G5 solar superstorms and electrical grid blackout survival¶

An extreme geomagnetic superstorm represents one of the most severe natural hazards confronting modern technological civilization. When an active solar region unleashes a major Coronal Mass Ejection, known as a CME, billions of tons of magnetized solar plasma erupt into space at velocities exceeding 2,000 kilometers per second (1,240 miles per second). If the embedded interplanetary magnetic field points southward, it connects directly with Earth's geomagnetic field. This connection triggers violent magnetic reconnection, drives hundreds of thousands of amperes of geomagnetically induced currents through power grids, saturates high-voltage transmission transformers, and threatens to collapse regional electrical grids for months.

Unlike rapid-onset hazards such as earthquakes or tornadoes, space weather follows distinct physical progression intervals. Satellite observatories positioned at the Sun-Earth Lagrange Point 1 provide between 15 and 48 hours of advance notice before a massive plasma cloud collides with our magnetosphere. Taking decisive action during this warning interval allows households, municipal operators, and facilities to protect critical equipment, store clean water, secure alternative power sources, and prepare for a prolonged period without municipal electricity, running water, or cellular telecommunications.

Waɗde ɗum jooni¶

1. Store drinking and sanitation water immediately:
   • Fill clean food-grade containers and sanitized vessels with tap water to provide 4 liters (1 gallon) per person per day for 14 days.
   • Line bathtubs with food-safe bladders or clean tubs before filling them with water for sanitation and flushing.
   • Shut off the main water isolation valve entering your home once municipal line pressure drops to prevent back-siphonage.
2. Withdraw cash and fill vehicle fuel tanks:
   • Obtain physical cash in small denominations from local bank branches before data lines fail and card payment networks go dark.
   • Top off vehicle fuel tanks, auxiliary canisters, and equipment reservoirs before retail fuel pumps lose power.
   • Add commercial fuel stabilizer to gasoline and diesel containers to preserve fluids for generator usage.
3. Isolate domestic circuits and unplug sensitive microelectronics:
   • Disconnect computers, televisions, routers, and charging units directly from wall outlets.
   • Switch off the primary two-pole circuit breakers in your main panel for heavy 240-volt loads, including heat pumps and water heaters.
   • Transition grid-tied rooftop solar systems and home battery storage systems into isolated island mode before the shock front arrives.
4. Acquire medical supplies and personal necessities:
   • Secure a 30 to 90 day reserve of daily prescription medications, medical supplies, insulin packs, and spare batteries for medical devices.
   • Gather battery-powered AM, FM, and shortwave broadcast receivers, verifying multiple sets of fresh batteries.
   • Confirm paper maps and road atlases are stored inside every family vehicle, because satellite positioning signals face multi-day degradation.
5. Establish offline family communication and rendezvous protocols:
   • Designate a primary physical rendezvous point and an alternate regional location in case cellular networks collapse.
   • Distribute family emergency contact information on laminated cards, including regional landline numbers.
   • Agree upon structured monitoring hours for local emergency broadcast radio stations to preserve receiver battery life.

flowchart TD
    A["Solar Eruption Detected: Satellite Observatories Record Major Coronal Mass Ejection"] --> B["Warning Window: 15 to 48 Hours Before Earth Magnetospheric Impact"]
    B --> C["Phase 1 Preparation: Store 14-Day Water Supply and Fill Vehicle Fuel Reserves"]
    C --> D["Phase 2 Preparation: Withdraw Small Cash and Secure 30-Day Prescription Reserves"]
    D --> E["Phase 3 Preparation: Switch Off 240V Heavy Breakers and Unplug Sensitive Electronics"]
    E --> F["Lagrange Point 1 DSCOVR Tripping: Final 15 to 45 Minute Arrival Shock Warning"]
    F --> G{"Does Regional High-Voltage Transmission Grid Collapse?"}
    G -- "Yes: Transformer Saturation" --> H["Initiate Long-Term Grid Outage Protocols and Water Rationing"]
    G -- "No: Controlled Islanding" --> I["Maintain Disconnection Until Kp Index Drops Below 5"]

Physics of Coronal Mass Ejections and Solar Superstorms¶

A coronal mass ejection represents an immense bubble of magnetized solar plasma composed of ionized hydrogen protons, alpha particles, and free electrons. These plasma ejections originate from areas of twisted magnetic fields known as active solar regions or sunspots. When opposite magnetic field lines within these active regions shear and reconnect, an explosive release of stored energy occurs. This process propels billions of tons of solar material into space at velocities ranging from 400 kilometers per second (250 miles per second) during minor events to over 2,500 kilometers per second (1,550 miles per second) during superstorms.

As this plasma travels across interplanetary space, it compresses the ambient solar wind into a dense shock front. The orientation of this magnetic field along the north-south axis, defined as the Bz component, dictates ground consequences. When the field points northward, parallel to Earth's dipole, the magnetopause deflects the particle cloud safely around the planet.

So tawii feccere Bz ndee ina wirna no feewi feewde fuɗnaange, ina luurdi e laabi doole Leydi, jokkondiral magnetik ina waɗa e dow magnetopause ñalnde kala. Ngolɗoo jokkondiral ina uddita laawol fisik ngam semmbe henndu naange ina waawa naatde e magnetosfeer nder mum. Plasma naatoowo oo ina yaawi e laabi ladde feewde e nokkuuji pooɗal, ina diwa doole elektorojet auroral tiiɗɗe e nder iyonosfeer to tooweeki hakkunde 100 kiloomeeteer e 150 kiloomeeteer (62 miil e 93 miil).

Batte weeyo weeyo ina peeña e sahaaji tati ceertuɗi caggal ɓuuɓol naange mawngol :

• Shock Radiation Electromagnetic (Arii e hojomaaji 8,3): Yahde e njaaweeki annoore, annoore ultraviolet e raay X ina naata e iyonosfeer ñalnde kala. Ndeeɗoo lewru ina itta elektoronik e molekule weeyo, ina addana rajooji ɗii ustaade ɗoon e ɗoon e nder banngeeji toowɗi hakkunde 3 megahertz e 30 megahertz.
• Henndu lewru (Ara e nder hojomaaji 20 haa waktuuji keewɗi): Protonuuji e iyonuuji teeŋtuɗi ina njaha e laabi ladde, ina njahra e weeyo toowngo. Ɗeeɗoo ɓuuɓɗe ina ngaddana ɓuuɓri kewu gooto e nder satelitaaji gonɗi e weeyo, ina mbonna mbaydiiji naange, ina mbaɗa diwooje transpolar e doosɗe radiyee toowɗe.
• Front de shock de la tempête géomagnetique (Artii e nder waktuuji 15 haa 48) : Duule palasma ina njottii Leydi, ina ɓuuɓna magnetopause ñalnde kala e nder mum gila e 10 radiis Leydi haa 4 radiis Leydi ko famɗi fof. Ko ɗum waɗi mbayliigaaji aduna ɗii e fannu geomagnetik ina ngadda doole kuuraa mawɗe e nder njuɓɓudi leydi.

Teskagol weeyo weeyo e peeje NOAA¶

Catal teskagol weeyo weeyo toppitiingal njuɓɓudi ngenndiwal geec e weeyo ina renndini geɗe weeyo e nder weeyo tawa ina huutoroo peeje tati kuuɓtodinɗe to bannge tolnooji joy. Ɗeeɗoo peeje ina cifa Henndu Geomagnetik, Henndu Rajo Naange, e Ɓooygol Rajo. Waɗde, gollorɗe gollondirɗe ina heen Fedde Oropnaare weeyo e Biro Meteo Angalteer ina ndennda ɗeen peccitagol kuuɓtodinngol.

The planetary K-index, quantified on a scale from 0 to 9, measures horizontal geomagnetic field disturbances over three-hour intervals using ground magnetometers. For extreme G5 events, scientists measure the disturbance storm-time index, known as Dst, tracking equatorial ring current strength in nanoteslas. While moderate storms reach Dst values of negative 50 nanoteslas to negative 100 nanoteslas, extreme superstorms exceed negative 500 nanoteslas, with the 1859 Carrington Event estimated between negative 850 nanoteslas and negative 1,000 nanoteslas.

Space weather agencies also monitor solar radiation storms across the S1 to S5 spectrum based on flux levels of energetic protons exceeding 10 megaelectronvolts. Radiation levels at the S5 threshold present biological hazards to astronauts outside shielding and induce complete radio absorption throughout both polar caps. Radio blackouts, categorized from R1 to R5, track peak solar X-ray flux, where an R5 extreme blackout causes complete high-frequency communication blackout across the sunlit hemisphere.

Geomagnetically Induced Currents and Transformer Physics¶

Laawol fisik jokkondirngol henndu geomagnetik toowndu e ŋakkeende njuɓɓudi leydi ina tuugii e sariya Faraday biyeteeɗo induction. Feereeji jaawɗi e nder fannu magnetik tagofeere ina addana fannuuji elektirik diiwaanuuji nder ɓakdi jokkondirndi e mantel Leydi. Ɗeeɗoo fannuuji geo-elektrik gonɗi e dow leydi, fotde volt e kiloomeeteer gooto, ina njaltina doole kuuraa e nder cirkooji udditiiɗi jokkondirɗi e leydi e nokkuuji keewɗi. Sabu resooji doole duunde, tuubakooɓe, e kaɓirɗe leslese ina njahra e teemedde kiloomeeteeruuji, ina mbaɗa antenaaji mooftirɗi ɗeen doole.

Kosam gonɗam e geɗe magnetik, ko ɓuri heewde e mum ko GIC, ina gollira e ɓuuɓol ɓurngol famɗude hakkunde 0,001 hertz e 0,1 hertz. To kaɓirɗe toowɗe peewnaaɗe ngam waylude doole 50 hertz walla 60 hertz, ɗeen doole ina mbaɗa doole toowɗe. So tawii jolngo geomagnetik naatii e lowre leydi, ngo rewata ko e jokkorde neutral (neutral) to bannge jolngo njamndi mboɗeeri (transformateurs) toowndi.

E nder golle no woorunoo, core transformateur ina gollira e nder keeri mum magnetik, ina cirƴa hakkunde ɓuuɓol magnetik moƴƴol e bonngol tawa ɓuraani keerol saturaasiyoŋ. So doole guurɗe ummoraade e henndu geomagnetik naatii e windings, ina tabitina mbaydi magnetik gonndi e laawol gootol. Ndeeɗoo mbayliigu ina addana ɓalndu nduu ɓuuɓde magnetik e nder feccere kala cirƴam gonɗam e ɓuuɓol, ko huunde anndiraande ɓuuɓgol feccere cirƴam.

Saturation feccere cirkel ina addana en caɗeele golle tiiɗɗe :

• Stray Magnetic Flux e Tank Overheating: So tawii ko ɓuuɓri njamndi ndii ɓuuɓtii, ɓuuɓri mbaylaandi ndii ina ɓuuɓtoo e nder geɗe gonɗe e mbaydi, ina heen kadi laylayti (plaques) jokkere enɗam e tanki njamndi ndii. Ɗee geɗe ina keɓa ɓuuɓol gonngol e nokkuuji, ina addana nguleeki nder mum ɓeydaade fotde 200 degere Celsius (392 degere Fahrenheit) e nder hojomaaji seeɗa.
• Fuɗɗude nebam ɓuuɓɗam e ƴellitaare gaas: Nguleeki toowki ina ɓuuɓna nebam ɓuuɓɗam e ɓuuɓri sellulose. Ɗum ina addana gaasuuji ɓuuɓɗi, ina heen hidrogen e metaan, ina addana jolɗe Buchholz, ina addana tankiiji ɗii ɓuuɓde.
• Ɗaɓɓaande doole kuuɓtodinɗe: Transformateur saturated ina ñaama fotde laabi capanɗe ɗiɗi doole kuuɓtodinɗe mum no woorunoo. So tawii defte keewɗe ina njuuti e sahaa gooto, ŋakkeende reaksiyoŋ nde heɓata ndee ina addana ɓuuɓri diiwaan oo ustaade.
• Yiɓɓo Harmonic e Misoperation Relay: Koreeji saturaaji ina mbayla mbaadi mbaylaandi, ina njibina harmonicuuji teeŋtuɗi. Ɗeeɗoo jolɗe harmonic ina ngaddana jolɗe ndeenka ngam ustude laabi celluɗi e yuɓɓooji jeneratoor tawa ko e laylaytol.

Geologie diiwaan ina hollita ŋakkeende leydi. Diiwanuuji ɗi kaaƴe ɓooyɗe gonɗe les ɗee ngoni, ko wayi no : Ɓoornugol Kanadaa, Ɓoornugol Piedmont, e Ɓoornugol Skandinaavi, ina kollita semmbe kuuraa toowɗo. E nder ɗeen nokkuuje, doole guurɗe ina njuɓɓina dow rewrude e laabi leydi ɗi lowre ndee rokkata. Baasuuji sedimentaire luggiɗɗi ina ndokka semmbe leslesre, ina usta GIC naatde e laylayti jolngo dow.

Ɓooygol duunde e ɓuuɓgol laylaytol (grid) Cascading¶

Kulol ngol henndu geomagnetik Carrington-class addata ina seerti no feewi e ŋakkeende weeyo nokkuure nde henndu ɓuuɓndu walla henndu ɓuuɓndu saabi. So tawii kewuuji weeyo bonɗi gaadoraaɗi ina bonna jolɗe e ɓoggi peccitagol nokkuuji baawɗi feewnireede e nder balɗe seeɗa e dow ballal yimɓe, henndu mawndu geomagnetik ina wara e supergrid transmission bulk bulk extra-voltage e sahaa gooto e nder njuuteendi duuɗe.

Ɓooygol doole jamaanu ummorii ko e jokkondiral gollorngal e njuɓɓudi dokkal ɓuuɓndi laamiiɗo step-up e autotransformers toowɗi. Ɗeeɗoo yuɓɓooji mawɗi, gollotooɗi e tolnooji hakkunde 230 kiloo e 765 kiloo, teddeeki mum en ko hakkunde 100 ton e 400 ton (110 ton Amerik e 440 ton Amerik) heen gootol fof, ina waɗi inndeeji keertiiɗi.

E nder kewu weeyo G5 ɓurɗo toowde, teemedde mbayliigu ɓurngu toowde e nder jokkondire keewɗe ina njogii nguleeki ɓurtuki e sahaa gooto, bonnugol insulation duumotooɗo, e ŋakkeende winding. Capaato peewnugol winndere ndee ngam waylude doole mawɗe ina famɗi sabu ŋakkeende jokkondiral e njamndi kuuraa e gollorɗe winding. Waktuuji liggorde ngam soodde mbayliigu gootol lomtinaango (transformateur extra-high-voltage) ina keewi juutde hakkunde lebbi 18 e lebbi 36. So tawii ko ina wona ujunnaaje ujunnaaje ujunnaaje (unités critiques) mbaɗii bonneede e nder sahaa gooto, jolngooji diiwaanuuji ɗii ina njogori jogaade duuɓi keewɗi ngam moƴƴitinde ɗum en.

Reentaade semmbe laylaytol kuuraa caggal nde ngol yani, ina tuugii e kuutorɗe keertiiɗe baawɗe fuɗɗoraade tawa ngalaa semmbe yaajɗo, ko wayi no kuutorɗe kuuraa ndiyam keertiiɗe. Laabi puɗɗorɗi ɓaleeji ina ɗaɓɓi ballondiral laaɓtungal e doole goonga e doole reactive no laabi ɗii semmbinirtee taƴre e taƴre.

E nder mbaydi henndu mawndu geomagnetik, gollotooɓe e laylaytol ina njogii caɗeele puɗɗagol ɓalewol tiiɗngol :

• Losko jokkondiral: Terminaal to woɗɗi ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral jokkondirngal. So batteeji backup to repeaters ustii, diisnondiral ina waasa yiyde e nder nokkuuji taƴooɓe.
• Resonance Harmonic: Semmbinde laabi juutɗi ina addana doole guurɗe, ina addana jolɗe toowɗe, ina addana resonansiiji bonɗi.
• Batteeji ɗowgol ŋakkuɗi: Mekanismeeji yah-ngartaa cirkooji tuugii ko e bankeeji batteeji njuɓɓudi, jogorɗi jogaade doole ɗowgol fotde waktuuji 8 haa 12 tan e nder ŋorol.
• Heeñere ɗiɗmere : Heeñere geomagnetik ina waɗi henndu ɓuuɓndu jokkondirndu e waktuuji 24 haa 72, ina waawi waɗde yah-ngartaa keewɗo e kaɓirɗe kese baawɗe semmbe.

Jokkondiral telefoŋaaji, Sintillaasiyoŋ GNSS, e njuɓɓudi tuubakooɓe¶

Gaagaa jolngo kuuraa, nguleeki weeyo ɓurtuki ina bonna jolngooji satelitaaji, saaktude rajooji, e jolngooji tuubakooɓe les leydi. Famde ɗeen caɗeele gonɗe e nder njuɓɓudi ɗiɗmiri ina waɗi nafoore ngam hisnude kisal neɗɗo e humpito ngonka.

Siistemaaji Satelitaaji Navigation Aduna, ko hawti e Siistem Positioning Aduna mo Dental Dowlaaji Amerik, reso Galileo Orop, GLONASS Riisi, e BeiDou Siin, tuugii ko e maandeeji rajooji gonɗi e wertallo Leydi hakkundeejo to tooweeki ko ina tolnoo e 20 000 kiloomeeteer (12 420 miil). No ɗeen maandeeji njahrata e nder iyonosfeer jiiɓru nii, ɗe kawra e mbaydiiji plasma ɓuuɓɗi, ɗi nganndu-ɗaa ko ɗi mbaydiiji ɓuuɓɗi e nder Total Electron Content. Ɗeeɗoo ŋakkeende plasma ina ngaddana mbayliigaaji jaawɗi e nder amplitude e faɗo signaal, ko huunde wiyeteende sintillaasiyoŋ iyonosfeer.

E nder henndu mawndu G5, ɓuuɓol mawngol ina addana jaɓɓotooɗe GPS e dow leydi e nder laanaaji njulaagu, waasde jogaade coktirgal (carrier lock) haa laaɓa cer. Kuule jokkere enɗam ina njillondiri e teemedde meeteruuji walla ina njippoo e laylaytol haa timma fotde balɗe. Signaaji waktuuji laaɓtuɗi keɓtinaaɗi e GPS ɗii ngonta ko koolkisaaka walla ɗi keɓaaka, doole njuɓɓudiiji tiiɗɗi e nder mbaadiiji jokkondire oscillator kiristal ndernderiijo.

Koɗki satelitaaji e nder tagofeere Leydi ina jogori bonnude tagofeere ɓaleere no feewi. Rajo naange tiiɗngo, ɓuuɓngo (ultraviolet) e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi (particules) geomagnetik ina ngulla weeyo toowngo, ina addana nguleeki weeyo ngo yaajde feewde e weeyo. Denndaangal weeyo ngo alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa tooweeki hakkunde 300 kiloomeeteer e 800 kiloomeeteer (186 kiloomeeteer e 497 kiloomeeteer) ina ɓeydoo e geɗe ɗiɗi haa sappo. Ngaal ɓeydagol nguleeki weeyo ina addana satelitaaji gonɗi e weeyo ɗii ɓuuɓde, ina ustoo semmbeeji gonɗi e weeyo ɗii, ina wayla kadi laabi laanaaji weeyo.

Hidrokarbon njamndi les leydi e paabi ndiyam ina keɓa ŋakkeende mawnde e nder ɓuuɓol tellurik. Tuubaaji ina njogii ɓuuɓri reenndi dielektrik e reentorde katodik ngam haɗde ɓuuɓri. Tellurik gonɗo e geomagnetik ina rewa e ŋoral tuubaaji njamndi mboɗeeri ina ɗaɓɓa nokkuuji ɗo leydi yaltata. Ɗeeɗoo doole ina njahda e mbaadiiji tuubaaji-to-leydi to woɗɗi e windooji ndeenka kisal, ina addana ɓuuɓri jaawndi e batte arcing kuuraa.

Kewuuji Geomagnetik taariindi e ŋakkeende jamaanu¶

Kewuuji weeyo taariindi binndaaɗi ina ndokka peeje maantiniiɗe ngam ƴeewtaade ŋakkeende karallaagal kesal e faamde tolno ɓalliwal ɓuuɓol naange ɓurngol mawnude.

Eɓɓoore adannde wonande henndu mawndu naange ko kewu Carrington ñalnde 1 haa 2 suwee 1859, inniraaɗo annduɗo koode Angalteer biyeteeɗo Richard Carrington, mo yiyti e gite mum ɓuuɓol naange danewol tiiɗngol ina ummoo dow tagofeere mawnde. Ko ɗum waɗi ɓuuɓol koronaawol ngol yahri ko 150 miliyoŋ kiloomeeteer (93 miliyoŋ kiloomeeteer) feewde Leydi e nder waktuuji 17,6 kaawniiɗi, ko ɗum hollirta njaaweeki gonndi e 2 300 kiloomeeteer e leƴƴannde (1 430 kiloomeeteer e leƴƴannde). Henndu geomagnetik nduu waɗii kollirɗe auroral jalbooje haa jom en kaŋŋeeji e nder kaaƴe Rocky puɗɗii feewnude kosam ɗam ko hakkunde jamma, tawi auroraaji ina ceedtoo gila e latitudeeji ɓuuɓɗi to Kolommbi, Hawaii, e Panama.

Reso telegaraam winndere ndee fof heɓiino ŋakkeende golle timmunde. Kosam leydi doolnuɗam ina jolna laabi telegaraam haa teemedde volt, ina rokka gollotooɓe e jolɗe kuuraa, ina ɓuuɓna jolɗe, ina ɓuuɓna kaayitaaji telegaraam. E nder geɗe keewɗe, gollotooɓe ɓee ndartinii batteeji ɗii fof, njaltinii mesasuuji baawɗi huutoreede tan e doole leydi (geomagnetique).

E lewru mee 1921, henndu laana njoorndi New York yani e winndere nde ɓeydii heewde kuuraa. Kosam gonɗam e geomagnetik naatii e mbaydiiji maandeeji e doole leydi e nder laawol laana njoorndi hakkundeewol New York, ngol huɓɓi yiite e nder suudu ɗowgol Manhattan, ngol haɗi maandeeji e nder laylaytol laana njoorndi ngol. E nder winndere ndee kala, telegaraam e kaɓirɗe les maayo keɓii yiite, tawi ko jolɗe telefoŋaaji ina ngulla e doole tellurik.

Ɓooygol jolngo jolngo jamaanu hollitaama ñalnde 13 marse 1989, e nder jolngo Hydro-Québec. Eɓɓoore mawnde koronaawiris umminii henndu G5, ndu addani ɓuuɓol toowngol e nder Shield Kanadaa. E nder leƴƴanɗe 92, kompensatooruuji var statik jeeɗiɗi e nder lowre 735 kiloovolt njippiima e laylaytol sabu mbayliigu harmonic e saturaasiyoŋ transformateur. Nde tawnoo ko nde reglemannde voltage, denndaangal jolɗe diiwaan oo yani, yani e miliyoŋaaji jeegom neɗɗo e nder niɓɓere ɓuuɓnde fotde waktuuji jeenay.

Ko ɓooyaani koo, henndu Halloween 2003 umminii ɓuuɓol to Malmö, to leydi Suwed, tee ustii Siistem ɓeydugol nokkuuji yaajɗi FAA fotde waktuuji 30. E lewru mee 2024, henndu G5 ñalngu yumma oo riiwi kollirɗe auroral e nder diiwanuuji hakkunde latitude e nder winndere ndee kala, addani mbayliigu ngonka e nder kaɓirɗe ndema laaɓtuɗe, kadi ɗaɓɓi ustude golle keewɗe e gollotooɓe transmission ngam haɗde bonnugol transformer.

Ko ɓuuɓri ndiyam municipaal e nguurndam cellal renndo¶

Batte ɗoon e ɗoon ŋakkere jolngo elektiriik e nder nokkuuji yaajɗi, juutɗi, ko ŋakkeende jaawnde jolngooji e peccitagol ndiyam municipaal. So tawii ɓiɓɓe leydi heewɓe ina peewnitoo ngam yaynaade e reende nguura, fisik system ndiyam ina hollita wonde nguurndam neɗɗo fawii ko e nanngugol ndiyam ko yaawi e njuɓɓudi laaɓal tiiɗndi.

Resooji peccitagol ndiyam municipaal ina tuugii e pompe kuuraa toowɗe ngam ƴettude ndiyam e nder laylayti renndo, e nder maayooji, walla e nder laylayti renndo, doole mum rewrude e leɗɗe filtoraade kemikal, e waɗde ɗum e nder laylayti peccitagol ɓuuɓɗi. So tawii tankiiji mooftirɗi ñamri toowndi ina njogii doole peccitagol e nder dumunna juutɗo, tankiiji mooftirɗi municipaal ina njogii tan ko heewi e volumen rezerw ngam heblude waktuuji 12 haa 24 e njaru hoɗorde no woorunoo.

So tawii tolno nguleeki laana ndiwoowa ina ustoo les 140 kilopascal (20 kiloo e kala innde kaaree), njuɓɓudi ndiyam municipaal ina naata e mbaadi ŋakkeende mboros bonndi anndiraandi « back-siphonage » tolno bonɗo. Tuubaaji peccitagol ndiyam les leydi ina ngolloo e nder ɓulli renndiniɗi e saraaji laabi ɓulli municipaal, laabi ɓulli, e ɓulli ndiyam les leydi mbonɗi. So tawii ɓuuɓol laana ngol majjii, ɓuuɓol, ɓuuɓol jokkondire duumiiɗe, e ɓuuɓol caggal leydi ina njiyloo ndiyam les ɗam taariindi ndi laaɓaani e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam, tawa ina naata e nder laylayti ndiyam njareteeɗam.

Ngam haɗde mborosaaji ndiyam galleeji e reende jolngooji nder galleeji :

• Isolate the Domestic Water Main: Tolno municipaal ɗoon e ɗoon ina ustoo walla jeertinaali ɓuuɓɗi ina kollita ŋakkeende nokku yaajɗo, uddu valve udditgol ndiyam mawɗam galle maa. Ngolɗoo gollal ina seernda e ɓanndu plomb maa e mbedda mawka, haɗa ndiyam mbonɗam naatde e tuubaaji maa.
• Harvest Gravity Water De Plomberie Domestic: So valve mawɗo oo udditaama, ƴulɓe ndiyam maa ina njogii hakkunde 150 liiteer e 300 liiteer (40 gallon e 80 gallon) ndiyam laaɓɗam. Uddit faɗo ngulngo dow ngam taƴde vacuum, jokkondira e hoɗorde laaɓnde e valve ɓuuɓɗo to les tanki ɓuuɓɗo, ɓuuɓna ndiyam e nder conndiiji laaɓtuɗi.
• Laabi disinfeksiyoŋ kemikal: Woto meeɗ yarde ndiyam municipaal ɗam hoolkisaaka tawa disinfeksiyoŋ ina huutoree. So tawii ɓuuɓde ina waawi waɗde sabu ŋakkeende nebam, disinfekteer ndiyam laaɓɗam huutoraade ɓuuɓri galle ndi alaa uurngol, tawa ina waɗi 6 e nder teemedere haa 8,25 e nder teemedere hipoklorit sodium. Ɓeydu heen toɓɓe 2 ɓuuɓɗe e liiteer ndiyam (toɓɓe 8 e gallon), ɓuuɓna ɗum no feewi, ɗaɓɓaa hojomaaji 30.
• Isolation des déchets sanitaires: So pompe de sewer ina ngolloo, ɓuuɓnude cuuɗi ina addana backups e nder fiɓnde toownde. Pewnugol suudu joorndu e nder sahaa ɓuuɓndu huutortoo ko ɓuuɓri 20 liiteer (5 gallon) ndi liggortoo ko saakuuji mbuuɗu. Seerndude ƴiiƴam e ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam so ina waawi, uddu ƴiiƴam ɗam e sawru walla e ɓuuɓri peat, resde saakuuji ɓuuɓɗi e nder ɓulli yaajɗi.

Pewnugol galleeji e waktuuji jeertinaango ko adii batte¶

Wakkati gonɗo e yahdu ɓanndu e ɓuuɓol koronaawiris e nder weeyo ina rokka galleeji ɗii windo gollorngo hakkunde ƴeewndo ɓuuɓol naange e jolngo magnetosfeer. Sifaade peewnugol e nder fasaadeeji ceertuɗi ina ɓeyda nafoore e ittude kulol.

Faandaare 1: Winndere jeertinaango adannde (T-Minus waktuuji 48 haa T-Minus waktuuji 24)¶

So tawii njuɓɓudi weeyo weeyo yaltinii G4 walla G5 Geomagnetic Storm Watch, CME yaltii e korona naange, ina rewi e weeyo hakkunde tagopeeje. Batte leydi ina gasa, kono sahaa gargol tigi rigi ina heddii e laaɓtude.

• Huutoro keɓgol petroŋ ɗoon e ɗoon. Doggol otooji haa e nokkuuji petroŋ e hebbinde tankiiji haa timma, tawa kadi ina hebbina kaɓirɗe petroŋ ballitooje ngam jeneratooruuji portaabe.
• Yillo bankeeji walla masiŋaaji otomaatik ngam yaltinde kaalis fisik e nder denominaaji tokoosi joy, sappo, e capanɗe ɗiɗi dolaar hade resooji yoɓde dijital ustaade.
• Sosde nguura ka bonnataa, ka ɗaɓɓata ndiyam seeɗa, tawa alaa kaɓirɗe defirdu kuuraa, teeŋtina heen poroteyiinuuji gonɗi e nder kaɓirɗe, ñebbe, gawri, e ñaamdu hesɗitinaandu.
• Hebbina kala lowre ndiyam mbaylaandi nguura, karboy gilaas laaɓɗo, e lowre ndema nguura nder galleeji e ndiyam laaɓɗam tawa ko pompirɗe municipaal ina keddii e ɓuuɓri.

Daawe 2 : Taƴgol e jokkondire (T-Minus waktuuji 24 haa T-Minus waktuuji 12)¶

E nder ndeeɗoo faɗo, dokke koronaawiris satelitaaji e mbaadiiji ordinateer ina ndokka windooji waktuuji gargol laaɓtuɗi tawa margeeji boowal ina pamɗi haa ɓeydoo walla ustoo waktuuji tati.

• Caargol timmungol kala kaɓirgal portaabe : telefoŋaaji, laptopuuji, jolɗe litiyom, lampaaji LED, lampaaji taktik, e rajooji laabi ɗiɗi.
• Sokkit karte diiwanuuji kuuɓtidinɗe ɗe ngonaa e laylaytol, atlasuuji laabi, binndanɗe nguurndam, e binndanɗe safaara e nder kaɓirɗe portaabe keewɗe.
• Yuɓɓinde e reende kaayitaaji kaayitaaji teeŋtuɗi, ko wayi no paaspooruuji, kaayitaaji, kaayitaaji asiraaji, e kaayitaaji jibinannde, waɗde ɗi e nder laylayti ɗi ndiyam waawataa heɓde.
• Ɓoornude butelaaji ndiyam laaɓɗi e juguuji e nder congelaaji galleeji ngam ɓeydude waktuuji reentaade nguura e rokkude ndiyam njareteeɗam ɓuuɓɗam caggal ɗuum.

Daawe 3 : Seerndude ko adii nde jolngo ngoo waɗata (T-Minus waktuuji 2 haa jolngo ngoo)¶

So satelitaaji to Lagrange Point 1 njiytii diwgol mawngol e njaaweeki henndu naange ɓurndu 1 000 kiloomeeteer e leƴƴannde (620 kiloomeeteer e leƴƴannde) tawa ina waɗi ko ina wona Bz, henndu mawndu G5 ina jogori arde e nder hojomaaji 15 haa 45.

• Seerndude kuutorɗe elektoronik sensible e ɓanndu e jolɗe mahol ngam haɗde bonnugol e mbayliigu harmonic walla ɓuuɓri voltage duumiindi.
• Sokkit jolɗe ɗiɗi 240 volt nder laylaytol maa mawngol ngam reende pompe nguleeki, jolɗe ndiyam, e jolɗe otooji e ŋakkeende fasaaji.
• Seerndude jolɗe naange dow suudu e batteeji kuutortooɗi jokkorgal kuutorgal junngo, golloraade no feewi e mbaadi duunde microgrid seertunde.
• Waɗde kaɓirɗe jokkondirɗe goɗɗe, ina heen jaɓɓoowo rajo e telefoŋ keɓtinaaɗo, e nder lowre njamndi udditiinde ngam hisnude cirƴe jaɓɓoowo.

Porotokol jokkondiral e Resilience Grid Renndo¶

So resooji jokkondirɗe diiwaanuuji ɗii, rewtinooɓe fiɓnde, e jolngooji baɗeteeɗi e cellal ɗii, njippiima e doole, laabi jokkondiral gaadoraaɗi ɗii maa niɓɓiɗ. Siggude humpitooji ngonkaaji yaajɗi e tabitinde jokkondiral nokkuuji ina tiiɗi ngam wuurde ko juuti.

Staasiyoŋaaji baɗɗiiɗi celluka ina tuugii e doole njulaagu kuuraa, ina njogii batteeji baɗaaɗi ngam wallitde jokkondiral e nder waktuuji 4 haa 8 tan. So tawii won e tooweeki cellal tiiɗki ina njogii backup duumotooɗo e jeneratoor disel, kaɓirɗe petroŋ ina mbaɗta ɓuuɓde e nder waktuuji 48 caggal nde lampaaji ɗii njuumti. Resooji celluka maa njiytu ko yaawi saturaasiyoŋ daande, rewi heen ko ɓuuɓri systemique nde batteeji ɗii njuumtata e rezerwuuji mum en.

Ngam jogaade humpito ngonka yaajka :

• Monitor High-Power AM Clear-Channel Broadcasts: So tawii rajooji FM njulaagu nokkuuji ɗi doole mum en famɗi ina njippoo e laylaytol so jeneraaluuji ɗii ndartiima, njuɓɓudi jaayndeeji ngenndiiji ɗii ina tuugii e lowre rajooji AM toowɗi gollotooɗi e 50 000 watt. Heewɓe ina njogii nokkuuji tiiɗɗi, desorɗe petroŋ les leydi, e jolngooji baɗɗiiɗi e sahaa. Waɗde jaɓɓotooɗo rajo AM baawɗo huutoraade batte walla junngo, jokkondirɗo e jolɗe diiwaanuuji ɗii e nder waktuuji toɗɗaaɗi ngam hisnude doole batte.
• Resooji Rajooji Shortwave e Amateur: Rajooji amateur toowɗi, gollotooɗi e doole kisal e nder banngeeji 80 meeter, 40 meeter, e 20 meeter, ina ndokka resooji diiwaanuuji baɗɗi faayiida jowitiiɗi e mesasuuji e nder sahaaji ɓuuɓgol gollorɗe jaajɗe. So tawii aɗa jogii yamiroore rajo amateur, jokkondir e resooji sarwisaaji emergency rajo amateur nokkuuji ɗii e dow jokkorgal simplex VHF e UHF.
• Rajooji Simplex nokkuuji ɗiɗi: Ngam jokkondirde e ɓesngu e hoɗdiiɓe, huutoroo Sarwiis Rajo Ɓiɓɓe walla Sarwiis Rajo Mobiil General (transceivers) jogiiɗi junngo. Porogaraam ɗeen kaɓirɗe ngam golloraade laabi simplex toowɗi wonaa e rewtinoowo. Sosde njuɓɓudi jokkondiral tiiɗndi, huutoraade rajooji fotde hojomaaji joy kala waktuuji ɗiɗi ngam hisnude nguurndam batte.
• Renndinde jawdi e kisal hoɗdiiɓe: Ɓooygol juutngol ina ɗaɓɓi gollondiral hoɗdiiɓe tiiɗngal. Sosde pelle toppitiiɗe koɗki e ballondiral ngam yuurnitaade kisal renndinde, wallitde hoɗɓe e nokkuuji ɗi ngalaa semmbe tuugiiɓe e kaɓirɗe safaara kuuraa, sosde porotokolle laaɓal denndaangal, e kaɓirɗe poolgu ko wayi no kuutorɗe juuɗe, kaɓirɗe safaara, e mbaawkaaji laaɓtugol ndiyam.

First aid certification¶

E nder henndu mawndu (superstorm) geomagnetik (superstorm) e nder duunde he, njuɓɓudi neldugol (systèmes de dispatch) municipaal, resooji neldugol ballitooji ordinateeruuji, e sarwisaaji safaara emergency maa ustoy walla ustoo haa laaɓa sabu ŋakkeende jokkondiral e ŋakkeende petroŋ. So tawii ballal safaara karallaagal waawaa noddireede, terɗe galle ina poti jogaade ganndal, e humpito, e kaɓirɗe baawɗe huutoreede ngam ƴellitde ñawanɗe bonɗe, ɓuuɓri, ñawuuji mborosaaji, e caɗeele safaara e nder nokkuuji tawa ko e dow ndimaagu.

Heɓde ballal gadanal kuuɓtodinngal, CPR, e seedantaagal defibrillator yaajngal otomaatik rewrude e juɓɓule jaɓaaɗe, ko wayi no Croix-Rouge Amerik, Ambulance St. Heblooji baɗeteeɗi ina njanngina on no njiyru-ɗon ƴiiƴam tiiɗɗam e tourniques arteriels, safrude ɓuuɓri e ɓuuɓri elektirik, jogaade ɓuuɓri fooftere, anndude maale tooke karbonik e nder ɓalndu, e waɗde ɓuuɓri juutndi so opitaaluuji municipaal e ambulanceeji taƴaama.

Naamne keewɗe naamneede¶

Sources checked¶

• Njuɓɓudi ngenndiwal toppitiindi geec e weeyo (NOAA) nokku teskagol weeyo weeyo (SWPC, Amerik): Peeje weeyo weeyo (henndu geɗe magnetik, henndu radiyee naange, ɓuuɓol rajooji) e laabi ƴeewndo henndu naange.
• Sosiyatee toppitiiɗo koolkisagol kuuraa to Amerik worgo (NERC, Amerik / Kanadaa): Standard koolkisagol TPL-007-4, golle peewnaaɗe e njuɓɓudi jolngo ngam kewuuji jiiɓru geɗe magnetik, e laabi peewnugol jiiɓru geɗe magnetik.
• Porogaraam Geomagnetism (Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik) to Amerik : Dowlaaji Magnetometer e sahaa goonga, Karte kulɓiniiɗe ɗe Geomagnetik addata, e Modeluuji Resistivity dow Leydi.
• Porogaraam kisal weeyo (Dental Orop) Fedde Orop toppitiinde ko fayti e weeyo (ESA) : Reso sarwiis weeyo weeyo, rewindaade ƴellitaare masse korona, e rewindaade ƴoƴre satelitaaji.
• Centre gollorde weeyo weeyo (MOSWOC, Angalteer): Ƴeewndo weeyo weeyo ngenndiijo e porotokolle ndeenka jolngo e laylaytol.
• Fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e caɗeele (FEMA, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik): Peeje gollorɗe hakkunde-leyɗeele ngam ƴellitde weeyo e laabi jaabawol ŋakkeende nguura juutnde.

Ardiiɓe jokkondirɓe¶

• Henndu naange, emp, e ɓuuɓri geɗe magnetik
• Reso diiwaan oo yani e ɓuuɓri juutndi
• Kisal ŋakkere doole galle e doole backup
• Mahngo lowre 72 hojom e balɗe 14
• Laɓɓingol ndiyam, defgol, e notices boil
• Limooje emergency e leydi