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Ditsuatsue tsa aese, pula e e gatselang, le go phutlhama ga mogala wa motlakase

Dinomoro tsa tshoganyetso di farologana go ya ka dinaga. Tsebe eno e dirisa 911, e leng nomoro ya United States le Canada. Dinaga tse dingwe tse dintsi di dirisa 112, 999 kgotsa nomoro e nngwe. Batla nomoro ya naga ya gaeno.

Sefefo sa aese ke masetlapelo a maemo a bosa a mariga a a senyang a a bakiwang ke pula e e gatselang e e tsayang lobaka lo loleele, e leng tiragalo ya bosa e mo go yone pula ya seedi e welang ka llaga e e kwa tlase ya mowa o o gatselang fela fa godimo ga mmu (\(0^\circ\text{C}\) [\(32^\circ\text{C}\) [\(32^\circ\text) **glaze ice** go kgabaganya boalogodimo bongwe le bongwe jo bo tlhagelelang. Go farologana le kapoko e e borethe e e tlhatswang dikala le megala, aese ya glaze e na le kitlano e e ka nnang **dikilogeramo di le 900 ka kubikimitara (\)56\text{ diponto ka leoto la kubiki}$)**: kokoanyo ya aese ya radiale ya dimilimitara di le **13 go ya go di le 25 go ya go 5. (go fitlha go 500 go ya go 1,000 pounds) ya bokete jo bo suleng go ya kwa span e le nngwe ya mogala wa motlakase le ditone di le mmalwa tsa meteriki tsa aese go ya kwa sekhurumelong sa setlhare se se godileng. Jaaka fa dikala di thunya jaaka ditlhobolo tse di thuntshiwang le ditora tsa tshipi tse di fetisang di bofega ka phelelo ya domino, dimilionemilione tsa matlo di ka latlhegelwa ke motlakase le mogote ka malatsi kana dibeke fa ditsela di fetoga matlhare a a sa fetegeng a a senang kgotlhano.

Dibolai Tse Pedi Tse Dikgolo go Gaisa Tsotlhe mo Sefefong sa Aese: Khabonemonokosaete le Megala e e Didimetseng e e Tshelang

Dithutopatlisiso tsa dintsho tsa hisitori tse di dirilweng ke Ditheo tsa Taolo le Thibelo ya Malwetse tsa United States (CDC), Tikologo le Phetogo ya Tlelaemete Canada, le ditheo tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba go tswa kwa Setsuatsueng sa Aese sa Amerika Bokone sa 1998 le go gatsela ga Texas/Southern Plains sa 2021 di supa gore **bontsi jwa batho ba ba swang mo setsuatsueng sa aese ba swa: 1. Botlhole jwa Carbon Monoxide (CO) jwa mo Ntlong: Go dirisa jenereitara e e rwalegang ya peterolo mo teng ga karatšhe, kamore e e kwa tlase, kgotsa foranteng, kgotsa go fisa gril ya magala kgotsa setofo sa kampa ya propane mo teng ga ntlo go bona mogote, go tlatsa ntlo ka khabonemonokosaete e e senang monko mme go bolaya malapa otlhe a a robetseng mo metsotsong e e ka fa tlase ga 30. Boloka dijenereitara tsotlhe bonnye dimitara di le 6 (maoto a le 20) kwa ntle kgakala le difensetere le mabati. 2. Mela ya Motlakase e e Didimetseng le Ditlhare tse di Tsenngwang Motlakase: Mogala wa motlakase o o weleng o o fitlhilweng ka fa tlase ga aese kgotsa o o ikhutsitseng go kgabaganya terata ya tshipi e e nang le diketane kgotsa kala ya setlhare e e apesitsweng ka aese o ka rwala 7,200 go ya go 34,500 volts ka ditlhase tsa lefela, mosi wa lefe, le go duma ga lefela. Dula bonnye dimitara di le 10 (maoto a le 35) kgakala le thapo nngwe le nngwe e e wetseng fa fatshe le leloko lengwe le lengwe la setlhare le le amang thapo.

Dira se jaanong

  1. Nna mo matlong le kgakala le diphaposi tse di ka fa tlase ga ditlhare tse dikgolo tse di lepeletseng fa aese e ntse e kokoana. Fa aese ya radial glaze e feta 6 millimeters (0.25 inches), ditokololo tse dikgolo tsa setlhare le ditlhare tsotlhe tse di nang le medi e e seng boteng di simolola go thulana ka marulelo kwantle ga tlhagiso, bogolo jang fa speed2ced50. ka ura (dimaele di le 15 go ya go di le 25 ka ura). Sutisa maloko a lelapa le diruiwa tsa mo gae go tswa mo diphaposing tsa borobalo tsa boalo jo bo kwa godimo tse di leng ka tlhamalalo ka fa tlase ga dikhurumelo tse di bokete tsa oak, phaene, maple, kgotsa birch mme o iphitlhele mo boalong jo bo kwa tlase thata jo bo ka fa teng.
  2. Nna o se mo ditseleng gotlhelele: ga go na dithaere tsa 4-Wheel Drive (4WD) kgotsa tsa mariga tse di ka tshwarang aese e e metsi ya glaze. Pula e e gatselang e dira filimi e nnye ya metsi a a seedi mo godimo ga aese e e borethe e e phatsimang ka \(0^\circ\text{C}\) (\(32^circ\text{C}\) (\(32^\circ\text{C}\) (\(32^\circ\text{C}\)) go ema le go tshwara dikgala 10-menagane. Tota le dillori tsa molelo tsa tshoganyetso le di-snowplow di relela ka fa thoko mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tse di nang le serwalatlhogo pele ga dillori tsa letswai di ka alafa tsela. O se ka wa kgweetsa ntle le fa o tswa mo maemong a tshoganyetso a kalafi kgotsa a sebopego a a tshosetsang botshelo ka bonako.
  3. Tshwara thapo nngwe le nngwe e e weleng fa fatshe, thapo e e lepeletseng, le kala ya setlhare e e bokete jwa aese e e amang thapo jaaka e e nang le maatla le e e bolayang. Boloka bonnye jwa molelwane wa pabalesego wa dimitara di le 10 (maoto a le 35) (go ya pele fa mela ya phetiso ya motlakase o o kwa godimo e bontsha) go dikologa thapo epe e e wetseng fa fatshe, terata ya tiriso, terata e e amang. Le ka motlha o se leke go pidipidi ka fa tlase ga kgotsa go kgarameletsa kwa thoko thapo e e lepeletseng kwa tlase e e tletseng aese kgotsa leloko la setlhare ka lefeelo la logong kgotsa shofole ya kapoko: aese e e metsi ya glaze e tsamaisa motlakase wa maatla a a kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase mo setshwarong le go feta mo pelong ya gago. Leletsa mogala wa gago wa tshoganyetso wa motlakase kgotsa nomoro ya tshoganyetso ya selegae (911 kwa United States le Canada, 112 go ralala Yuropa, 999 kwa United Kingdom, kgotsa bona tsotlhe dinomoro tsa tshoganyetso).
  4. Fa mogala wa motlakase o wela mo koloing ya gago, nna mo teng ntle le fa koloi e tshwara molelo, morago ga moo o tlole o tlhapile ka maoto ka bobedi mmogo mme o tlhakatlhakanye/tlole kgakala. Fa o ntse mo teng ga ntlwana, dithaere tsa gago tsa rabara le foreimi ya koloi ya tshipi di dira jaaka sekhukhu sa Faraday se se sireletsang. Fa molelo o go pateletsa go tswa, bula lebati, o seka wa ama mmele wa koloi wa tshipi le fa fatshe go go nang le aese ka nako e le nngwe, tlolela kwa ntle gore maoto ka bobedi a wele fa fatshe ka nako e le nngwe, mme shuffle kgotsa bunny-hop ka maoto a gago a gateletswe thata mmogo ka bonnye let **10 go ya go 35 t. kgato-bokgoni gagamalo go tswa go elela go ya kwa godimo leoto le lengwe le go fologa ka le lengwe.
  5. Kopanya lelapa la gago mo phaposing e le nngwe e e "gotediwang go le gonnye" fa motlakase o tima. Mo boemong jwa go leka go gotetsa ntlo yotlhe e e gatsetseng, tlhopha phaposi e le nngwe e nnye ya ka fa teng (e e siameng mo boalong jo bo kwa tlase jo bo nang le difensetere di le mmalwa le go bonala ga Borwa), pega dikobo kgotsa dithaole tse di bokete tsa difensetere dotomor the phatloga, mme o tlhome tante ya go kampa mo godimo ga materase mo teng ga phaposi gore mogote wa mmele o nne o tshwaregile mo teng ga mothamo o monnye wa mowa.
  6. Thibela go tsenwa ke botlhole jwa khabonemonokosaete mo teng ga ntlo le go thunya ga dipeipi tse di gatsetseng ka bonako. Netefatsa gore alamo nngwe le nngwe e e dirisiwang ka dibeteri Khabonemonokosaete (CO) e a dira pele ga o tshuba lefelo la molelo kgotsa o simolola jenereitara ya kwa ntle (e e beilweng **bonnye dimitara di le 6 [maoto a le 20] go tswa kwa ntlong e e nang le exhast). Go dira gore dipeipi tsa metsi di se ka tsa gatsela le go thunya ka nako ya go tima ga motlakase, bula mabati a khabinete ka fa tlase ga disinki tsa boapeelo le tsa ntlwana ya botlhapelo mme o bule dipompo tse di kgakala thata gore di elele ka bonya, ka tsela e e tlhomameng, kgotsa **tswala belefo ya metsi ya ntlo e kgolo mme o ntshe metsi mo dipompong tsotlhe d^{circ\C (\(32^\sediko\sekwalwa{F}\)).

Sefefo sa aese le go phutlhama ga mogala wa motlakase tšhate ya kelelo ya tshwetso ya go falola

Latela setlhare seno sa tshwetso ya tshoganyetso kgato ka kgato fa go ntshiwa Tlhagiso ya Setsuatsue sa Aese kgotsa aese ya glaze e simolola go thuba ditlhare le megala ya motlakase.

flowchart TD
    Start["Tlhagiso ya Setsuatsue sa Aese / Pula e e Gatselang:<br/>Ditsela tse di Apesitsweng ke Aese ka Galase, Ditlhare, le Megala ya Motlakase"] --> LocationCheck{"O kae gone jaanong?"}

    LocationCheck -->|"O Tshwerwe ke Koloi Kwa Ntle"| WireOnCar{"A mogala wa motlakase o o wetseng fa fatshe kgotsa<br/>setlhare se se tsentsweng motlakase se wele mo koloing ya gago?"}
    WireOnCar -->|"EE: Thapo mo koloing"| StayInCar["1. NNA MO TENG GA KOLOI mme o leletse 911 / 112 / 9992. Tlhagisa babogedi go nna dimitara di le 10 (maoto a le 35) kwa morago<br/>3. FELA fa koloi e tuka: Tlola ka maoto KA BOBEDI mmogo<br/> (o seka wa ama koloi le fa fatshe ka nako e le nngwe) mme o tlhakatlhakanye maoto mmogo 15 m go tswa foo"]
    WireOnCar -->|"NNYAA: Go relela mo aeseng ya glaze"| PullOffRoad["Tswa mo tseleng e kgolo kwa lefelong le le latelang le le babalesegileng la go phaka dikoloi (kgakala le ditlhare le dikota tsa ditirelo)<br/>Emela pula e e gatselang; bona kaedi ya go Gatsetsa ka Bofefo le Aese e Ntsho fa e le gore e tshwaregile"]

    LocationCheck -->|"Mo teng ga Legae kgotsa Kago"| TreeRoofCheck{"A ditlhare tse di bokete tse di apesitsweng ke aese di a fegelwa<br/>kgotsa di thunya fa godimo ga marulelo a gago?"}
    TreeRoofCheck -->|"Ee"| MoveDownstairs["Sutela ka bonako kwa bodilong jo bo kwa tlase / phaseje e e ka fa teng kgakala le letlhakore la setlhare<br/>O se ka wa ya kwa ntle ka fa tlase ga ditlhare tse di nang le galase (dikala tse di wang di bolaya ka bonako)"]
    TreeRoofCheck -->|"No"| PowerStatus{"A maatla a motlakase a paletswe?"}
    MoveDownstairs --> PowerStatus

    PowerStatus -->|"Motlakase o sa ntse o butswe"| PreBlackoutPrep["1. Tšhaja difouno tsotlhe, dibanka tsa maatla, le dibeteri tsa kalafi go fitlha go 100%<br/>2. Kerenke themosetate ya gae go fitlha go 2 go ya go 3 C (4 go ya go 5 F) go ya go bokete jwa mogote jo bo thuthafetseng pele<br/>3. Tlatsa dibate le dipitsa ka metsi; Batla belofo e kgolo ya go tswala metsi"]

    PowerStatus -->|"Motlakase o TIME (Kgaogo ya Malatsi a Mantsi a a Gatselang)"| HeatAndWater["1. Tlosa didirisiwa tsa ileketeroniki tse di bosisi mo polakeng (tlogela lebone le le 1 le tshubilwe go busetsa letshwao)<br/>2. Tswala le go iphitlha mo phaposing e le NNGWE e nnye e e ka fa teng (dirisa tante + dikobo)<br/>3. Tsamaisa dijenereitara FELA kwa ntle >= dimitara di le 6 (maoto a le 20) go tswa kwa ntlong<br/>4. O SE KE wa dirisa di-grill tsa magala, dionto tsa gase, kgotsa ditofo tsa kampa mo teng ga ntlo<br/>5. Dipompo tsa go rotha kgotsa tswala belofo e kgolo ya metsi + dipeipi tsa go ntsha metsi fa ntlo e le < 0 C (32 F)"]

Thuto ya bosa le fisikisi: Ke ka ntlha yang fa pula e e gatselang e le kotsi thata go feta kapoko kgotsa kapoko

Batho ba le bantsi ba tlhakanya pula e e gatselang le sleet (ice pellets) kgotsa kapoko, le fa go ntse jalo tshusumetso ya tsone mo mafaratlhatlheng e farologane gotlhelele. Ka bobedi di simolola kwa godimo mo marung jaaka dikarolwana tsa kapoko tse di wang tse di fetang mo llageng e e bothitho e e kwa godimo ya mowa ("nko e e bothitho" e e kwa godimo ga \(0^\circ\text{C}\) [\(32^\circ\text{F}\)]) ka tlhwatlhwa e e ka nnang \(800\sekwalwa{ go ya go }1,500\sekwalwa,\)2\({0 go ya go dimitara }5,000\text{ maoto}\)) bogodimo, go nyerolosa kapoko gotlhelele go nna marothodi a pula a a metsi:

  • Sleet (Ice Pellets): Fa llaga ya mowa o o tsididi o o gatselang kwa tlase gaufi le mmu e le boteng (bokima jo bo fetang \(400\sekwalwa{ go ya go }600\sekwalwa{dimitara}\) [\(1,300\sekwalwa{ go ya go }2,000\sekwalwa{maoto}\)lling] ka nako e e lekaneng), fa fall e na le nako e e kwa tlase go ya go dimetara di le dintsi), dibolo tse dinnye tsa aese pele di thula fa fatshe. Sleet e bontsha mo dikaleng tsa ditlhare, mo megaleng ya motlakase le mo difensetereng tsa koloi jaaka motlhaba o o omileng mme ga se gantsi e folosang keriti ya motlakase.
  • Pula e e Gatselang (Aese ya Glaze): Fa llaga e e kwa tlase ya go gatsela e e tlamparelang fa fatshe e le boteng (fela \(100\sekwalwa{ go ya go }300\sekwalwa{ dimitara}\) [\(300\sekwalwa{ go ya go }1,000\sekwalwa{maoto}\)] boteng), pula e e wang ga e na nako e e gatselang ya seedi torop Go na le moo, di nna marothi a metsi a a tsidifaditsweng thata (metsi a a tsidifaditsweng ka fa tlase ga \(0^\circ\text{C}\) [\(32^\circ\text{F}\)]). Ka bonako fela fa lerothodi la pula le le tsidifaditsweng thata le itaya mogala wa motlakase o o gatselang thata, kala ya setlhare, borogo, kgotsa setshwaro sa diatla, le anama go nna filimi e tshesane mme le gatsela thata fa le kopana, le lotlela go dikologa selo seo jaaka resin ya epoxy.

Tshupane ya Kgobokanyo ya Aese ya Sperry-Piltz (SPIA) le fisikisi ya morwalo wa bokete

Baitseanape ba bosa kwa Tirelong ya Bosetšhaba ya Maemo a Bosa ya United States (NWS) le baenjenere ba ditirelo tsa ditirelo ba dirisa bokima jwa aese e e kopantsweng le lobelo lwa phefo go bolelela pele go phutlhama ga mafaratlhatlha a a tla bakang masetlapelo:

Bokima jwa Aese ya Radial Glaze Selekanyo sa Tshupane ya Tshenyo ya Aese ya SPIA (Go ikaegile ka Phefo) Bokete jo bo Okeditsweng jwa Aese mo Sepaneng se le Sengwe sa Mogala wa Motlakase wa Dimitara di le 45 (Maoto a le 150) Bokete jo bo Okeditsweng jwa Aese mo Sekhurumelong sa Setlhare se se Godileng sa Dimitara di le 15 (Maoto a le 50) Diphelelo tse di solofetsweng tsa Mafaratlhatlha, Ditlhare, le Tsela
Latedisa go ya go \(6\sekwalwa{ mm}\) (\(0.01\sekwalwa{ go ya go }0.25\sekwalwa{ mo}\)) Maemo 0 go ya go Maemo 1 (Bonnye go ya go Bonnye) \(25\sekwalwa{ go ya go }75\sekwalwa{ kg}\) (\(55\sekwalwa{ go ya go }165\sekwalwa{ lb}\)) \(450\mokwalo{ go ya go }1,800\mokwalo{ kg}\) (\(1,000\mokwalo{ go ya go }4,000\mokwalo{ lb}\)) Maborogo, ditsela tse di fetang, dikgato le ditsela tse di sa tlhokomelwang di nna aese e e boferefere e e phatsimang. Dikala tsa setlhare tse di bokoa kgotsa tse di suleng di a thubega; go kgaoga ga motlakase wa selegae go go kgaoganeng go tsaya diura di le mmalwa.
\(6\sekwalwa{ go ya go }13\sekwalwa{ mm}\) (\(0.25\sekwalwa{ go ya go }0.50\sekwalwa{ mo}\)) Maemo 2 go ya go Maemo 3 (Magareng go ya go Maswe, segolobogolo fa diphefo di le \(>25\sekwalwa{ km/h}\) [\(15\sekwalwa{ mph}\)]) \(75\sekwalwa{ go ya go }180\sekwalwa{ kg}\) (\(165\sekwalwa{ go ya go }400\sekwalwa{ lb}\)) \(2,000\mokwalo{ go ya go }5,000\mokwalo{ kg}\) (\(2\mokwalo{ go ya go }5.5\mokwalo{ ditone tsa Amerika}\)) Molelwane wa Sefefo se Segolo sa Aese. Ditokololo tsa setlhare tse di itekanetseng di thunya ka go tswelela mme di thulana le mela ya kabo ya bonno; go kgaoga ga motlakase go go anameng go tsaya malatsi a le 1 go ya go a le 5. Go kgweetsa go nna go batlile go sa kgonege.
\(13\sekwalwa{ go ya go }25\sekwalwa{ mm}\) (\(0.50\sekwalwa{ go ya go }1.00\sekwalwa{ mo}\)) Maemo 3 go ya go Maemo 4 (Go golafatsa) \(180\mokwalo{ go ya go }400\mokwalo{kg}\) (\(400\mokwalo{ go ya go }900\mokwalo{lb}\)) \(5,000\mokwalo{ go ya go }12,000\mokwalo{ kg}\) (\(5.5\mokwalo{ go ya go }13\mokwalo{ ditone tsa Amerika}\)) Go palelwa ga keriti ya setlhare le kabo ya masetlapelo. Ditlhare tsotlhe di kgaogana go ya kwa tlase mo kutu kgotsa di kumolwa; dikota tsa ditirelo tsa logong di tshwaragana ka mela; motshwari a taboga a gagola matsogo a a kgabaganyang. Go kgaoga ga motlakase go tsaya malatsi a le 5 go ya go a le 14+.
Go feta \(25\sekwalwa{ mm}\) (\(1.00\sekwalwa{ go ya go }3.00+\sekwalwa{ mo}\)) Maemo 5 (Masetlapelo / Hisitori, ka sekai, Setsuatsue sa Aese sa 1998 Botlhaba jwa Canada/Bokonebotlhaba jwa US) \(450\mokwalo{ go ya go }1,100+\mokwalo{kg}\) (\(1,000\mokwalo{ go ya go }2,500+\mokwalo{ lb}\)) \(15,000\mokwalo{ go ya go }35,000+\mokwalo{ kg}\) (\(15\mokwalo{ go ya go }40\mokwalo{ ditone tsa Amerika}\)) Ditora tsa phetiso ya tshipi ya motlakase o o kwa godimo di a phutlhama jaaka foile ya masenke. Ditora tsa tlhaeletsano ka megala di a phutlhama, ditsela di thibilwe gotlhelele ke dikgwa tse di weleng, mme go aga sešwa ga keriti go tsaya dibeke di le 2 go ya go di le 6.

Goreng phefo e fetola glaze e e magareng go nna sebetsa se se senyang keriti: "Motshwari wa Galloping".

Bokete fela ke halofo fela ya kotsi mo megaleng ya motlakase le mo ditlhareng. Fa pula e e gatselang e ntse e rotha kwa tlase ga thapo ya selennere mme e gatsela go nna di-aese, e fetola karolo e e kgabaganyang ya thapo go tswa mo sedikong se se borethe go nna lephuka la sefofane (airfoil) le le bopegileng jaaka keledi. Fa diphefo tsa morago ga setsuatsue tsa dikilometara di le 30 go ya go di le 60 ka ura (dimaele di le 20 go ya go di le 38 ka ura) di foka go kgabaganya sefofane seo se se apesitsweng ka aese, go tsholetsa ga mowa go dira gore thapo yotlhe e e bokete ya dimitara di le 100 e tlhotlhorege le kwa tlase ka maatla ka makhubu a a bogodimo jwa t phemen (no fee,31 metres) baenjenere ba motlakase ba bitsa go taboga ga motshwari. Dithapo tse di tsamayang ka bonako di thulana (di baka go phatsima ga arc e e botala jo botala jo bo foufatsang le go thunya ga di-transformer) mme di gagola dikota tsa ditirelo tsa logong le di-crossarm tsa tshipi ka tlhamalalo go tswa mo mmung o o gatsetseng.

Megala ya motlakase e e weleng, ditlhare tse di tsenngwang motlakase, le go falola ga "kgato" ya motheo

Ka nako ya setsuatsue sa aese, diketekete tsa mela ya kabo (\(7,200\text{ go ya go }34,500\text{ volts}\)) le marothodi a tirelo ya mo gae (\(120/240\text{ volts}\)) di gogelwa kwa tlase mo dijarateng, ditseleng tsa dikoloi, le ditselana tsa maoto ka go wela ga ditlhare.

  1. Ke eng megala e e tshelang e SA tlhase mo aeseng kgotsa mo kapokong: Difilimi di ruta batho gore megala ya motlakase e e weleng ka metlha e itaya go dikologa e latlhela ditlhase tse di serolwana tse di phatsimang. Tota e bile, mela ya ditirelo tsa motlakase o o kwa godimo e dira fela arc le go phatsima ka bokhutshwane fa e kopana ka dinako tse di rileng; fa e sena go ikhutsa mo aeseng, kapoko, sekontiri, kgotsa logong lo lo metsi, mola o o nang le maatla wa di-volt di le 13 800 o robetse o sa tshikhinyega gotlhelele e bile o didimetse. Mo godimo ga moo, keriti ya ditirelo di-recloser tse di itirisang di rulaganyeditswe go leka ka go itirisa go naya mola o o kgopileng maatla gape makgetlo a le mmalwa mo metsotswaneng kgotsa metsotsong go phimola dikgolagano tsa lekala tsa nakwana, se se rayang gore thapo e e "sweleng" e ka tshoganyetsa go boela kwa go 13 800 volts fa o eme gaufi le yone.
  2. Kafa aese e e metsi ya glaze e fetolang ditlhare le magora go nna di-conductor tse di bolayang ka gone: Fa kala ya setlhare e e tletseng aese e ikaegile ka thapo ya kabo e e kwa godimo kwantle ga go e thuba, motlakase wa motlakase o o kwa godimo o tsamaya o fologa ka aese e e metsi ya glaze le matute a kutu ya setlhare go tsena mo lefatsheng. Go ama kutu ya setlhare, go gata medi ya sone, kgotsa go ama terata ya tshipi e e nang le diketane kgotsa legora la tshipi le le sireletsang go fitlha go dimitara di le 100 (maoto a le 300) go tswa foo kwa thapo e weleng teng go kgabaganya terata go ya kwa tlase mo mmileng go tla go tlhaba ka motlakase ka ponyo ya leitlho.
  3. Go tlhaloganya "Step Potential" le kafa o ka tlhakatlhakanyang/tlolang ka gone go ya kwa pabalesegong: Fa thapo ya motlakase o o kwa godimo e ama fa fatshe, motlakase o phatsimela kwa ntle ka mmu le aese ka diring tse di tseneletseng jaaka makhubu mo letangwaneng: fa fatshe ka fa mojeng o o amang thapo o ka nna wa bo o le kwa **\(0\text\xt\)te0. meter}$ (\(3\sekwalwa{ maoto}\)) kgakala ka \(7,000\sekwalwa{ divolte}\), le palamonwana \(2\sekwalwa{ dimitara}\) (\(6\sekwalwa{ maoto}\)) kgakala ka \(4,000\sekwalwa{ divolte}\). Fa o tsaya kgato e e tlwaelegileng ya go tsamaya gaufi le mola o o fologileng ka jalo leoto la gago la kwa pele le le mo lesaleng la \(7,000\text{ V}\) mme leoto la gago la morago le le mo lesale la \(4,000\text{ V}\), \(3,000\text{ volts}\) ya pharologano ya bokgoni ("bokgoni jwa kgato") le le, le pevisl ya gago e thunya ka tlhamalalo leoto.
  4. Mokgwa wa go tshaba: Tobetsa dikhutshwane le maoto a gago ka thata mmogo gore maoto ka bobedi a nne a le mo bokgoning jo bo tshwanang jwa maatla a motlakase, mme o tlhakatlhakanye serethe go ya kwa dinkong ntle le go tsholetsa leoto kgotsa go kgaoganya ditlhako tsa gago ka disentimetara di feta di le mmalwa (kgotsa rabbitnding jaaka bo untilth) bonnye dimitara di le 10 go ya go di le 15 (maoto a le 35 go ya go a le 50) go tswa mo thapong, pale, kgotsa koloi.

Ela tlhoko Palo ya Tirelo mo Borulelo jwa Ntlo ya Gago

Pele o tswa ka kgoro ya gago e e kwa pele kgotsa e e kwa morago ka nako ya kgotsa morago ga setsuatsue sa aese, leba kwa godimo kwa lerothodi la tirelo ya motlakase le tlhogo ya maemo a bosa kwa megala ya khamphani ya motlakase e gokelelang teng mo sekhutlong sa marulelo a gago. Gantsi thata, kala ya setlhare e e tletseng aese e wela go kgabaganya thapo mo jarateng ya gago mme e gagola tlhomeso ya tshipi ya mosele ka bontlhabongwe mo leboteng la ntlo ya gago, e tlogela megala e e tshelang e e sa aparang sepe ya di-volt di le 240 e lepelela thwii go kgabaganya mesele ya gago ya pula ya tshipi, di- siding tsa aluminiamo, kgotsa dikgato tsa foranteng. Fa tlhogo ya gago ya weatherhead e obegile, e gogilwe, kgotsa e thubilwe, nna kgakala le lebota le le kwa ntle mme o letsetse khamphani ya gago ya ditirelo le ramotlakase yo o nang le laesense pele ga motlakase o ka busediwa.

Go falola go kgaoga ga motlakase ga malatsi a le mantsi mo ntlong kwantle ga go tsenwa ke botlhole jwa khabonemonokosaete

Fa setsuatsue sa aese se thuba diketekete tsa dikota tsa boagisani ka bongwe, badiri ba mela ya ditirelo ba tshwanetse go bona ditlhare tse di weleng tsa dimaele di le dintsi pele ba ka tlhoma palo e le nngwe e ntšhwa, se se rayang gore mafelo a bonno a nna a leta malatsi a le 3 go ya go a le 14 go bona maatla mo dithemphoritšhareng tse di kwa tlase ga go gatsela.

Mekgwa ya go thuthafatsa ka tshoganyetso le go apaya e e babalesegileng fa e bapisiwa le e e bolayang

Mogote / Motswedi wa Maatla A e babalesegile mo Lefelong la Bonno la mo Ntlong? Khabonemonokosaete (CO) le Porofaele ya Dikotsi tsa Molelo Melao ya Pabalesego e e Patelediwang
Diaparo tse di Tlhakantsweng, Dikobo, Dikgetsi tsa go Robala, le Tente ya mo Ntlong ("Phaposi e Nnye") EE (Mokgwa o o Babalesegileng go gaisa) Kotsi ya CO ya lefela; ga go na kotsi ya molelo. Tlhoma tante e nnye ya dome mo bolaong mo teng ga phaposi e le nngwe e e tswalegileng e e ka fa teng; apara dikarolo tsa motheo tsa mogote tse di ntshang bongola, boboa, dikausu tsa boboa, le hutshe e e bothitho e e logilweng (e boloka 30%+ ya mogote wa mmele).
Lefelo la Molelo le le Fisang Dikgong kgotsa Setofo sa Dikgong (se se nang le Molelo o o Bulegileng o o Dirang) EE (Ka Tlhokomelo) Kotsi e e kwa tlase fa chimney e le phepa mme damper e bulegile thata; tlhola gore aese ga e a thiba sekhurumetso sa chimney sa marulelo. Boloka alamo ya CO ya betri e e dirang mo phaposing; dirisa sekerini sa tlhase ya letlowa; fisa fela dikgong tse di omileng tse di tswakilweng (le ka motlha o se ke wa fisa dikota tse di dirilweng ka kgatelelo, matlakala, kgotsa di-briquettes tsa magala mo lefelong la molelo).
Sethuthafatsi sa Propane se se Tlhotlhelediwang mo Kae (ka sekai, Sethuthafatsi sa Rre "Tsala" se se nang le ODS) EE (Fela fa e le mo lenaaneng la UL go dirisiwa mo teng ga ntlo ka Sensara ya go Fokotsa Okosejene) Kotsi e e magareng fa phaposi e sa tsene mowa gotlhelele kgotsa go dutla ga silintara e nnye ya \(1\sekwalwa{ lb}\) (\(450\sekwalwa{ g}\)). Boloka fensetere e phanyegile disentimetara di le 1 go ya go 2.5 (0.5 go ya go intšhe e le 1) go bona okosejene e e foreshe; boloka mitara o le 1 (maoto a le mararo) kgakala le digaretene/malao; le ka motlha o se ke wa tla le tanka ya propane ya BBQ ya kwa ntle ya \(9\sekwalwa{ kg}\) (\(20\sekwalwa{ lb}\)) mo teng ga ntlo.
Sethuthafatsi sa Lefaufau sa Parafene FELA fa e le ka fa molaong mo lefelong la gaeno e bile e le mowa Kotsi e kgolo ya CO, nitrogen dioxide, le melelo ya ntlo ya motlhwa fa e tladiwa lookwane fa e le mogote kgotsa e dirisiwa ka lookwane lo lo sa siamang. Phatlola fensetere gore mowa o tsene; ka metlha tlatsa peterolo kwa ntle morago ga gore hitara e tsidifale gotlhelele; dirisa fela parafene e e phepa ya 1-K (le ka motlha o se dirise peterolo).
Mofuta wa Boapeelo jwa Gase / Ofo ya Gase NNYAA: O SE KE WA DIRISA MOGOTE WA PHALA KOTSI E E FETILENG YA CO E E BOLAYANG. Ditšhisi tsa onto tse di sa ntsheng mowa di ja okosejene ya mo phaposing ka bonako mme di pompa khabonemonokosaete e e bolayang mo ntlwaneng ya boapeelo. O ka nna wa tshuba ka bokhutshwane setšhisi se se kwa godimo metsotso e le 10 go bedisa pitsa ya metsi kgotsa sopo, morago ga moo o e TIME gotlhelele. Le ka motlha o se tlogele lebati la onto le butswe go gotetsa ntlwana ya boapeelo.
Jenereithara e e Tshwarwang ya Peterolo, Disele, kgotsa ya Mafura a mabedi NNYAA: GA KE KE WA MO NTLO, KARATJENG, MO TLHOLENG, KGOTSA MO FORENG MOLAI WA SEFEFO SA AESE SE SE BOLAYANG GO GAISA. Jenereitara e le nngwe e e rwalegang e ntsha CO e e lekanang le dikoloi di le 100 go ya go di le 450 tse di sa direng sepe. Go e tsamaisa mo karatšheng e e gokeletsweng le lebati la karatšhe le bulegile thata go sa ntse go bolaya batho ba ba mo teng ga ntlo mo metsotsong e se kae fela. Taboga FEELA kwa ntle mo moweng o o bulegileng, bonnye dimitara di le 6 (maoto a le 20) go tswa mo dikgorong tsotlhe, difensetere, le diphatlha tsa go ntsha mowa, ka sethibela-go ntsha mosi se supile kgakala le ntlo. Dirisa thapo ya katoloso ya kwa ntle e e bokete kgotsa switšhi ya phetiso e e nang le laesense (o se ke wa "phepa morago" mo leboteng).
Grill ya Magala, Hibachi, Setofo sa Kampa, kgotsa Sethuthafatsi sa Patio sa Propane sa kwa Ntle NNYAA: O SE KE WA MO NTLO KGOTSA MO TENTENG/KARATJENG KOTSI E E FETELENG YA CO E E BOLAYANG. Magala a a phatsimang a golola CO e ntsi e e sa bonaleng, e e senang monko le fa go se na mosi ope. Dirisa thata kwa ntle mo moweng o o bulegileng go apaya fela, morago ga moo o time kwa ntle; le ka motlha o se ke wa tlisa magala a a bothitho mo teng gore o thuthafale.

Kgato ka kgato: Tsela ya go dira gore dipeipi tsa metsi tsa mo gae tsa gago di se ka tsa gatsela le go thunya

Metsi a atologa ka mo e ka nnang diperesente di le 9 ka bolumu fa a gatsela go nna aese ka \(0^\circ\text{C}\) (\(32^\circ\text{F}\)), a ntsha diponto tse di fetang **2 000 ka sekwere sa intšhe ($14,000 ya kgatelelo ya PVC e e kwa tlase, le eleng dipeipi tsa PEX tsa diphaephe tse di bulegileng thata mo teng ga mabota a gago mme di tlatsa ntlo ya gago ka nako ya fa aese e gakologa:

  1. Fa o santse o na le bothitho jo bo setseng mo ntlong (Themphereitšhara ya ka fa teng fa gare ga \(2^\sediko\sekwalwa{C}\) le \(10^\sediko\sekwalwa{C}\) [\(35^\sediko\sekwalwa{F}\) go ya go \(50^\sediko\sekwalwa{F}\)]):
  2. Bula mabati otlhe a lefela le a khabinete ka fa tlase ga disinki tsa kitšhine, ntlwana ya botlhapelo, le tsa phaposi ya botlhatswetso (bogolo jang disinki tse di tlhomilweng kgatlhanong le lebota le le kwa ntle le le kwa ntle) gore mowa wa phaposi o kgone go dikologa dipeipi.
  3. Tobetsa ditshwaro tsa metsi a a bolelo le a a tsididi ka bobedi kwa dipompong tse di kgakala thata le kwa mola wa gago o mogolo wa metsi o tsenang teng mo ntlong go fitlha motsi o o tswelelang, o o tshesane jaaka lloto ya pensele o elela mo moseleng. Metsi a a tsamayang a gana go gatsela, mme pompo e e bulegileng e imolola kgatelelo e e senyang ya haeteroliki fa polaka ya aese e simolola go bopega mo teng ga peipi.
  4. Fa dithempheretšha tsa mo ntlong di wela tlase go kgotsa kwa tlase ga \(0^\circ\text{C}\) (\(32^\circ\text{F}\)) kgotsa o fudugela kwa lefelong la go thuthafatsa:
  5. O SE KE wa ikaega ka dipompo tse di rothang fa ka fa teng ga ntlo go sena go gatsela (go feta dirai tsotlhe le diphaephe tsa metsi ka botsone di tla gatsela di le thata le go phophoma).
  6. Tswala belofo ya metsi a ntlo e kgolo ka bonako (e e mo kamoreng e e kwa tlase, mo lebokosong la ditirelo, mo lefelong la go gagaba, kgotsa mo lebokosong la metara le le kwa ntle le le ka fa tlase ga lefatshe; retolosa belofo ya lever ka didikirii di le 90 e e tlhamaletseng le peipi, kgotsa retolosa belofo ya leotwana le le sediko ka fa letlhakoreng la tshupanako go fitlha e tlhomama).
  7. Bula pompo nngwe le nngwe e e mogote le e e tsididi mo ntlong (go tswa mo boalong jo bo kwa godimo go ya kwa sinking e e kwa tlase ya ditirelo tsa mo kamoreng e e kwa tlase le di-bib tsa dipeipi tsa kwa ntle) ka jalo maatlakgogedi a ntsha metsi a a emeng mo di-riser tsa dipeipi tse di emeng.
  8. Tlhatswa ntlwana nngwe le nngwe gangwe go ntsha metsi mo tankeng, mme o tshele RV / sethibela-gatsetse sa propylene glycol ya lewatle se se seng botlhole (kgotsa seedi sa go tlhatswa fensetere ya koloi / metsi a letswai a a tseneletseng mo maemong a tshoganyetso; o se ke wa koba ethylene glycol ya radiator ya dikoloi fa diruiwa tsa mo gae di ne di ka e nwa mo lebotlolong) dirai tsa metsi ga di phanyege.
  9. Tima circuit breaker kgotsa gase pilot valve go heater ya gago ya metsi a a bolelo fa o ntsha metsi mo tankeng ya metsi a a bolelo, gore elemente ya go thuthafatsa e se ka ya tuka e omile fa maatla a keriti a boela a tshubiwa ka tshoganyetso.

Go fola ka pabalesego morago ga setsuatsue sa aese: Go tila go thapologa ga "Motlholagadi" le dikgobalo tsa saga ya diketane

Fa dithemphoritšhara di sena go tlhatlogela kwa godimo ga \(0^\circ\text{C}\) (\(32^\circ\text{F}\)) morago ga setsuatsue sa aese, go simolola fensetere e e kotsi ya diura di le 12 go ya go di le 24:

  • Di-Ice Daggers tse di Wang le Dikala tsa "Widowmaker" Ka Nako ya Thaw: Fa lesedi la letsatsi le thuthafatsa makwati a ditlhare le marulelo a dikago, matlhare a aese a glaze a a Bokete jwa 10 go ya go 50 dikilogerama (22 go ya go 110 pounds) le di-icecle tse di boleele jwa dimitara go tswa go0m go ya go30 di tlhotlhorega ka tshoganyetso 65 maoto) kwa godimo ga tlhogo jaaka di- guillotine. Ka nako e e tshwanang, ditokololo tsa ditlhare tse di phanyegileng tse di neng di tshwerwe fela ke maborogo a a gatsetse a thunya ka tshoganyetso fela fa aese e ntse e nyerologa. Apara hutshe e e thata fa o tshwanetse go tsamaya kwa ntle, le ka motlha o se ke wa tsamaya ka fa tlase ga ditlhomeso tsa marulelo kgotsa dikhurumelo tsa ditlhare tse di senyegileng, mme le ka motlha o se letle bana go tshameka ka fa tlase ga ditlhare tse di apesitsweng aese.
  • Di-"Springpole" tse di Laisitsweng ke Di-Spring Fa o Tlhatswa Ditlhare tse di Weleng: Le ka motlha o se ke wa dirisa saga ya diketane go sega kutu ya setlhare se se weleng kgotsa leloko le le obegileng ka fa tlase ga kgagamalo ka fa tlase ga setlhare se sengwe se se bokete (di-springpole) kgotsa le tlhakatlhakane gongwe le gongwe gaufi le thapo ya ditirelo. Fa letsogo le le obegileng le le gatsetse le kgaolwa le boela morago ka maatla a diketekete tsa di-Newton, le thubaganya ditlhaa, dihuba le melala. Tlogela tiro yotlhe ya ditlhare gaufi le mela ya ditirelo go badiri ba ditlhare ba ba katisitsweng, mme o bone kaedi ya go phepafatsa ditsuatsue le go tsosolosa bakeng sa diporothokholo tse bolokehileng tsa chainsaw.

Dipotso tse di bodiwang kgapetsakgapetsa

Why is 13 millimeters (half an inch) of freezing rain so much more destructive than 30 centimeters (a foot) of snow?

Light, fluffy snow contains mostly trapped air (roughly 90 percent air to 10 percent water) and easily blows or slides off round power lines and flexible tree branches. In contrast, freezing rain falls as supercooled liquid water that coats all 360 degrees of every twig, pine needle, and wire in solid glaze ice weighing 900 kilograms per cubic meter (56 pounds per cubic foot); just 13 millimeters (0.5 inches) of radial ice adds up to 200 kilograms (450 pounds) to a single power line span and up to 5 metric tons of dead weight to a mature tree canopy, snapping healthy trees and utility poles in half.

If a power line falls across my car during an ice storm, am I safe inside, and how do I get out if the car catches fire?

As long as you stay inside the car and do not touch any metal framing while reaching out a window, you are safe inside the vehicle; call 911 / 112 / 999 and wait for utility crews to de-energize the line, while shouting to keep bystanders at least 10 meters (35 feet) away. Only exit if the vehicle catches fire: open the door, stand on the threshold, cross your arms over your chest, and jump out so that you NEVER touch the metal car and the ground at the same time and BOTH feet land on the ground together; then press your feet tightly together and shuffle heel-to-toe (without ever lifting a foot or taking a normal step) for at least 10 to 15 meters (35 to 50 feet) to prevent step-potential voltage from electrocuting you through the ground.

Can I push a low-hanging power line or an ice-covered tree branch touching a wire out of my driveway using a dry wooden broom handle or plastic snow shovel?

Never. Residential distribution lines carry 7,200 to 34,500 volts, and during an ice storm, every branch, wooden handle, and plastic shovel quickly becomes coated in a microscopic film of wet glaze ice and road salt grime. High-voltage distribution electricity effortlessly arcs through wet wood, plastic, and rubber boots, turning a broomstick or shovel into a lethal conductor that stops your heart instantly.

Is it safe to run a portable gasoline generator inside my attached garage if I leave the big garage door wide open?

No, never run a generator inside an attached or detached garage, carport, basement, or porch, even with the garage door wide open. Tests by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and NIST prove that wind currents eddy into an open garage and push concentrated carbon monoxide (CO) exhaust through door seals, drywall seams, and attic vents straight into the house's bedrooms, reaching lethal levels in under 30 minutes; always place portable generators at least 6 meters (20 feet) outdoors in the open air with the exhaust pointing away from all windows and doors.

Why can't an All-Wheel Drive (AWD) or 4-Wheel Drive (4WD) SUV drive safely during freezing rain?

All-Wheel Drive and 4-Wheel Drive only help a vehicle distribute engine power to the wheels when accelerating; they do zero to help a 2,000-kilogram (4,500-pound) vehicle steer around a curve or stop when you press the brakes. Because freezing rain forms wet glaze ice at 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) where a thin film of liquid water sits on top of smooth ice, rubber tires have almost zero friction, and once a vehicle starts sliding down the slight drainage slope (crown) of a highway, all four wheels lock or spin helplessly into the ditch.

Should I go outside during or right after an ice storm to knock the ice off my trees and power lines with a pole?

No. Trying to beat or shake glaze ice off tree branches or overhead wires is both futile and deadly: frozen glaze bonds tightly to bark, and hitting an overloaded branch under extreme tension frequently causes the entire limb above your head to snap and crush you, or causes an iced-over wire to snap and electrocute you. Stay completely out from under ice-coated trees and let the sun and wind melt the ice naturally.

Metswedi e tlhotlhomisitswe

  • Tirelo ya Bosetšhaba ya Maemo a Bosa (NWS / NOAA, United States): Tshupane ya go Bokoanya Aese ya Sperry-Piltz (SPIA), Ditlhokego tsa Tlhagiso ya Setsuatsue sa Aese, le Dikaelo tsa Pabalesego ya Maemo a Bosa a Mariga.
  • Tikologo le Phetogo ya Tlelaemete Canada (ECCC) le Pabalesego ya Setšhaba Canada: Diporothokholo tsa go Ipaakanyetsa Maemo a Bosa a a Maswe a Mariga le Setsuatsue sa Aese (tse di akaretsang dithuto go tswa mo Setsuatsueng sa Aese sa Botlhaba jwa Amerika Bokone sa 1998 le Setsuatsue sa Aese sa Quebec sa 2023).
  • Disenthara tsa Taolo le Thibelo ya Malwetse (CDC, United States) le Khomišene ya Pabalesego ya Dikumo tsa Badirisi (CPSC, United States): Thibelo ya Botlhole jwa Khabonemonokosaete Morago ga Ditsuatsue tsa Mariga le go Kgaoga ga Motlakase (molao wa go baya jenereitara ya dimitara di le 6 / maoto a le 20) le Thibelo ya Hypondothermia I.
  • Mokgatlho wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Pabalesego ya Motlakase (ESFI) le Tsamaiso ya Pabalesego le Boitekanelo mo Tirong (OSHA, United States): Fisika ya Bokgoni jwa Kgato ya Mogala wa Motlakase o o Falotsweng, Ditsamaiso tsa go Tswa ga Koloi, le Dikotsi tsa go Fepa Morago ga Jenereitara e e Tshwarwang.
  • Setheo sa Bosetšhaba sa Taolo ya Maemo a Tshoganyetso (FEMA / Ready.gov, United States) le Sefapaano se Sehibidu sa Amerika: Maemo a go Falola go Kgaoga ga Motlakase wa Mariga le Maemo a go Thibela go Gatsela ga Dipeipi.

Dikaedi tse di tsamaelanang