During high tides and storms, breaking waves hurl sand and cobbles against the cliff base while compressing air inside fissures at pressures exceeding 300 kilopascals (43 pounds per square inch). This carves a concave wave-cut notch at the base, leaving the upper cliff hanging unsupported as a cantilever beam.
Groundwater saturation at the crest: Rainwater, snowmelt, leaking pools, and septic systems infiltrate the top of the bluff and percolate down to impermeable clay layers. High pore-water pressure pushes soil grains apart, destroying shear strength while adding weight, often triggering fair-weather collapses weeks after a rainstorm.

Danger

Never sit, sunbathe, pitch a tent, or set up a beach umbrella directly beneath a coastal cliff or bluff, even if the rock looks solid and dry. More beachgoers are killed by sudden fair-weather rockfalls during calm summer afternoons than during storms, because thermal expansion from hot sunlight and delayed groundwater seepage fracture undercut overhangs without any storm warning.

Spotting pre-collapse warning signs on cliffs and bluffs¶

Before a cliff face or coastal bluff shears away, the stressed rock or soil exhibits physical deformations that give you critical minutes to evacuate.

Visual and audible indicators from the cliff top¶

When walking along coastal trails or clifftop properties, scan the ground 3 to 15 meters (10 to 50 feet) back from the rim:

Tension cracks and arcuate fissures: Narrow cracks running parallel to the cliff edge or curving in a crescent shape through grass or pavement. Fresh, moist soil or torn white plant roots inside a crack mean the ground is actively pulling away.
Vertical step-offs (scarplets): Where the seaward side of a crack drops 2 to 10 centimeters (1 to 4 inches) lower than the landward side, rotational slumping has begun.
Overhanging turf mats and undercut rims: Grassy sod held together by roots often projects 1 to 2 meters (3 to 6.5 feet) out over empty space after underlying sand or chalk has fallen away.
Tilted fences, leaning trees, and stretched utility lines: Fence posts leaning seaward, pulled-apart asphalt cracks, or tilted trees indicate active slope creep.
Sinkholes behind the cliff edge: Circular depressions forming 5 to 20 meters (16 to 65 feet) inland indicate an unseen sea cave roof collapsing upward or subsurface piping erosion.

Ihe ngosi a na-ahụ anya na nke a na-anụ site na osimiri dị n'okpuru¶

Mgbe ị na-eje ije n'akụkụ osimiri dị warara nke ọnụ ọnụ ugwu gbara ya gburugburu, na-enyocha ihu kwụ ọtọ n'elu gị:

Mkpụrụ okwute dị egwu na uzuzu uzuzu ("oké mmiri ozuzo"): Ịkpacha osisi n'akụkụ ụgbọ elu ndị na-agbaji agbaji n'azụ na-eme ka ájá tọgbọrọ chakoo, okwute okwute na uzuzu kpọrọ nkụ na-esi na mgbawa pụta ozugbo ewepụrụ ya. Obere okwute dara ada ma ọ bụ uzuzu uzuzu na-egosi ọdịda ukwu dị nso.
** ekpughere ọhụrụ, akwa nkume na-enweghị ihu igwe: *** Ihu igwe na akwa akwa akwa kwụsiri ike n'ụda olu dara ogbi. Ọnyà na-acha ọcha na-egbuke egbuke na nzu ma ọ bụ mgbaji dị ọcha na nkume ájá pụtara n'okwute na nso nso a ahapụla ihe dị n'akụkụ ya enweghị nkwado.
** Ahịrị ịwa mmiri dị n'ime ala na ụdọ gbara ọchịchịrị dị mmiri:** Anya gbara ọchịchịrị kwụ ọtọ nke ụrọ mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri na-asọpụta n'etiti bluff na-egosi mmebi nke ime na ụgbọ elu amịpụtara mmanụ.
Talus cones na ihe mkporisị ọhụrụ: Okpokoro nkume ndị nwere nkụja ma ọ bụ apịtị dara n'ụkwụ ịrị elu na-egosi enweghị ntụkwasị obi na-arụ ọrụ n'elu.
Mgbawa a na-anụ, mkpọpụta, ma ọ bụ mkpọ: Nkume mgbakasị ahụ na-ewepụta mgbawa dị nkọ ma ọ bụ mkpọmkpọ dị ka àkwà mmiri dị n'ime ya na-adaba tupu e kewapụ ya.

Omume nlanarị ozugbo n'oge ọdịda nkume na-arụ ọrụ¶

Ọ bụrụ na ị nụ mkpọtụ mberede, nwee mmetụta n'ala na-ama jijiji, ma ọ bụ hụ ka okwute ihu na-apụ apụ, ị ga-enwe n'etiti 2 na 8 sekọnd iji meghachi omume tupu irighiri ihe erute n'akụkụ osimiri ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ya ahapụ ụzọ.

1. Ọ bụrụ na ị nọ n'akụkụ osimiri n'okpuru nkume na-ada ada¶

** Chọọ maka nkeji nke abụọ iji chọpụta mpaghara ọdịda ahụ, wee gbaga n'akụkụ oke osimiri: ** N'adịghị ka mkpọda n'ime ala ebe ị na-ekwesịghị ịgbada n'elu ugwu, n'akụkụ osimiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ebe mgbaba kacha dịrị nchebe. Gbapụ ozugbo site na ihu nkume ahụ chere ihu na mmiri, ma ọ bụ sụọ diagonally n'akụkụ oke osimiri pụọ na ngalaba ọdịda ma ọ bụrụ na ọdịda ahụ dị warara.
Kpochapụ mpaghara runout kwụ ọtọ: Oke nkume na-ada ada na-akụrisị isi wee rụọ ọrụ n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ n'ofe ájá na ọsọ karịrị kilomita 50 kwa elekere (kilomita 31 kwa elekere). N'ime okwute nkụja kpọrọ nkụ, iberibe iberibe na-esikarị apụ apụ n'ebe dị anya ruru ** 0.5 ruo 1.0 ugboro vetikal nke ugwu ahụ. N'ime ụrọ ụrọ slumps ma ọ bụ nzu juru eju na-ada, lobe irighiri mmiri nwere ike ịpụta n'èzí ** 1.5 ruo 3.0 n'ịdị elu nke ọnụ ọnụ ugwu **, na-agafe n'akụkụ osimiri banye na mpaghara sọfụ.
** Tinye sọfụ na-emighị emi ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, mana lelee maka ebili mmiri nke mbugharị:** Ọ bụrụ na osimiri dị warara na mmịfe ahụ buru ibu, gbaba n'ime mmiri miri emi n'úkwù ka ịzenarị ikpori ahịhịa. Kwado onwe gị megide oke osimiri, n'ihi na puku kwuru puku tọn okwute na-adaba na mmiri na-emighị emi nwere ike ime ka ebili mmiri dị n'ime ya na mmiri ịsa azụ siri ike.
** Ọ bụrụ na iberibe nkume na-ezo na ị nweghị ike ịfefe slide ahụ:** Adịnala ala n'afọ gị n'ájá, nke na-ekpughe ọkpụkpụ azụ gị na okpokoro isi gị na mmetụta kachasị. Ọbọgwụ n'azụ akụkụ oké osimiri nke nnukwu okwute ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ nọ ọdụ n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ site na nnukwu nkume, ma ọ bụ daa n'ikpere gị chere ihu n'oké osimiri, gbanye n'ime bọọlụ nwa ebu n'afọ siri ike, mechie mkpịsị aka gị n'azụ olu gị, ma dọlie ikpere gị elu iji chebe obi gị na akụkụ ahụ gị.
** Ọ bụrụ na e liri ya n'ájá na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ala bluff:** Mechie ọnụ gị ka sedimenti na-akpụ akpụ, tinye aka gị n'ihu imi na ọnụ gị iji mepụta akpa ikuku, ma gbasaa ọgịrịga gị nke ọma ka slide ahụ na-ebelata ka obi gị nwee ohere iku ume tupu mmiri mmiri amalite.

2. Ọ bụrụ na ị nọ n'elu ugwu mgbe ala na-enye ohere¶

Tụba ihe niile wee gbagharịa n'ime ime obodo n'ụkwụ anọ: Ọ bụrụ na ị na-eche na ala na-agbada ala ma ọ bụ hụ oghere mgbape n'etiti ụkwụ gị na ala, wuo ma ọ bụ banye n'ofe mgbape ahụ gaa n'akụkụ ime obodo ozugbo. Ịrara n'aka na ikpere na-eme ka etiti ike ndọda gị dị ala ka ị ghara ịda azụ n'akụkụ ọnụ.
** Jidere ahịhịa dị n'ime ala, ahịhịa anaghị agwụ agwụ:** Gaa n'osisi osisi, ogige ngere, ma ọ bụ osisi gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'akụkụ ala nke mgbawa ahụ. Ejidela ohia na-eto na ngọngọ na-ada ada n'onwe ya, n'ihi na mgbọrọgwụ ha ga-eji slab na-ada ada ada gị.
** Ọ bụrụ na ị na-agba n'obere mkpọda na-akụda ala:** Mkpọda mkpọda na-atụgharịkarị na-agbadata n'akụkụ ụgbọ elu gbagọrọ agbagọ ka ọ na-edobe elu ahịhịa ya na-atụgharị ntakịrị azụ n'ihu ugwu. Nọọrọ n'elu ihe mgbochi ahịhịa na-akpụ akpụ kama ịwụpụ n'ihu ihu ebe a ga-egwepịa gị na mkpịsị ụkwụ, wee pụọ n'akụkụ mkpọmkpọ ebe ahụ n'akụkụ mmiri ahụ ozugbo ọ kwụsịrị.

3. Lezienụ anya maka igbubi oke mmiri na-egbu egbu¶

Otu nnukwu ọnụ ọnụ ugwu na-adabakarị nnukwu mkpọmkpọ ụrọ, osisi, na okwute gabiga n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ banye n'ime mmiri na-asọ asọ nke dị obere, na-egbochi ụzọ ije n'ụsọ oké osimiri.

Adịla mgbe ị na-agbagharị n'elu ebe mgbada dị ọhụrụ, nke na-akwụghịkwa ọtọ ka ịlaghachi n'ebe mgbago mgbago gị ma ọ bụrụ na ugwu dị n'elu ka na-awụfu nkume.
** Lelee ọnọdụ ebili mmiri ozugbo:** Ọ bụrụ na mmiri na-arị elu na oke ugwu na-akụda otu akụkụ nke ọgba mmiri ebe isi okwute na-egbochi nke ọzọ, ị ga-eche ihu ** tidal cutoff ** (na-ejide ya n'akụkụ ugwu kwụ ọtọ site na mmiri na-ebili). Kpọọ 911, 112, ma ọ bụ 999 (ma rịọkwa Coast Guard ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri RNLI) ozugbo ị ka nwere ájá kpọrọ nkụ, rịgoro n'elu nkume dị elu nke siri ike pụọ na ọnya ọhụrụ ahụ, ma fegharịa uwe na-egbuke egbuke iji duzie ụgbọ mmiri nnapụta.

Permafrost gbazere, thermokarst, na ihe mberede mkpọda Arctic¶

Permafrost bụ ala (ala, sedimenti, peat, ma ọ bụ nkume) nke na-anọgide na ma ọ bụ n'okpuru 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) na-aga n'ihu ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ abụọ. N'ofe Alaska (United States), n'ebe ugwu Canada, Greenland, Scandinavia, European Alps, na Siberia, ọkụ ọkụ ngwa ngwa na-emebi ** oyi akwa na-arụ ọrụ ** (nke dị elu 30 ruo 150 centimeters / 1 ruo 5 feet nke ala nke na-agbaze n'oge okpomọkụ ọ bụla ma na-emegharị n'oge oyi) na-agbazekwa ihe omimi nke dị n'akụkụ ya.

Njirimara ihe egwu Permafrost	Ọdịdị anụ ahụ n'ọhịa	Primary Danger to People and Vehicles	Usoro nfefe dị mma na ihe mberede
Nkwụghachi azụ azụ azụ (RTS)	Horseshoe-shaped scar on a hillside or lakeshore; vertical headwall of exposed ice and mud up to 25 meters (82 feet) tall; soupy mud floor	Toppling blocks of frozen earth from the headwall; chest-deep liquefied silt on the slump floor that traps hikers and ATVs	Detour at least 50 meters (165 feet) upslope behind the headwall cracks; never walk across the grey mud floor of an active slump
Active-Layer Detachment Slide	Ribbon-like scar on a hillside where the surface moss and thawed mud have slid off the slick permafrost table underneath	Sudden hillside slide of saturated peat and mud; piles up in ridges at the slope base, sweeping away camps or pipelines	Camp only on flat gravel bars, bedrock ridges, or well-drained uplands; avoid pitching tents at the base of silt slopes after rain
Thermo-Erosion Gully and Ice-Wedge Trough	Deep, narrow trenches following polygonal patterns on tundra; often hidden beneath overhanging mats of willow and tussock grass	Hikers or snowmobiles break through the vegetative bridge and fall 2 to 6 meters (6.5 to 20 feet) into meltwater channels	Jiri osisi chọba ọwa mmiri ndị kpuchiri ahịhịa tupu ị gafee; soro ebe polygon dị elu karịa olulu mmiri dara ada
Thermokarst Cave-In and Drunken Forest	Spruce or larch trees leaning in all directions; sunken potholes filled with muddy water; hollow crusts over melted ice lenses	Ground collapses underfoot into water-filled voids; tree roots under tension can snap when cut during trail clearing	Route around freshly flooded depressions; never drive heavy machinery across thawing silt without timber mats
Methane Seeps and Crater Outbursts	Bubbling gas vents in lakes, circular mounds (pingos) swelling under subsurface gas and water pressure	Localized oxygen displacement in enclosed cavities; sudden blowout of pressurized mud and ice blocks	Never enter sub-permafrost ice tunnels, cellars, or pingo cavities without a 4-gas monitor; stay clear of bulging tundra mounds

Escaping liquefied permafrost silt (thermokarst mud entrapment)¶

Mgbe silt Pleistocene bara ọgaranya na ice na-ata ngwa ngwa na mkpọda mkpọda azụ azụ ma ọ bụ mkpọda n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ọ na-ewepụta mmiri karịa ka pores ala nwere ike ijide. Nke a na-emepụta ụrọ thixotropic nke dị ka ụrọ isi awọ siri ike n'okpuru obere eriri anwụ akpọnwụwo mana na-eme ka mmiri mmiri dị n'okpuru.

** Ọ bụrụ na ị na-agbaji n'arọ ahụ n'ime apịtị dị omimi: ** Akwụsịla ma ọ bụ gbalịa ịga n'ihu, nke na-eme ka ụkwụ gị banye n'ime oyi 1-degree-Celsius (34-degree-Fahrenheit) slurry.
** Wetuo akpa gị dị arọ ozugbo: *** Kpupu eriri úkwù gị na eriri sternum wee hapụ mkpọ ahụ nọdụ n'elu apịtị dị n'akụkụ gị ka ikpo okwu na-efegharị.
** Gbasaa arọ ahụ gị n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ:** gbadaa n'ihu ma ọ bụ azụ ka obi gị ma ọ bụ azụ gị daa larịị n'elu apịtị, na-ekesa ibu gị n'akụkụ sara mbara.
Hapụ ụkwụ gị n'otu n'otu: Ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-arụ ọrụ ụkwụ gị n'obere okirikiri ka mmiri gbadaa n'akụkụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ gị wee gbajie oghere ahụ. Ekwela ka onye nnapụta dọkpụrụ gị kwụ ọtọ na eriri winch ma ọ bụ ATV ka akpọchiri ụkwụ gị n'ime miri emi; buru ụzọ gwuo gburugburu akụkụ ụkwụ ndị ahụ tọrọ atọ.
Na-egwu mmiri ma ọ bụ tụgharịa n'elu apịtị: Ozugbo ụkwụ abụọ na-adaba n'elu, gbagharịa n'afọ gị site na iji mmiri igwu mmiri ma ọ bụ tụgharịa n'akụkụ n'akụkụ ahịhịa tundra siri ike, wee gwọọ ozugbo maka ya. hypothermia.

Warning

N'ime obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Arctic na ogige ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri, ejikọtala ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ụlọ ntu n'okpuru tundra bluffs jụrụ oyi n'oge oge mmiri na-emeghe. Igwe mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na ebili mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-adọba oghere dị omimi n'ime ebe oyi kpọnwụrụ nke ụlọ akụ ahụ (thermo-abrasion), na-eme ka ihe mgbochi ụwa dị mita 10 n'ogologo (ụkwụ 33 n'ogologo) tụba n'ime mmiri na nzuzo, na-egweri ụgbọ mmiri ma na-ebute ebili mmiri na-egbu egbu.

Mwepụ ihe owuwu mebiri site na mbuze bluff ma ọ bụ ala mgbaze¶

Ụlọ, ụlọ, okporo ụzọ, na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke e wuru n'akụkụ na-emebi bluffs oké osimiri, ụrọ bluffs, ebe mmiri mmiri, na thawing permafrost na-eche ọdịda nrụzi na mberede na-eche ihu mgbe mkpọda mgbada na-ewepụ nkwado ntọala.

Ọkọlọtọ uhie arụrụ arụ na-achọ ọpụpụ ozugbo¶

Wepụ ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na ụlọ gị gosipụtara nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ịrịba ama ọdịda ndị a n'oge ma ọ bụ mgbe oké ifufe, oke mmiri ozuzo, ma ọ bụ mgbaze ngwa ngwa:

** Ntọala akpọgidere ma ọ bụ kpọgidere:** Akụkụ ọ bụla nke slab kọnk, mgbata ụkwụ, okporo ụzọ, patio, ma ọ bụ ebe nkwado oche ka a na-ekokwasị n'elu ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ugwu nke ikuku dị n'okpuru ya, ma ọ bụ ala esipụla n'ebe ikpo ọkụ.
** Mkpọchi na mberede nke ọtụtụ ọnụ ụzọ na windo: *** Mgbe akụkụ oké osimiri nke ụlọ dabara na ihu bluff, okpokolo agba osisi na-abanye n'ime ihe yiri ya, na-emechi ọnụ ụzọ na windo ma na-agbawa akọrọ na akụkụ 45-ogo.
Mkpọtu arụrụ arụ a na-anụ: Mkpọpụta ụda, mkpọtụ, mkpọtụ, ma ọ bụ ịsụ ude sitere na studs mgbidi, trusses ụlọ, ma ọ bụ mkpọ ala na-egosi ngbanwe ibu na-arụ ọrụ ka nkwado ala na-adapụ.
** Nkewa nke oche, ihe owuwu ụzọ mbata, ma ọ bụ chimney: ** Oghere nke 1 centimita (0.4 sentimita) ma ọ bụ karịa na-emepe ngwa ngwa n'etiti bọọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị n'ihu oké osimiri na mgbidi ụlọ, ma ọ bụ anwụrụ ọkụ na-adabere na siding, na-egosi mwepụ dị nso.
** ọkpọkọ ọkpọkọ gbajiri agbaji ma ọ bụ gbatịa: *** ụda na-ada ụda ma ọ bụ isi akwa rere ure nke mercaptan sitere na ahịrị gas, mmiri na-esi na ọkpọkọ PVC gbajiri agbaji, ma ọ bụ waya eletrik na-adọkpụ na-adọkpụ na mast.
** Ọ bụrụ na oke mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ mmịfe na-ebute ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ugwu n'ime mita 3 ruo 5 (10 ruo 16 ụkwụ)** nke mgbidi ntọala gị, ụlọ ahụ dị n'ime oghere na-arụ ọrụ nke ọdịda na enweghị nchekwa maka obibi.

Mwepu nke ụlọ site na nzọụkwụ na ikewapụ ihe eji eme ihe¶

** Dezie ndị niile bi n'ime ya wee pụọ n'ọnụ ụzọ ime obodo (n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ):** pụọ ozugbo gaa n'okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ n'ala dị n'ime ime. Apụla n'elu mbara ihu oké osimiri, oche dị n'akụkụ ọnụ ọnụ ugwu, ma ọ bụ patio dị n'akụkụ oké osimiri ka ị lee anya nhịahụ ahụ; oche ndị nwere cantilevered na-abụkarị ihe mbụ na-adaba n'ọnụ ọnụ ugwu.
** Jide naanị akpa aga mberede gị, ọgwụ, anụ ụlọ na igodo:** Wepụ ihe karịrị 60 sekọnd ịpụ. Ewepụla arịa ụlọ ma ọ bụ ngwa dị arọ n'ọnụ ụlọ dị n'akụkụ ugwu, n'ihi na ibu ndụ agbakwunyere nwere ike ịkpalite ọdịda ala.
** Gbanyụọ ikuku gas, propane na ọkụ eletrik ma ọ bụrụ na mita ahụ dị n'ime ala n'enweghị nsogbu:**
Ọ bụrụ na mita gas ma ọ bụ tank propane dị n'akụkụ okporo ámá na ala kwụsiri ike, jiri mgbanaka a na-agbanwe agbanwe ka ọ gbanwee valvụ nke nkeji iri na ise ruo ogo 90 ruo mgbe lug ahụ dị na ọkpọkọ (ma ọ bụ mechie propane handwheel na elekere).
Gbanyụọ eriri sekit isi na panel eletriki ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ya site na mgbidi dị n'ime ala dị nchebe.
Gbanyụọ valvụ mmiri nke bụ isi n'ime igbe mgbochi okporo ụzọ ka ọkpọkọ gbawara agbawa ghara ịgbanye mmiri ime obodo n'ime ala na-adịghị akwụsi ike.
Egakwala nso n'ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ugwu ma ọ bụ banye n'okpuru ụlọ na-akụda ihu ka mechie ngwa ọrụ. Laghachi n'okporo ụzọ wee kpọọ ụlọ ọrụ gị na ngalaba mgbanyụ ọkụ ozugbo.
** Dọọ aka ná ntị ndị agbata obi n'akụkụ abụọ: *** Mkpọda Bluff na-agbasa n'akụkụ n'ikpere mmiri ka mkpọda ụlọ gị na-ewepụ nkwado ụwa maka ihe ndị dị n'akụkụ. Kụọ aka n'ọnụ ụzọ ndị agbata obi ma dọọ ha aka ná ntị ka ha lelee ntọala ha.
** Kpọtụrụ ndị nyocha ụlọ ime obodo na ndị ọrụ geotechnical: *** Kpọọ 911, 112, ma ọ bụ 999 ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ihe egwu ozugbo na ndụ, ntapu gas, ma ọ bụ ndị nọ n'akụkụ osimiri dị n'okpuru. Rịọ maka ụlọ ime obodo na nyocha injinia geotechnical tupu ịbanye ọzọ.

Nnapụta na nlekọta ahụike nke onye na-ahụ anya ka ọ dara n'elu ugwu¶

Mgbe ugwu dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dara n'akụkụ osimiri, ihu ọnụ ọnụ ugwu akpụchara ajị ọhụrụ esighị n'usoro n'usoro ma na-ewepụtakarị ihe na-egbu egbu ** okwute okwute nke abụọ ** n'ime nkeji 5 ruo 60 na-esote.

1. Scene nchekwa na amanyere bụ iwu n'ọnụ ọnụ ugwu spotter iwu¶

** Kpọọ ndị ọrụ mberede ozugbo:** Kpọọ 911, 112, ma ọ bụ 999 wee nye aha osimiri, nọmba steepụ, elu ọnụ ọnụ ugwu, atụmatụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ, na steeti tide. Rịọ ndị otu nnapụta ọnụ ọnụ ugwu, ọrụ nchekwa Coast / ụgbọ mmiri, yana nkwado ụgbọ ihe mberede ikuku.
Ejila ngwa ngwa banye n'okirikiri nkume: Lee anya n'apa ahụ dị elu tupu ị bịaruo nso. Ọ bụrụ na nkume ka na-ada, ọ bụrụ na e kewapụrụ slab na-ekpuchi elu site na mgbape dị n'elu ikpo ihe mkpofu ahụ, ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na uzuzu na-efegharị, ** nọrọ azụ ***.
** Họpụta onye nleba anya nke raara onwe ya nye: *** Ọ bụrụ na e liri onye ahụ n'akụkụ mpụta nke ihe mkpofu ahụ, kenye otu onye ka ọ guzoro n'akụkụ mmiri ahụ na-ele anya ** naanị n'elu ugwu ihu ** ka o tie mkpu ịdọ aka ná ntị ozugbo ma ọ bụrụ na okwute na-adapụta ma ọ bụ na ugwu na-agbanwe.

2. Na-ewepụ ihe ndị metụtara na igbochi ọrịa ọgbụgba¶

Ọ bụrụ na ị nwere ike iru onye ihe metụtara n'enweghị nsogbu na nsọtụ mpụta nke ikpo irighiri ihe na-eguzoghị n'okpuru mkpuchi:

** Buru ụzọ sachaa ụzọ ikuku na obi:** Wepụ ájá, ụrọ, ma ọ bụ ajịrịja nkume pụọ n'imi, ọnụ, na obi onye ihe ahụ mere ka ngụgụ ha wee gbasaa. Mkpọda ala na aja-bluff ndị nwere ike ịnwụ n'ihi ** ọrịa asphyxia** n'ime nkeji 3 ruo 5 mgbe aja dị mmiri mmiri na-adakwasị ọgịrịga ha oge ọ bụla ha kupụrụ ume.
** Gwuo nke ọma n'akụkụ akụkụ ụkwụ ndị tọrọ atọ:** Jiri aka gị, osisi a na-adọkpụ, ma ọ bụ bọket rọba kama shọvel ọla n'akụkụ ahụ mmadụ e liri ka ịzenarị anụ ahụ.
** A na-enyo enyo na ọnya azụ azụ na ọbara ọgbụgba n'ime: ** Onye ọ bụla nke nkume dara dara dara nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke cervical. mmerụ ahụ azụ, mmerụ ahụ isi, na mgbaji ọkpụkpụ. Debe isi ha, olu, na spain ha n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụrụ na ihe mmịfe nke abụọ na-arụ ọrụ chọrọ ịdọrọ mberede n'akụkụ ogologo anụ ahụ n'akụkụ sọfụ.
** Kpachara anya maka ọrịa mgbakasị ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na nkume dị arọ atụkwasịla ụkwụ ma ọ bụ pelvis ruo ihe karịrị nkeji iri na ise:** Mgbe nkume dị arọ na-egwepịa nnukwu anụ ahụ maka ihe karịrị nkeji iri na ise, mgbaka akwara na-akwakọba potassium na-egbu egbu, myoglobin, na lactic acid. Na mberede ibuli nkume n'akụkụ ụkwụ nwere ogologo ogologo na-ahapụ potassium n'ime ọbara, nke nwere ike ịkpalite njide obi na-egbu egbu (ọrịa reperfusion). Kpọtụrụ ndị na-ezipụ ahụike mberede tupu ebuli nkume dị arọ n'elu onye ọ tọrọ ihe karịrị nkeji iri na ise, ọ gwụla ma oke mmiri na-ebili ma ọ bụ ọdịda nke abụọ na-eyi ọnwụ ozugbo, ma chịkwaa nke ukwuu. ọbara ọgbụgba na nrụgide ozugbo ma ọ bụ njem nlegharị anya.

Tip

Tụlee iji aka-na ọzara na enyemaka mbụ enyemaka mberede sitere na Red Cross, St John Ambulance, ma ọ bụ ugwu / dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri otu nnapụta gị. Ịmụta otu esi ejikwa nkwụsị azụ azụ, zọpịa mmerụ ahụ, na hypothermia na gburugburu oke osimiri dị oke egwu na-azọpụta ndụ tupu helikopta ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri ndụ abịarute.

Mbelata ihe onwunwe na-adịte aka na nkwado mbuze¶

Ọ bụrụ na ị na-ebi na bluff dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ugwu ọdọ mmiri, ma ọ bụ ala permafrost, njikwa mmiri na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nleba anya geotechnical na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ laghachi azụ ma nye ịdọ aka ná ntị mbụ.

** Wepu ntinye mmiri aka aka n'akụkụ crest bluff:**
Kwụpụ ihe ndị na-efesa ahịhịa na mmiri ntapu n'ime mita 15 (ụkwụ 50) nke ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ugwu.
Ọwa mmiri dị n'elu ụlọ, ebe mgbada mmiri, na okporo ụzọ na-asọba n'ime ọkpọkọ agbachiri emechighị nke na-asọba n'ime ọwa mmiri mmiri ozuzo dị n'ime ime obodo ma ọ bụ ruo n'ihu ihu bluff na eriri polyethylene nwere nnukwu njupụta (HDPE) gbadoro ụkwụ na mkpịsị ụkwụ osimiri.
Ewepụla mmiri ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri ntụ ntụ n'obere ahịhịa dị n'ụsọ osimiri, wee gbanwee ubi septik dị nso na bluffs ka ọ bụrụ njikọ ọwa mmiri mechiri emechi.
** Chekwaa ahịhịa ndụ gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ wee machibido ikpofu n'ọnụ ọnụ:**
Adịla ekpochapụ osisi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ahịhịa ahịhịa, ma ọ bụ osisi gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'elu bluff iji meziwanye echiche gị, ebe netwọk mgbọrọgwụ na-ejikọta ala ma na-ebufe mmiri dị n'ime ala.
Wepu osisi na-efe efe gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ siri ike dị ka osisi ice (Carpobrotus edulis), nke na-agbakwunye ibu nwụrụ anwụ na ihu nrịgo elu ma na-akpachapụ n'ibé.
Ewepụla ihe mkpofu n'ogige ma ọ bụ jupụta n'akụkụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ugwu, nke na-ejide mmiri ma na-ezochi mgbawa mgbawa.
** Wụnye staks nleba anya mgbape dị mfe:**
Gbanye stek osisi abụọ n'ime ala n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke eriri ntutu ọ bụla dị nso na bluff wee tụọ anya n'etiti ntu abụọ n'elu stakes kwa izu site na iji teepu ígwè.
Ọ bụrụ na ọdịiche ahụ gbasaa site na 5 ruo 10 millimeters (0.2 ruo 0.4 inch) n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, mkpọda mkpọda na-agba ọsọ; kpọọ onye injinia geotechnical nwere ikike ozugbo.
** Chebe ntọala permafrost na mbufe ọkụ:**
Debe ụlọ permafrost n'elu pilings a na-emegharị emegharị, thermosyphon na-agafe agafe, ma ọ bụ nnukwu gravel nke nwere opekempe 1 mita (3 ụkwụ) nke ikuku na-eru n'okpuru ala, na mgbe ọ bụla na-eyipụ ihe mgbochi tundra moss mat.

Ajụjụ a na-ajụkarị¶

Olee ebe dị anya site na ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ mmiri ma ọ bụ kedu ebe dị anya site na isi okwute dị n'akụkụ osimiri dị mma n'ezie?

Usoro isi mkpịsị aka nke geological nke ndị ụlọ ọrụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri mepụtara dị ka British Geological Survey na Maritime and Coastguard Agency (United Kingdom) bụ iwu ịdị elu nke 1 ruo 1 mgbe ị na-eje ije n'akụkụ osimiri dị n'okpuru: nọrọ n'ebe dị anya site na isi nke ugwu ma ọ dịkarịa ala hà nhata kwụ ọtọ nke ugwu (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ugwu ma ọ bụ mita 620 na-aga ije na 620 ụkwụ). 65 ụkwụ gaa na mmiri). Mgbe ị na-eje ije n'elu ugwu, nọrọ n'okporo ụzọ ime obodo nwere akara n'azụ ngere nchekwa, ma debe opekata mpe 5 ruo 10 (mita 16 ruo 33) site n'ọnụ ọnụ, ebe nfefe na-apụtakarị n'èzí n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-akwado ha n'okpuru.

Gịnị mere ọtụtụ nnukwu ọnụ ọnụ ugwu ji ada na-eme n'ụbọchị anwụ na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ anwụ na-acha mgbe mmiri na-adịghị?

Ugwu dara n'ụbọchị okpomọkụ dị jụụ na-eme n'ihi ihe abụọ bụ isi ihe gbasara mbara ala. Nke mbụ, oke mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo na-ewe izu ma ọ bụ ọnwa iji jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbada ala site na ala miri emi na mgbawa nkume tupu ịmalite nrụgide mmiri kachasị elu n'azụ ihu nkume n'oge okpomọkụ. Nke abụọ, anwụ anwụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'oge okpomọkụ na-eme ka ihu nkume dị n'èzí na-ekpo ọkụ n'ehihie mgbe nkume ahụ na-ajụ oyi n'abalị, ebe ọ na-ekpochapụ ụrọ n'ígwé nke mere na ha na-adaba ma na-agbawa, na-amanye àkwà mmiri dị n'ime ime ikpeazụ na-ejide ihe dị n'ime ya.

Ọ bụrụ na nkume amalite ịda n'elu m mgbe m nọ n'ụsọ osimiri, m ga-agba ọsọ n'akụkụ ugwu ma ọ bụ gbaba n'oké osimiri ozugbo?

Ọ gwụla ma ị na-eguzo n'akụkụ mpụta nke nkume dị warara ma nwee ike zọpụ ụkwụ n'akụkụ n'ala dị nchebe n'otu nkeji, ụzọ mgbapụ gị kacha dịrị nchebe na-adịkarị ka ị na-agba ọsọ ozugbo gaa n'oké osimiri na-asọpụ site na ihu nkume ahụ. Oke ugwu na-adakarị n'akụkụ 30 ruo 100 mita (100 ruo 330 ụkwụ) nke oke osimiri n'otu oge; na-agba ọsọ n'akụkụ isi na-eme ka ị banye n'ime mpaghara mmetụta ogologo oge, ebe sprinting kwụ ọtọ n'akụkụ mmiri mmiri na-eme ka ị gafee ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ kwụ ọtọ.

Kedu ihe m ga-eme ma ọ bụrụ na nkịta m achụpụ nnụnụ ma ọ bụ bọọlụ n'elu ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ugwu ma ọ bụ na-amakpu n'okirikiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-ada ada?

Ya adịla mgbe ọ bụla arịgoro n'ọgba aghara dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-emebi emebi ma ọ bụ gbagharịa n'akụkụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ugwu iji napụta anụ ụlọ. Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ sitere na Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) na United States Coast Guard na-egosi na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke nkịta na-adị ndụ ma ọ bụ na-agbaghachi azụ n'onwe ha n'ihi ebe dị ala nke ike ndọda na traction anọ, ebe ndị nwe mmadụ na-arịgo n'azụ ha na-ebutekarị slides nke abụọ ma na-ata ahụhụ na-egbu egbu. Debe nkịta gị na ntanye dị mkpirikpi n'akụkụ ọnụ ọnụ ugwu niile; Ọ bụrụ na nkịta gị gafere n'ọnụ ọnụ, nọrọ azụ site na rim wee kpọọ 911, 112, ma ọ bụ 999 ịrịọ ndị otu nnapụta ụdọ.

Ịnshọransị ndị nwe ụlọ ọ̀ na-ekpuchi ụlọ m ma ọ bụrụ na bluff dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri daa ma ọ bụ permafrost gbazere n'okpuru ntọala m?

Na United States, Canada, United Kingdom, na ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ, ụkpụrụ inshọransị nke ndị nwe ụlọ na-ewepu mmebi nke mmegharị ụwa kpatara, gụnyere oke ala, oke mmiri ozuzo, mmiri mmiri na mmiri mmiri, dịka ụkpụrụ idei mmiri n'ozuzu na-ewepụ mbuze nwayọọ nwayọọ tupu ọdịda. Ndị nwe ụlọ na-emebi bluffs ga-azụrịrị “iche na ọnọdụ” (DIC) pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ mkpuchi ala, ma ọ bụ dabere na onyinye mbelata ihe ize ndụ nke ime obodo tupu oke ugwu erute ntọala ha.

Kedu ihe kpatara eji agbaze ala permafrost mgbe ụfọdụ tụnyere aja aja, ị nwere ike imikpu kpamkpam n'okpuru ya?

Permafrost bara ụba nke ice (karịsịa silt ikuku na-efe efe nke a maara dị ka yedoma) na-enwekarị 50 ruo 80 pasent ice siri ike site na olu. Mgbe ice ahụ na-agbaze ngwa ngwa n'ime mkpọda na-agbaze azụ, a na-akwụsịtụ irighiri mmiri silt dị mma na mmiri mmiri na-adịghị mma nke na-enweghị ike ịdaba ala n'ihi na tebụl permafrost oyi kpọnwụrụ n'okpuru na-eme dị ka nnukwu efere na-adịghị agwụ agwụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ahụ mmadụ dị ntakịrị ntakịrị karịa silt juputara na ọ gaghị adaba kpamkpam ma ọ bụrụ na apịtị na-arụ ọrụ na-eli ya, onye na-agba ọsọ nke na-esi n'elu anụ ahụ dị n'elu nwere ike imikpu n'úkwù n'ime apịtị na-ekpo ọkụ ma ghọọ nke na-adịghị emegharị ahụ site na mmiri na hypothermia ọ gwụla ma ha dinara ala iji kesaa ibu ha.

Ntuziaka emetụtara¶

enyochara isi mmalite¶

Nnyocha mbara ala nke United States (USGS, United States): Ọkpụkpụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri, Mmemme ihe ize ndụ ala ala, na ọmụmụ Permafrost Thaw.
Nyocha banyere ala ala Britain (BGS) na Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA, United Kingdom): Geohazards Coastal, Cliff Instability, and Beach Safety Guide
Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) na Geological Survey of Canada (Canada): Permafrost Deradaration, Retrogressive Thaw Slumps, and Landslide Safety
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Mberede Federal (FEMA, United States): Akwụkwọ ntuziaka na-arụ ọrụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri (FEMA P-55) na njikwa ihe ize ndụ nke erosion
Mmemme Nlebanya na Ntụle Arctic (AMAP) na World Meteorological Organisation (WMO): Snow, Mmiri, Ice na Permafrost na Arctic (SWIPA) Ntụle nka nka