Ogya bepɔw mu mframa mununkum, laze plumes, ne limnic a ɛpae¶

Ogya bepɔw ne asase mu hyew mmeae ma mframa a aniwa nhu, a ɛde nkwa to asiane mu bere mpo a nsõ a ɛpae biara nsi, bere a ogya bepɔw mu amena atare a emu dɔ betumi adan mpofirim na ama mununkum a ɛyɛ hu a ɛyɛ carbon dioxide (\(CO_2\)) a ɛho tew afi hɔ wɔ asiane a ɛntaa nsi a wɔfrɛ no limnic eruption (ɔtare a ɛdannan) mu. Nea ɛnte sɛ ogya bepɔw mu nsõ anaa wuram ogya wusiw a ɛkɔ soro kɔ soro no, ogya bepɔw ne asase mu mframa abiɛsa a edi awu sen biara, carbon dioxide (\(CO_2\)), hydrogen sulfide (\(H_2S\)), ne sulphur dioxide (\(SO_2\)), mu duru kɛse sen mframa a ɛyɛ daa (\(1.2\text{ to }2.2\text{ mpɛn}\) denser sen mframa a ɛyɛ dry). Sɛ́ anka mframa yi bɛsen akɔ soro no, ɛhwie gu fam te sɛ asubɔnten a ɛyɛ nsu a aniwa nhu, na ɛboaboa ano wɔ nkoko mu, ogya bepɔw mu abon mu, adan ase, mmeae a wotutu fam, sukyerɛmma abodan, ne mpoano a ɛyɛ mmerɛw mu. Bere koro no ara mu no, sɛ mpoano ogyaframa a ayow hyɛn po mu a, ɛnoa po mu nsu ma ɛyɛ hydrochloric acid (\(HCl\)) nsuyiri a ɛyɛ den ne ogya bepɔw mu ahwehwɛ a ɛyɛ nketenkete a wɔfrɛ no laze (lava haze) a ɛyɛ fitaa. Nkwagye gyina mframa afiri a ɛwɔ fam a wobehu, foro ntɛm ara foro ne mframa a ɛtwam, ne nea enti a ahome biako a ɛyɛ \(10\text{ kosi }30\text{ percent}\) carbon dioxide anaa \(1,000\text{ ppm}\) hydrogen sulfide ma obi nhu ade ntɛm ara ("knockdown") ase.

Yɛ eyi mprempren¶

1. Foro tẽẽ kɔ soro na fa mframa a ɛtwam (wɔ mframa no anim digrii 90) ntɛm ara. Ogya bepɔw mu mframa a emu yɛ duru (\(CO_2\), \(H_2S\), \(SO_2\)) sen kɔ fam te sɛ nsu fa nkoko, nsubɔnten mu nsuten, ne nkoko mu, bere a mframa piapia sulfur dioxide (\(SO_2\)) ne mpoano hydrochloric acid lava haze (laze) a ɛwɔ mframa ase. Mmɔ mmɔden da sɛ wubetu mmirika asen gas mununkum denam mmirikatu a wubesian afa bon mu kwan so so: fa mmirika kɔ soro tẽẽ foro kɔ ɔdan bi a ɛbɛn hɔ, koko, anaa abansoro a ɛwɔ soro a ɛwɔ gas a ɛreboaboa ano no atifi na kɔ tẽẽ ma mframa no kwan.
2. Hwɛ asase no so ma "Nature's Gas Detector": nnomaa a wɔawuwu, nkoekoemmoa a wɔawuwu, mmoa a wɔawuwu, anaa kar engine a agyina mpofirim. Carbon dioxide yɛ nea wontumi nhu koraa na ɛnyɛ huam koraa. Sɛ wonam anaa woreka kar bɛn ogya bepɔw bi afã, asase mu hyew fumarole afuw, anaa ɔtare a ɛwɔ ɔtare mu na mpofirim ara wuhu nnomaa, mprako, mponkyerɛn, anaa nkoekoemmoa a wɔawuwu foforo a wɔda fam a wonni agyiraehyɛde biara wɔ wɔn so, anaasɛ sɛ wo kar a ɛhyew no engine no pue mpofirim na ɛgyina (efisɛ \(CO_2\) atu wim mframa a ɛwɔ \(13\text{ to no ase }15\text{ percent}\) hia ma engine hyew), woahyɛn \(CO_2\) kotoku a edi awu mu. Kura wo home mu na tu mmirika kɔ soro ntɛm ara.
3. Nnya wo hwene mu ahotoso da wɔ "kwa a aporɔw" hydrogen sulfide (\(H_2S\)) mframa ho: hua mu obubuafo ba wɔ sikɔne kakraa bi mu. Sɛ ɛba fam, a asiane biara nni ho (\(0.01\text{ kosi }10\text{ ppm}\)), hydrogen sulfide hua yɛ den te sɛ nkesua a aporɔw. Nanso, sɛ \(H_2S\) du baabi a ɛde nkwa to asiane mu (boro \(100\text{ kosi }150\text{ ppm}\)) pɛ a, ɛma ntini a ɛma hua a ɛwɔ wo hwene mu no yɛ mmerɛw wɔ sekan 2 kosi 15 mu, na ɛma hua no yera koraa ma enti wususuw sɛ mframa no mu atew. Sɛ wote nkesua a aporɔw a ano yɛ den hua wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn asubura a ɛyɛ hyew, atɛkyɛ kuku, anaa fumarole na hua no yera mpofirim bere a w’aniwa yɛ wo yaw anaasɛ wote nka sɛ wo ho ayɛ wo hyew a, foro foro kɔ mframa no mu ntɛm ara.
4. Hom fa ntama a ɛyɛ nsu anaa atade a wɔde soda ahyɛ mu ma mu NKUTOO ma acid mframa (\(SO_2\) ne \(HCl\) laze); te aseɛ sɛ ntama anaa filter akatasoɔ biara nni hɔ a ɛnyɛ adwuma tia \(CO_2\). Sɛ wɔkyere wo wɔ mununkum a ɛyɛ menewa a ɛyɛ sulphur dioxide (\(SO_2\)) anaa mpoano hydrochloric acid laze (\(HCl\)) mu a, fa ntama a wɔde nsuo ahyɛ mu (anaasɛ nea eye sen saa no, nsuo a wɔde baking soda [sodium bicarbonate] nsenia afra mu, a ɛma acid yɛ neutral kata wo hwene ne w’ano mframa a ɛba bere a ɛne ne ho di nkitaho) na mum w’ani sɛnea wubetumi biara. Nanso, kae sɛ ntama a ɛyɛ nsuo, N95 akatasoɔ, anaa P100 chemical cartridge respirator biara ntumi mmɔ wo ho ban mfi Carbon Dioxide (\(CO_2\)) asphyxiation ho: \(CO_2\) yi oxygen fi mframa mu, enti sɛ woforo kɔ mframa pa a ɛkɔ soro mu anaasɛ wohome oxygen/SCBA mframa a wɔde ahyɛ toa mu nkutoo a, ɛbɛma woakɔ so atra ase.
5. Twe ogya bepɔw mu amena ɔtare no mpoano ne bon mu ntɛm ara sɛ ɔtare no mu nsu bubble, dan kɔkɔɔ-brown, anaasɛ ɛyɛ dede (Limnic Eruption). Sɛ wote anaa wotu kwan bɛn ogya bepɔw mu amena ɔtare a emu dɔ (maar ɔtare) na wuhu sɛ nsu ase dede mpofirim, asubura anaa tsunami asorɔkye bi reyɛ wɔ ɔtare no mfinimfini a mframa nni mu, anaasɛ ɔtare mu nsu a ɛredan mununkum a ɛyɛ nkannare-brown (a nsu a emu dɔ a dade pii wom \(CO_2\)-a ɛforo kɔ soro na ɛde ba), limnic eruption afi ase. Gas a emu yɛ duru sen mframa \(CO_2\) tɔn ɔpehaha pii reyɛ ahwie agu ɔbotan no ano na atu mmirika akɔ asubɔnten bon a atwa ho ahyia no mu wɔ kilomita 20 kosi 50 dɔnhwerew biara (akwansin 12 kosi 30 dɔnhwerew biara). Anyɛ yiye koraa no, foro mita 50 kosi 100 gyina hɔ (anammɔn 165 kosi 330) foro bon no mu mmepɔw no ntɛm ara.
6. Fa oxygen a ɛsen kɛse anaa CPR ma wɔ asase a ɛkorɔn so na fa nsu a ɛho tew hohoro aniwa a acid ahyew no simma 15. Sɛ wonya du obi a gas ayɛ no ma no nkyɛn dwoodwoo wɔ baabi a ɛkorɔn a mframa fa mu (nkɔ kotoku a gas a ɛba fam no mu da a wunni SCBA), frɛ wo mpɔtam hɔ nɔma a egye ntɛmpɛ (911 wɔ United States ne Canada, 112 wɔ Europa Aman Nkabom no nyinaa mu, 999 wɔ United Kingdom, anaa hwɛ ne nyinaa nɔma ahorow a egye ntɛmpɛ). Sɛ wonnim hwee na wɔnhome sɛnea ɛsɛ a, fi ase CPR a wɔde yɛ adwuma ntɛm ara (fa kotoku mu akataso anaa nsa nkutoo a wɔde hyɛ wo koko mu di dwuma sɛ wɔhome \(H_2S\) anaa acid gas a). Sɛ wɔrehuruhuruw esiane \(SO_2\), vog, anaa laze nti a, boa wɔn ma wɔmfa wɔn albuterol/salbutamol bronchodilator inhaler a wɔakyerɛw ama wɔn no nni dwuma na fa nsu a ɛho tew hohoro aniwa a ɛrehyew no simma 15.

Ogya bepɔw mu mframa, laze, ne limnic eruption survival gyinaesi dua¶

Fa saa field triage flowchart yi kyerɛ ogya bepɔw mu mframa ho asiane a worehyia na yɛ nkwagye ho nhyehyɛe pɔtee no.

flowchart TD
    Start["Ogya Bepɔw / Asase mu Ɔhyew / Crater Lake Gas Emergency:<br/>Fumarole Field, Mpoano Lava Po a Ɛhyɛn Mu, anaa Crater Ɔtare"] --> HazardType{"Gas anaa plume<br/>beae bɛn na wowɔ mu?"}

    HazardType -->|"1. Bon a ɛba fam, Crater Fam, Basement, Sukyerɛmma Amena,<br/>anaasɛ Crater Ɔtare a Ɛdan ​​Brown / Bubbling"| HeavyGas["WOSUSUW sɛ CO2 (Limnic Eruption / Mazuku) ANAA H2S a Ɛkorɔn:<br/>1. MMFA wo ho nkotow anaa nkɔhyɛn adwenemhaw a ɛba fam mu<br/>2. Kura ahome sɛ nnomaa/mmoa a wɔawuwu anaa wo ho ayɛ wo hyew<br/>3. Foro NSƐM NTAM (>= 30 kɔsi 100 m gyina hɔ)<br/> (Filter masks & wet cloths NSIw CO2 asphyxiation kwan)"]

    HazardType -->|"2. Sharp Choking ‘Burnt Match’ Hua,<br/>Aniwa/Menewa a Ɛyɛ Hu, anaa Hazy Vog Plume"| SO2Vog["SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2) / Ogya NHYEHYƐE (VOG):<br/>1. Fa KƆƆ SO ne CROSSWIND (digrii 90 kɔ mframa so)<br/>2. Hom fa ntama a ɛyɛ nsu mu (ɛyɛ papa sɛ wode bɛhyɛ baking soda nsu mu)<br/> anaa fa P100 + Acid Gas cartridge respirator<br/>3 di dwuma. Sɛ wowɔ dan mu a: To mfɛnsere/apon nyinaa mu, dum A/C mframa pa a wɔde fa mu,<br/> na sɛ woreyɛ ahurututu a, fa afiri a wɔde home a ɛgye ayamtu di dwuma"]

    HazardType -->|"3. White Steam-Like Plume Baabi a Nsuo a Nsuo<br/>Hyɛn Po Po mu Nsuo Mu"| LazePlume["HYDROCHLORIC ACID ‘LAZE’ (Lava Haze + Ahwehwɛ a Wɔabɔ no Nsuo):<br/>1. MONnyina mframa ase da wɔ po mu ogyaframa a ɛhyɛn mu<br/>2. Tu ntɛm ara UPWIND / CROSSWIND anyɛ yiye koraa no mita 500+<br/>3. MFA aniwa ntwitwiw w’ani (microscopic Pele’s glass shards scratch corneas)<br/>4. Fa nsu pa a ɛdɔɔso hohoro w’ani ne wo honam ani simma 15"]

    HeavyGas --> CasualtyCheck{"So obi ahwe ase wɔ baabi a wɔde gas gu no?"}
    SO2Vog --> CasualtyCheck
    LazePlume --> CasualtyCheck

    CasualtyCheck -->|"Casualty da so ara wɔ low gas pit/depression mu"| WaitSCBA["GYINA: MFA gas kotoku a ɛba fam no mu a SCBA mframa tank nni mu<br/>(60% a wowuwu wɔ ahunmu a wɔatoto mu/ogya bepɔw mu mframa a wowuwu no yɛ wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wogye nkwa)<br/>Frɛ 911 / 112 / 999 ma Fire Rescue SCBA yiyi"]

    CasualtyCheck -->|"Obi a wɔapirapira wɔ asase a ɛkorɔn a mframa fa mu so"| FirstAidHigh["1. Hwɛ sɛnea wohome: Fi ase CPR sɛ ɛnyɛ hwee na woanhome a<br/>2. Fa obi a ɔhome a onnim hwee no to Lateral Recovery Position<br/>3. Fa nsu a ɛnyɛ den hohoro aniwa; ma ahurututu mu ntrɛwmu ma SO2/Laze ahurututu mu akisikuru<br/>4. Hwɛ 24 kosi 48 hrs wɔ ayaresabea sɛ Delayed Pulmonary Edema"]

Sɛ yɛde ogya bepɔw ne ɔtare a ɛwɔ ɔtare mu mframa a edi awu 5 toto ho a¶

Ogya bepɔw mu mframa biara wɔ molecule mu duru, hua, ne ɔkwan a ɛda nsow a ekum nnipa. Fa USGS ne IVHHN (International Volcanic Health Hazard Network) ayaresabea pon yi di dwuma de kyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda wɔn ntam.

Deep dive 1: Limnic eruptions (Crater ɔtare no dannan) ne "Mazuku" owu kotoku¶

limnic eruption (a wɔsan frɛ no ɔtare a ɛdannan) yɛ abɔde mu asiane a ɛntaa nsi na ɛyɛ hu sen biara wɔ Asase so no mu biako. Wɔ afe 1984 mu wɔ Ɔtare Monoun (ekunkum nnipa 37) ne August 21, 1986 wɔ Ɔtare Nyos wɔ Cameroon no, ogya bepɔw mu ɔtare bi a emu dɔ paee mpofirim a na ogyaframa biara nni mu, na ɛmaa mframa a ɛyɛ 300,000 kosi ɔpepem 1.6 a ɛyɛ metric tɔn ɔpepem 300,000 kɔsi ɔpepem 1.6 a ɛyɛ carbon dioxide a ɛho tew a wɔapete (\(CO_2\)). Mununkum bi a ɛyɛ komm a aniwa nhu a ne kɛse yɛ \(CO_2\) mita 50 (anammɔn 165) hwiee guu abon no ano na ɛsen faa asubɔnten bon a atwa ho ahyia no mu de kilomita 20 kosi 50 dɔnhwerew biara (akwansin 12 kosi 30 dɔnhwerew biara), dum ogya biara a wɔde noa aduan, siw kar ahorow, na ɛmaa nnipa ** 1,746 ne nea ɛboro saa yɛɛ komm Anantwi** 3,500 a wɔada kosi akwansin 25 (akwansin 15).

Sɛnea limnic a ɛpae yɛ adwuma (The "Champagne Bottle" Lake Mechanism) .¶

1. Ogya bepɔw \(CO_2\) injection wɔ ɔtare a emu dɔ a ɛnyɛ nea wɔafrafra ase: Magma a ɛte kilomita pii wɔ ogya bepɔw mu amena bi a ayera anaasɛ ɛda hɔ (maar) ase no kɔ so de carbon dioxide mframa kɔ soro fa ɔtare no mpa mu. Wɔ atare dodow no ara a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew mu no, awɔw bere mu onwini a ɛba wɔ mmere bi mu no ma nsu a ɛwɔ soro no kɔ fam na ɛfra ɔtare no mu afe biara (holomictic atare), na ɛma mframa nketenkete a asiane biara nni ho fi mu. Nanso, wɔ atare a emu dɔ a ɛwɔ ɔhyew mu te sɛ Ɔtare Nyos, Ɔtare Monoun (Cameroon), ne Ɔtare Kivu ( a ɛwɔ Democratic Republic of the Congo ne Rwanda hye so, a ɛwɔ bɛyɛ \(300\text{ cubic kilometers}\) \(CO_2\) a wɔapete ne \(60\text{ cubic kilometers}\) methane) mu no, nsu a ɛwɔ soro a ɛyɛ hyew no nnwo nnɔɔso da sɛ ɛbɛkɔ nsu ase (meromictic stratification).
2. Nsuo mu nhyɛsoɔ kyere mframa no: Wɔ bun a ɛyɛ \(200\text{ kɔsi }400\text{ mita}\) (\(650\text{ kɔsi }1,300\text{ anammɔn}\)), nsuo a ɛwɔ soro adum no mu duru kɛseɛ (\(20\text{ kɔsi }40\text{ wim tebea}\) nhyɛsoɔ) ma \(CO_2\) lita ɔpepepem pii nwene mu nsu a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛwɔ ase no, te sɛ kyɛw a ɛwɔ champagne toa a wɔahyɛ no den so no pɛpɛɛpɛ.
3. The Trigger and Runaway Exsolution: Sɛ abotan a ɛtɔ/asase a ɛwosow petepete ɔtare no mu, asasewosow wosow asubɔnten no, ogya bepɔw mu mframa a ɛwɔ sublacustrine mu ma ase no yɛ hyew, anaasɛ osu kɛse a ɛyɛ nwini pia nsu a ɛwɔ soro no kɔ fam a, wɔma nsu a emu dɔ a \(CO_2\) ahyɛ mu ma no so kɔ soro kɔ mmeae a emu dɔ, a nhyɛso a ɛba fam wom. Ntɛm ara, ahurututu nketenkete a ɛyɛ \(CO_2\) fizz fi solution mu (nucleation). Esiane sɛ nsu a gas ayɛ mu ma no mu yɛ hare (ɛwosow kɛse) sen nsu a ɛyɛ nsu nti, adum a ɛrehuruhuruw no tow kɔ soro te sɛ afiri a wɔde foro abansoro, na ɛtwetwe ɔtare no fã a emu dɔ no nyinaa kɔ soro wɔ nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn a guan mu a ɛpae nsu asubura a ne sorokɔ yɛ mita 50 kosi 100 kɔ wim na ɛma ntama kɛse bi a ɛyɛ nwini a emu yɛ duru sen mframa fi mu ba \(CO_2\) na ɛyɛ.

"Mazuku" (Swahili kasa mu ma "Mframa Bɔne") ne Ogya Bepɔw a Ɛyɛ Dry \(CO_2\) Afiri a Ɛwɔ Wiase Nyinaa¶

Wonhia ɔtare a ogya bepɔw \(CO_2\) bekum wo. Bɛyɛ Bepɔw Nyiragongo (DR Congo), Mammoth Bepɔw (California, U.S.A.), Campi Flegrei / Solfatara ne Bepɔw Etna (Italy), Laacher See (Germany), Bepɔw Gambier (Australia), Hakoné / Bepɔw Aso (Japan), ne Rotorua (New Zealand), awɔw a aniwa nhu \(CO_2\) sen fi asase a abubu mu tẽẽ: - Wɔ Afrika Apuei fam no, ɛhɔfo frɛ saa mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ basaa yi Mazuku ("Mframa Bɔne"): awiabere no, owia hyew ne mframa bɔ mframa no pete, nanso anadwo, sɛ mframa no dwo na mframa gyae a, \(CO_2\) kronkron hyɛ anammɔn akwan a akɔ fam, abodan, amena, ne asese a ɛba fam ma ɛkɔ soro kodu ne moma so. - Wɔ ogya bepɔw mmepɔw a sukyerɛmma wɔ so te sɛ Mammoth Bepɔw a ɛwɔ California anaa Mount Rainier / Mount Hood / Japanese Alps so no, \(CO_2\) ne \(H_2S\) boaboa wɔn ho ano wɔ awɔw bere mu sukyerɛmma a ɛwɔ hɔ no ase na ɛhyɛ nnua abura, sukyerɛmma abodan, ski patrol asese, ne adan a wɔasie wɔ adan ase ma, skiers a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu a wɔde wɔn ti hwe ase wɔ dua abura mu anaasɛ wotu sukyerɛmma dabere a ɛbɛn fumarole bi.

Deep dive 2: Mpoano "Laze" (Hydrochloric acid lava haze) vs. asase mu "Vog" (Ogya bepɔw mu wusiw) .¶

Akwantufo ne mpoanofo a wɔwɔ ogya bepɔw nsupɔw so (te sɛ Hawaii Kīlauea, Iceland Reykjanes Po so, La Palma a ɛwɔ Canary Nsupɔw so, Stromboli/Etna a ɛwɔ Italy, ne Vanuatu/Indonesia) taa ma Laze ne Vog adwene tu fra:

1. Sɛnea Mpoano "Laze" (Lava Haze) Yɛ ne Nea Enti a Ɛnyɛ Steam¶

Sɛ basaltic lava a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛwɔ \(1,150^\circ\text{C}\) (\(2,100^\circ\text{F}\)) hwie po mu ɔbotan bi mu kɔ po mu po mu nsu mu a, ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛde nsu a ɛyɛ hyew a asiane biara nni ho ba kɛkɛ. Ɔhyew a ɛyɛ hu kɛse no kanyan nnuru a ɛyɛ adwuma ntɛmntɛm (pyrohydrolysis) wɔ silicate lava a wɔanwene ne magnesium chloride (\(MgCl_2\)) a wɔapete (\(MgCl_2\)) ne sodium chloride (\(NaCl\)) po mu nkyene ntam, na ɛnoa hydrchloric acid a wɔahyɛ no den (\(HCl\)) mframa a ɛyɛ den na ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛhyerɛn ne acid osu a ɛtɔ gu fam \(\text{pH a ɛyɛ }1.5\text{ kosi }2.0\) (ɛsɛe te sɛ batere acid anaa yafunu mu acid kronkron). - Saa bere no ara pɛpɛɛpɛ no, nsuonwini a ɛpae no bubu ogyaframa a ayɛ nwini a ɛyɛ nwini no mu ma ɛbɛyɛ ogya bepɔw mu ahwehwɛ asinasin ɔpepem pii a ɛyɛ mmerɛw te sɛ nnade (a ahwehwɛ nhama a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wɔatwitwa a wɔfrɛ no Pele ti nhwi ne ahwehwɛ a ɛyɛ tokuru a wɔfrɛ no limu o Pele ka ho). - Nea enti a ɛnsɛ sɛ wode w’ani petepete ɔkwasea plume mu DA: Sɛ ɛpo mu mframa bi sesa na ɛbɔ laze plume fitaa no fa nsrahwɛfo anaa hyɛmma a wɔde kɔsrasra mmeae ahorow so a, hydrochloric acid no keka aniwa no ntɛm ara, na ɛkanyan nkurɔfo ma wɔde wɔn nsa petepete wɔn ani. Sɛ wɔde petepete ogya bepɔw mu ahwehwɛ nnade nketenkete mu tẽẽ kɔ ani no mu, na ɛma ani no mu akuru a emu yɛ den ba. Mmom no, hohoro aniwa no bere nyinaa denam nsu pa anaa nkyene a wobɛhwie agu so simma 15 ansa na wode wo nsa aka aniwa no.

2. Sɛnea Asase Mu "Vog" (Volcanic Smog) Kanyan Akisikuru Ho Nsɛnnennen a Ɛde Nkwa To asiane Mu¶

Vog ba bere a sulfur dioxide (\(SO_2\)) mframa a efi ogya bepɔw mu mframa mu ba no ne oxygen, nsu, ne owia hann yɛ adwuma wɔ wim nnɔnhwerew pii kosi nna pii, na ɛdan aerosol nsuyiri a ɛyɛ kusuu a sulfuric acid (\(H_2SO_4\)) nsu nketenkete ne ammonium sulfate nketenkete (\(PM_{2.5}\), a ɛyɛ kusuu) yɛ adwuma. nketewa sen \(2.5\text{ micrometers}\)). - Esiane sɛ \(PM_{2.5}\) acid sulfate asinasin no yɛ microscopic nti, ɛtwam hwene no abɔde mu filtration nhyehyɛe no ho na ɛhyɛn ahurututu no mu ntini ne ahurututu a emu dɔ sen biara no mu tẽẽ. - Wɔ nnipa a wɔwɔ ayamtu, COPD, ahurututu mu yare a enni sabea, komayare, nkokoaa, ne mmea a wɔyem mu no, \(SO_2\) (\(0.5\text{ kosi }5\text{ ppm}\)) ne vog dodow a ɛba fam mpo kanyan ntɛm ara, basabasayɛ reflex ahurututu mu yare (mframa kwan a wɔkyekyere a wɔato mu). - Indoor Shelter-in-Place Protocol for Vog / \(SO_2\): Sɛ vog a emu yɛ duru anaa \(SO_2\) plume bɔ wo mpɔtam hɔ na woantumi ankɔ crosswind a, kɔ dan mu, to mfɛnsere ne apon nyinaa mu na teyp so, fa wo mframa a wɔde yɛ adwuma no to Recirculate / Indoor Air (to abɔnten fresh-air damper no mu), fa HEPA mframa purifier a wɔde activated carbon / potassium permanganate anaa baking-soda chemical filter ahyɛ mu, anaasɛ sɛn nkratafa a ɛyɛ nwini a wɔde baking soda ne nsuo (\(2\text{ tablespoons}\) baking soda wɔ nsuo lita biara mu) aduru apete so wɔ adaka mu fan anim de popa acid aerosols firi dan mu mframa mu.

Nneɛma a ɛwɔ nipadua mu a wɔde hyɛ mu ma \(CO_2\), \(H_2S\), ne \(SO_2\)¶

Sɛ yɛte sɛnea sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow no mu yɛ den ntɛmntɛm bere a mframa dodow kɔ soro no ase a, ɛkyerɛkyerɛ nea enti a sɛ obi twɛn sikɔne 60 mpo wɔ ogya bepɔw mu adwenemhaw mu a, ebetumi akum obi (nsɛm a wɔaboaboa ano afi NIOSH, OSHA, ne USGS Volcano Hazards Program hɔ):

Nsuo a wɔnom, mmoa, ne honam ani a wɔbɛbɔ ho ban afiri Hydrogen Fluoride (\(HF\)) ne acid osuo ho¶

Sɛ ogya bepɔw bi a ɛreyɛ adwuma yi mframa fi nsõ pa mu anaasɛ ɛpae a, hydrogen fluoride (\(HF\)) ne sulphur dioxide (\(SO_2\)) yɛ nsõ a ɛrehwe ase ne osu nketenkete: 1. Twa Rooftop Rainwater Cisterns Ntɛm ara: Sɛ wo fie de wɔn ho to ɔdan atifi osuo nsuo a wɔtwa so a, twa gutter downspouts no mu firi wo storage tank no mu ansa na gas anaa ash plume no aba. Osu a asikre tɔ ne nsõ a wɔde fluoride akata so a wɔahohoro afi ɔdan atifi no betumi adan abura mu nsu awuduru (a ɛde awuduru a ɛyɛ fluoride a emu yɛ den, ɔfe a emu yɛ den, ne koma a ɛnyɛ den a ɛnyɛ den aba). 2. Bɔ Mmoa ne Ayɛmma Ho Ban: Mmoa a wɔwe mmoa (titiriw nguan, anantwi, apɔnkɔ, ne mmirekyi) di fluorine a awuduru wom bere a wodi sare a wɔde ogya bepɔw mu nsõ a wɔde \(HF\) akata so ayɛ no mfutuma anaasɛ wɔnom fi atɛkyɛ a emu nnɔ mu, na wonya fluorosis a emu yɛ den a edi awu wɔ nnɔnhwerew kakraa bi mu. Fa mmoa kɔ adidibea a wɔakata so mu na ma wɔn sare a ɛho tew a wɔakora so ne nsu a wɔakata so.

Nsɛm a wɔtaa bisa¶

Sources a wɔhwɛɛ mu¶

• United States Asase Ho Nhwehwɛmu (USGS) Ogya Bepɔw mu Asiane Dwumadi: Ogya Bepɔw mu Mframa ne Ne Nsunsuanso (\(CO_2\), \(SO_2\), \(H_2S\), \(HF\), ne Mpoano Hydrochloric Acid Laze), a Mammoth Bepɔw so Dua-Abura/Sukyerɛmma-Amoa \(CO_2\) Asiane Ho Afotu ne Kīlauea Vog/Laze ka ho Protocol ahorow a wɔde di dwuma.
• Amanaman Ntam Ogya Bepɔw mu Akwahosan Ho Asiane Nkitahodi (IVHHN), Wiase Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde (WHO), ne Britania Asase Ho Nhwehwɛmu (BGS): Akwankyerɛ a Ɛfa Ahosiesie a Wobɛyɛ Ansa na Wɔde Ogya Bepɔw mu Mframa, Acid Osu, Vog, ne Laze Di Dwuma, Bere a Wɔde Wɔn Ho Hyehyɛ Mu, ne Bere a Wɔakɔ Akyi.
• Asoɛe a Ɛhwɛ Nyarewa So na Wosiw Ano (CDC / NIOSH, United States) ne Adwumayɛ mu Ahobammɔ ne Akwahosan Dwumadibea (OSHA, United States): Ntɛm ara a Ɛyɛ Asiane Ma Nkwa anaa Akwahosan (IDLH) Nneɛma a Ɛdɔɔso ne Kotoku mu Akwankyerɛ a Ɛfa Nnuru mu Asiane a Ɛwɔ Carbon Dioxide (\(CO_2\)), Hydrogen Sulfide (\(H_2S\)), Sulfur Dioxide (\(SO_2\)), Hydrogen Chloride (\(HCl\)), ne Hydrogen Fluoride (\(HF\)).
• Amanaman Nkabom Dwumadibea a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa Nsɛm So (OCHA) ne Goma Ogya Bepɔw Ho Nhwehwɛmubea (OVG): Mazuku (Dry Carbon Dioxide Pocket) ne Ɔtare Kivu / Ɔtare Nyos Limnic Pae a Ɛpae no Kɔkɔbɔ Mfiase ne Asase a Ɛkorɔn a Wɔbɛtu Afiri Gyinapɛn.

Akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛfa ho¶

• Ogya mmepɔw: nsõ a ɛtɔ, ogya a ɛsen, ne lahars
• Wim ogya wusiw ne nsõ a wɔhome
• Asthma ntua mmoa a edi kan a egye ntɛmpɛ
• Aniwa a opira ne nnuru a wɔde hohoro
• CPR: anammɔn a wɔfa so nya koma ne ahurututu mu nkwaadɔm