Go tshwarwa ke logaga, morwalela o o ka fa tlase ga lefatshe, le go sa dire sentle ga lebone la tlhogo¶

Go tsena mo logageng lwa karst lwa kalaka e e tlhaga, mo tšhupu ya seretse se se bogale, kgotsa mo šafoteng e e emeng ya alpine go go baya mo tikologong ya 100% ya lefifi le le feletseng, dithemphoritšhara tse di tsididi tse di sa fetogeng (dikirii tsa Celsius di le 7 go ya go 14 / didikirii tsa Fahrenheit di le 45 go ya go 57 go kgabaganya magaga a mantsi a bothitho jo bo kwa godimo le**% go ya go 09). go itlhaola ka botlalo mo matshwaong a radio ya disele le ya sathalaete. Go farologana le go latlhega mo tseleng e e fa godimo ga lewatle fa go fifala kgotsa lesedi la ngwedi le letlang pono nngwe mme helikopotara e kgona go go bona go tswa kwa godimo, maemo a tshoganyetso a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe, e ka tswa e bakilwe ke go palelwa gotlhelele ga lebone la tlhogo, morwalela o o tshologang o o fetolang tsela e e gagabang go nna" sifone e e nweletseng, go thubega ga letlapa le le tsepameng mo logageng kgotsa go palelwa ke go emisiwa ga thapo, go ka nna ga bolaya ka ntlha ya go nna le mogote o o tsamaisang, go hupelwa ke motho fa o le mo seemong se se rileng, kgotsa go nwela mo diureng di se kae fela. Go falola maemo a tshoganyetso a go tsena mo logageng go tlhoka gore o ikobele ka tlhoafalo diporothokholo tsa Khomišene ya Bosetšhaba ya Phalotso ya Logaga (NCRC) le Lekgotla la Phalotso ya Logaga la Borithane (BCRC): o se ke wa tsamaya le fa e le metara o le mongwe mo lefifing le le feletseng, go tshaba metsi a a tlhatlogang ka tsepamo go tsena mo dikgopong tse di thubegileng tsa maemo a a kwa godimo go na le go taboga ka morwalela go ya kwa tlase, asphyxia, le go aga tante ya mogote ya batho ba le bantsi ya hypothermia fa ba ntse ba emetse ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa phalotso tse di kafa tlase ga lefatshe.

Dira se jaanong¶

1. FA MASEDI OTLHE A PALELA: Emisa go tsamaya ka bonako mme o nne fa fatshe fa o leng teng. O se ka wa leka go "utlwa tsela ya gago ya go tswa" mo logageng mo lefifing le le feletseng. Mo lefifing la 100% kwantle ga ditshupiso tsa lefaufau la pono, thulaganyo ya gago ya tekatekano ya tsebe ya ka fa gare ya vestibular e latlhegelwa ke go tlhomama mo teng ga dikgato; batho ba ba gagabang kgotsa ba ba tsamayang mo lefifing ka metlha ba tswa mo dikhuting tse di emeng tse di sa bonweng tsa dimitara di le 20 (maoto a le 65), ba thula ditlhogo tsa bone mo disiling tse di kwa tlase tsa kalaka, kgotsa ba gagabela mo diphatlhaneng tse di sa busegeng tse di foufetseng tse di mo matlhakoreng koo baphalotsi ba ka se kgoneng go di bona gone.
2. FA MAEMO A METSI A SIMOLOLA GO TLHOTLHELEGA KGOTSA GO RORA: Tlhatlogela kwa godimo mo tseleng e e kwa godimo, dome e e thubegileng, kgotsa ledge e e kwa godimo ka bonako. O SE KE wa leka go feta morwalela o o tshosang kwa tlase ka tsela e telele, e e kwa tlase ya molatswana, mme le ka motlha o se ke wa thuma mo tseleng e e tletseng morwalela go nna pidipidi-ka fa tlase ga 1-meter. Melatswana ya logaga lwa Karst e tlhatloga ka disentimetara go ya go dimitara ka metsotso; tlhatlogela kwa godimo ga bodilo jwa molatswana ka fa go ka kgonegang ka teng mo ditlhomesong tse di omileng kgotsa mo dithotong tsa go thubega ga matlapa mme o itlhome gore metsi a se ka a go gogola.
3. FA LEGOGA LE TLHOTLHELETSWE MO GO TLHOTLHELENG (GO TLHOTLHELELA): Ritibatsa go hema ga bone ka bonako go emisa go tlhotlhorega ga go atologa ga sehuba. Go tshoga go baka go hema thata le go atologa ga dikgopo, mo go tsenyang sehuba thata mo lefikeng ka go hema nako le nako mme go felele ka gore ba nne le kgatelelo e e bolayang. Dira gore legaga le heme ka iketlo le ka botlalo, le tshepe kgotsa le epe letlapa le le sa gagamalang/seretse ka fa tlase ga dinoka kgotsa dikgopo tsa lone, le tlosa dithapo tse dikgolo tsa dikere kgotsa ditlhako tsa diaparo tse di tshwarang mo ditlhagelelong tsa matlapa, mme le goge fela mo tseleng e e boelang morago ya go tsena (o seka wa goga ka maatla mo dikhuting kgotsa mo ditlhakong).
4. FA LEGOGA LE LEPELELA LE SA ITSE KGOTSA LE LAPILE MO HARNESS E E TSEMENG: Folosa kgobalo ya go emisiwa mo metsotsong e le 10 go ya go e le 15. Go lepelela o sa tshikhinyega mo thapong ya go nna go letla madi go kgobokana mo maotong le go ema ga koloi ka go tshoga ga go ema sentleme) Metsotso e le 10 go ya go e le 30. Fa e le gore o itharabologetswe, dira gore mogogi a kgoromeletse dinao tsa gagwe mo footloop ya gagwe e e tlhatlogang (croll/panting loop) ka go tswelela go pompa mesifa ya maoto; fa a idibetse, dira phalotso ya go tsaya thapo e le nngwe ka bonako mme o boloke motswasetlhabelo a le mo seemong sa go nna/a khubame (kgotsa a le sephaphathi ka taolo e e kelotlhoko ya tsela ya mowa go ya ka dikaelo tsa segompieno tsa ARC/WMS) fa a setse a le mo lejeng.
5. Romela barongwa ba babedi ba ba nang le maitemogelo kwa godimo ga metsi go leletsa 911 / 112 / 999 FELA fa setlhopha sa gago se na le dipone tse di dirang tse di sa tlhokegeng mme se itse tsela e e tlhomameng ya go tswa. Fa mongwe a gobetse, a tshwaregile, kgotsa a tshwaregile go kgabaganya sump e e tletseng metsi mme o na le mabone a a dirang a le mannye, boloka molwetse o o oketsegileng dijo, le tante ya mogote wa setofo/kerese) fa batho ba babedi ba ba nnang mo logageng ba tsamaya go ya kwa godimo go bitsa batho ba lefelo leo . dinomoro tsa tshoganyetso (911 kwa United States le Canada, 112 go ralala Kopano ya Yuropa, 999 kwa United Kingdom, 000 kwa Australia) mme ba kopa ka tlhamalalo "Pholoso ya Logaga / NCRC / BCRC ya go kokoanya."
6. Aga "Palmer Furnace" kgotsa lefelo la tshireletso la setlhopha la hypothermia go tswa mo bodilong jo bo tsididi jwa letlapa ka bonako. Leje la kalaka le le metsi le tsamaisa mogote wa mmele kgakala ka bonako jo bo makgetlo a le 25 go feta mowa o o omileng. Dula mo godimo ga dikhoele tsa thapo ya naelone, diphuthelwana, dihelemete, kgotsa diphete tsa foam tsa disele tse di tswetsweng, le ka motlha o se ke wa tlhamalala ka tlhamalalo mo lefikeng le le metsi kgotsa mo seretseng, mme o apere kgetsi ya tshoganyetso ya Mylar kgotsa kgetsana e e bokete ya go falola ya polyurethane ("kgetsana ya bivvy") mo godimo ga go nna ga gago ka kerese e nnye go ya go kgetsi ya mafura a a tiileng mowa.

flowchart TD
    A["Logaga lo lo ka fa tlase ga lefatshe / Maemo a Tshoganyetso a go Thunya"] --> B{"Bothata jo bogolo ke bofe?"}
    B -->|"Go Palelwa ga Lesedi gotlhelele (Dipone tsotlhe tsa tlhogo di sule)"| C["EMISA KA BONAKO; O SE KE wa tsamaya kgotsa wa gagaba mo lefifing le le feletseng; nna mo diphuthelwaneng/thapo go tswa mo lefikeng le le tsididi; dibeteri tse di bothitho tsa lithiamo/alkaline mo teng ga letlhakore; emela phalotso ya Nako ya Pitso ya Boalogodimo"]
    B -->|"Metsi a a Tlhatlogang / Morwalela o o Tlhatlogang"| D["Sekaseka jometeri ya phaseje: O SE KE wa taboga morwalela go ya kwa tlase ka di-gagab tse ditelele tse di kwa tlase; tlhatlogela kwa ditlhomesong tse di kwa godimo tsa canyon, ditsela tse di kwa godimo tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng, kgotsa dikhubu tse ditelele tse di thubegileng"]
    B -->|"Logaga lo lo Tsenngwang mo Lefikeng le le Pitlaganeng (Squeeze)"| E{"A boemo jwa logaga bo rapaletse, bo tlhomile tlhogo kwa godimo kgotsa bo tlhomile kwa tlase?"}
    B -->|"Mowa o o sa siamang (CO2 e e kwa godimo / O2 e e kwa tlase) kgotsa Kgobalo / Go wa"| F["Go Mowa o o Maswe: Tswa kwa godimo ka bonako kwantle ga go dira ka natla; Go Kgobalo: Tlhomamisa lerapo la mokwatla, thibela mogote wa letlapa le le tsamaisang, romela barongwa ba le 2 go leletsa 911/999 Cave Rescue"]
    E -->|"Tlhogo-Fatshe e Wedged mo Slot se se Fokotsegang (BOTLHOKWA)"| G["Matshosetsi a Botshelo a ka Bofefo (Asphyxia ya Boemo & Go Pitlagana ga Boboko): Sireletsa thapo go dikologa dikhutshwane/letheka JAANONG go emisa go relela kwa teng; epa fa fatshe/diaparo le go gogela kwa morago"]
    E -->|"Go Gatelela ka go Rapama kgotsa ka Tlhogo"| H["Mokatisi go hema ka bonya ka botlalo; epa seretse/letlapa la fa fatshe ka fa tlase ga sehuba/dinoka; relela sephaphathi webbing tlas'a torso ho aba hula; ntsha go tsamaelana le mola wa tsenyo o o boelang kwa morago"]

Kgato 1: Go falola go palelwa ga lesedi gotlhelele ka fa tlase ga lefatshe¶

Mokgatlho mongwe le mongwe o o kafa molaong wa go epa mo legageng mo Lefatsheng (Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Dikgaga (NSS) kwa United States, Mokgatlho wa Dikgaga wa Borithane (BCA), le Mokgatlho wa Dikgaga wa Australia (ASF)) o laela gore Molao wa Dikgapetla tse Mararo o tshwanetse go rwala metsi a mararo a a ikemetseng ka nosi. metswedi ya lesedi** e e tsamaisiwang ke dibeteri tse disha, nngwe le nngwe ya tsone e kgona go nna nako yotlhe e e rulagantsweng ya loeto.

Le fa go ntse jalo "batho ba ba sa ntseng ba simolola go dirisa lebone" ba tsena mo magageng ka metlha ba tshotse fela lebone la smartphone kgotsa lebone le le lengwe la lebenkele la didirisiwa tsa khomphiutha. Fa beteri eo ya founo e swa mo serameng sa didikirii tsa Celsius di le 50 kgotsa e wela mo mogobeng wa seretse, ba lebana le lefela le le feletseng la photonic.

Goreng o sa kgone go "tlwaetsa matlho a gago" kgotsa go utlwa tsela ya gago ya go tswa mo logageng¶

• Matlho a gago ga a kitla a tsamaya a tlwaela: Mo godimo ga lefatshe bosigo, tota le ka fa tlase ga maru a makima a sekgwa, lesedi la dinaledi le phatsimo ya mowa di naya dimilionemilione tsa difothone tse di letlang disele tsa rod mo retina ya gago go tlwaela metsotso e e fetang 20. Kwa teng mo teng ga logaga lo lo ka kwa ga kgaolo ya phirimane, go na le difothone tsa lefela tsa lesedi le le bonalang. Le fa o ka leta metsotso e le 10 kgotsa malatsi a le 10, pono ya gago e nna e le ntsho 100%. Dithetso tsa kutlo le tsa go ama (le "dipono tsa logaga" tsa pono / diphosphene tse di tlhagisiwang ke legogo la gago la pono le le bolailweng ke tlala ya tshedimosetso) di simolola mo metsotsong e le 30 go ya go e le 60.
• Ke ka ntlha yang fa go gagaba ka go kgoma go palelwa: Dikgaga ke di-maze tsa tlhakoretharo tsa ditšhupu tse di anastomosing, bodilo jwa maaka, ditlhomeso tsa seretse tse di bapileng le dišafote tse di tseneletseng tse di emeng, le ditsela tsa go gagaba tse di nang le diforoko. Legaga le le gagabang ka diatla mo lefifing ga le kgone go bona dikotsi tsa siling, ga le kgone go farologanya tsela e kgolo ya kutu le tšhupu e e sa feleng ya letlhakore, e bile ga le kgone go bona go fologa ga dimitara di le 15 (maoto a le 50) go fitlha bogare jwa kgogedi ya tsone bo feta molomo.

Porothokholo ya kgato ka kgato fa lesedi la gago la bofelo le swa¶

1. Gatsela mo lefelong mme o nne fa fatshe ka bonako: Bitsa setlhopha sa gago gore mongwe le mongwe a nne a amana ka mmele kgotsa a golagane mo lefelong le le ka fitlhelelwang ke letsogo. Dula fa fatshe kgakala le kanale epe e e itsiweng ya go fologa kgotsa ya molapo.
2. Leka Tsoso ya Beteri ya Tshoganyetso (Tsoso ya Mogote):
3. Dibeteri tsa alkaline le tsa lithium-ion ka bobedi di nna le go fokotsega ga motlakase fa di tsidifadiwa go fitlha go didikirii tsa Celsius di le 8 (didikirii tsa Fahrenheit di le 46), mme seno se dira gore sekete sa go kgaola motlakase o o kwa tlase sa lebone la LED se time lesedi le fa go sa ntse go na le 10% go ya go 20% ya bokgoni jwa khemikhale.
4. Tlosa dibeteri tse di "swetseng" (kgotsa smartphone yotlhe e e suleng / lebone la tlhogo le le tšhajiwang) mme o di beye ka tlhamalalo kgatlhanong le letlalo la gago le le sa aparang sepe mo teng ga tlhogo ya gago kgotsa mo tlhogong ya gago ka metsotso e le 20 go ya go e le 30 go di thuthafatsa go fitlha go didikirii tsa Celsius di le 37 (didikirii tsa Fahrenheit di le 98.6).
5. Fa o na le mabone a mabedi a a tshwanang a dibeteri tsa one tsa alkaline tsa AA/AAA nngwe le nngwe ya tsone e tlhotlhoregileng kwa tlase thata go ka tsamaisa LED e e gogang thata, fetola disele tse di nonofileng go gaisa go tswa mo diponeng tse tharo tse di farologaneng go nna lebone le le lengwe la tlhogo mme o le bule ka thata mo mokgweng wa lone o o kwa tlase thata wa "Moonlight / Eco" (1 go ya go 5 lumen**). Le eleng lesedi le le 2 lumens mo logageng lo lo ntsho thata le lekane go bala mabota a tsela le go tsamaya ka pabalesego.
6. O se ka wa fisa matlakala a polasetiki, diaparo, kgotsa webbing ya maitirelo go bona lesedi: Go fisa mabotlolo a polasetiki, diphuthelwana tsa nylon, kgotsa ditlhako tsa ditlhako tsa rabara mo teng ga tsela e e tswalegileng ya logaga go tlatsa lefelo la mowa ka khabonemonokosaete (CO) e e bolayang, haeterojene cyanide (HCN), le gase ya phosxical chephy as minutes, go bolaya mongwe le mongwe mo tseleng.
7. Huddle mmogo mme o lete "Nako ya gago ya go Bitsa mo Boalogodimong" go tlhotlheletsa Cave Rescue: Fa o sa kgone go tsosolosa motswedi wa lesedi o o tswelelang, nna sentle fa o leng teng mo tseleng e kgolo, aga setlhopha sa hypothermia huddle go tswa mo bodilong jwa letlapa le le tsididi, metsi a selegae le dijo, mme o letele Re**cu ya selegae (NCRCe Commission) setlhopha sa phalotso sa logaga go tsena le go go bona fa nako ya gago ya go tsena e e fetileng nako e sena go feta.

Kgato 2: Go falola morwalela wa ka fa tlase ga lefatshe le go tlhatloga ga metsi a karst¶

Metsi ke motaki wa logaga longwe le longwe lwa karst lwa kalaka, mme morwalela ke selo sa ntlha se se bakang masetlapelo a logaga a a bolayang batho ba le bantsi lefatshe ka bophara (jaaka masetlapelo a Mossdale Caverns kwa UK kgotsa go tshwarwa ke logaga lwa Tham Luang kwa Thailand). Ka gonne kgaolo ya metsi ya karst e dira jaaka fanele e kgolo e e kokoanyang metsi a pula go tswa mo disekwerekilometareng di le masomesome tsa dikhuti le mekgatšha e e mo godimo ga lefatshe mme e a fetisetsa mo moseleng o le mongwe wa matlapa a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe a a bophara jwa dimitara di le 2, setsuatsue se sekhutshwane sa metsotso e le 20 le se se tsamayang dikilometara di le 10 go tswa mo godimo ga lefatshe. (10-foot) lebota la metsi a morwalela a a borokwa a a tlhatlogang mo tseleng ya logaga kwa o sa kang wa utlwa lerothodi le le lengwe la pula.

Go lemoga matshwao a le 4 a tlhagiso ya go itaya ga pelo ya morwalela mo logageng¶

Fa o le ka fa tlase ga lefatshe mo logageng lwa molatswana o o dirang, ela tlhoko ditlhaloganyo tsa gago ka metlha go bona dilo tseno tse nnè tse di tlang pele:

1. Acoustic Shift (The Roar or Hum): Go duma go go kgakala, ga makhubu a a kwa tlase, go roroma go go thunyang mo bodilong jwa letlapa, kgotsa phetogo ya tshoganyetso ya segalo sa phororo kgotsa riffle go supa go oketsega ga bolumu ya metsi kwa godimo ga noka.
2. Motsamao wa Mowa le Phetogo ya Kgatelelo ya Barometric ("Phelelo ya Piston"): Jaaka fa lebota la metsi a morwalela a a tlhatlogang le tlatsa ditsela tse di kwa godimo ga noka le go tswala dipidipidi tse di kwa tlase tsa siling, le kgoromeletsa kholomo ya mowa wa logaga o o fudusitsweng kwa pele ga lone jaaka piston mo sering. Go utlwa phefo e e fokang ka tshoganyetso, e e maatla, e e sa tshwanelang e e fokang mo tseleng (kgotsa go nkga matlhare a a foreshe a boalogodimo, seretse, kgotsa dinalete tsa phaene tse di rwalwang ke metsi/mowa) go raya gore go itaya ga morwalela go metsotso morago ga phefo.
3. Go Tlhatswa ga Metsi le Foam ("Turbidity Shift"): Metsi a logaga a baseflow a a phepa, a a botala jwa loapi a fetoga ka tshoganyetso go nna bosetlha jo bo tshwanang le mashi, serolwana, kgotsa borokwa jwa tšhokolete, mme mela ya foam e tshweu ya ditshedi, dikala, kgotsa matlhare a a kwa godimo a simolola go kokobala go feta dibutse tsa gago.
4. Matshwao a Metsi a a Tlhatlogang mo Dibankeng tsa Seretse se se Omileng: Nako le nako fa o ema mo tseleng ya molatswana, ngapa letshwao mo lebankeng la seretse disentimetara di le 2 (0.8 inches) kwa godimo ga mola wa metsi kgotsa o beye letlapa le le sephaphathi mo ntlheng ya metsi go bona ka bonako fa selekanyo se gagabela kwa godimo.

Thulaganyo ya ditshwetso tsa maano fa metsi a logaga a simolola go tlhatloga¶

Kgato 3: Go golola logaga lo lo tsenngwang mo pitlaganong (go tshwarwa ke "Go pitlaganya")¶

Ditselana tsa logaga gangwe le gape di tshwaragana go ya kwa tlase go nna diphatlha tse di tshesane tse di rapaletseng (difofane tsa malao, tse di lekanngwang ka disentimetara tsa bogodimo, fa disentimetara di le 25 / disentimetara di le 10 e leng go pitlagana ga sehuba go go gagametseng) kgotsa diphatlha tse di emeng (diphatlha tsa manonyeletso kgotsa dikhuti tsa selotlolo). Fa caver e kgoromeletsa mo constriction e e tshesane go sekae go feta sehuba kgotsa pelvis ya tsone, kgotsa e relela go ya kwa tlase mo lesobeng le le tshesane le le kwa tlase la leroba la selotlolo le le bopegileng jaaka V, di nna di wedged ka motšhini.

Go tlhaloganya tshupanako ya kalafi: Bolwetse jwa go Hupelwa ke Dithibelo le Bolwetse jwa go Thubega¶

1. Position / Restriction Asphyxia (Metsotso go ya go Diura): Go hema, motho o tshwanetse go atolosa kgopo ya gagwe kwa ntle (go hema mo gare ga dikgopo) kgotsa go kgoromeletsa diaphragm ya gagwe kwa tlase (e e kgoromeletsang mpa kwa ntle). Fa legaga le tshwaragane thata ka sehuba le mpa fa gare ga mabota a mabedi a a sa ineeleng a kalaka, nako le nako fa le hema ka letshogo mme le relela dimilimitara di le 5 go ya kwa pele, kgopo ya lone ga le tlhole le kgona go atologa go tsenya mowa o o latelang. Poifo e tsosa go hema thata le adrenaline, go oketsa tlhokego ya okosejene ka 300% fa mothamo wa makhubu a lewatle o wela tlase go ya kwa lefelong.
2. Bolwetse jwa Lephata le Botlhole jwa go Thubaganya / go Emisiwa (Diura di le 4 go ya go di le 12+): Go gatelela dirope, letheka, kgotsa mmele ka tsela e e setlhogo ka nako e telele kgatlhanong le letlapa le le bogale go kgaola go boela ga ditshika mme go thubaganya ditlhale tsa mesifa ya marapo (rhabdomyolysis), go golola mygloboin le potassium, myglobotic. Fa mogaga yo o ntseng a gagametse diura di le 6+ a gogwa ka tshoganyetso, potasiamo le esiti eo e e kopantsweng e itlhaganelela kwa pelong ("Loso lwa Phalotso" go tswa mo go emeng ga pelo ga hyperkalemic) ntle le fa e laolwa ka kelotlhoko.

Go ntsha ka metšhini kgato ka kgato¶

========================================================================
6-STEP PROTOCOL TO FREE A CAVER WEDGED IN A ROCK CONSTRICTION
========================================================================
1. STOP FORWARD MOTION & CONTROL BREATHING:
   Command the caver: "Stop pushing forward. Close your eyes, breathe
   slowly through your nose, and do NOT tense your muscles." If they are
   in a downward-sloping slot, immediately pass a webbing loop around
   their ankles or waist and anchor it so they cannot slide 1 cm deeper.

2. IDENTIFY THE EXACT CATCH POINT (RIBCAGE, PELVIS, OR GEAR):
   Often it is NOT the caver's bones that are stuck, but a rolled-up
   caving suit seam, a belt buckle, a knee pad, a helmet rim, or a small
   pack loop bunched up like a wedge against a rock tooth. Use a knife
   (sheathed safely between cuts) or trauma shears to cut away bunched
   clothing, belts, or harness straps.

3. EXCAVATE THE FLOOR OR CLEAR OBSTRUCTIONS:
   Inspect the floor beneath the caver's chest, hips, and knees. Even in
   solid limestone caves, the floor of a crawlway is often packed with
   5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) of mud, sand, or cobbles. Scraping out just
   3 centimeters (1.2 inches) of mud and gravel beneath their sternum
   or pelvis immediately drops their body into a wider plane of the rock.

4. REPOSITION ARMS AND HEAD:
   A human's shoulder width drops by 8 to 12 cm (3 to 5 in) when one arm
   is extended straight ahead (like Superman) and the other arm is tucked
   flat down along the thigh ("One Arm Forward, One Arm Back"), and chest
   thickness is smallest when the head is turned sideways with one cheek
   flat against the rock (never chin-to-chest).

5. CREATE A WEBBING "CORSET / SLIDE" (DO NOT YANK BARE ANKLES):
   Pulling violently on a trapped caver's boots or ankles only stretches
   their knee and hip joints and bunches their clothing tighter against
   the rock. Instead, thread a flat piece of 2.5 cm (1 in) tubular nylon
   webbing (or slide a slick piece of heavy PVC pack tarp) underneath
   their hips/torso to reduce rock friction and apply steady, gentle
   traction directly to their core/pelvis in the EXACT reverse path they
   entered.

6. COORDINATE TRACTION WITH FULL EXHALATION:
   Have the caver inhale a moderate breath, then slowly blow 100% of the
   air out of their lungs while going completely limp ("Ragdoll"). Only
   apply smooth, steady backward traction during the final 3 seconds of
   full exhalation when ribcage diameter is at its absolute minimum.
========================================================================

Kgato 4: Maemo a tshoganyetso a boleng jwa mowa o o ka fa tlase ga lefatshe ("Mowa o o Maswe" / Mowa o o Leswe)¶

Le fa dikgaga tse dintsi di le matlhagatlhaga, tse di nang le phefo di na le okosejene e e tlwaelegileng ya boalogodimo (20.9% O2) le khabonetaeokosaete e nnye (0.04% go ya go 0.1% CO2), ditsela tse di kwa tlase tse di sa tseneng mowa sentle, dikhuti tse di tletseng matlakala a morwalela a a bolang (dikgong, matlhare, bat le lekgwamolelo la seretse se se bogale), lekgwamolelo la lekgwamolelo ya "Mowa o o Maswe" (Mowa o o Leswe), bogolosegolo Hypercapnia (Khabonetaeokosaete e e kwa godimo, CO2) e e kopantsweng le Hypoxia (Okosejene e e kwa tlase, O2), kgotsa Haeterojene Sulfade (H2S) / Khabonemonokosaete (CO).

Ka gonne khabonetaeokosaete (bokete jwa molekhule jwa 44 g/mol) e bokete makgetlo a le 1,5 go feta mowa o o tlwaelegileng (29 g/mol), CO2 e a nwela le go kokoana jaaka letsha le le sa bonaleng mo dikhuting tse di kwa tlase thata, mo dikhuting tse di gagabang tsa mpa, le mo dikhuting tse di kwa tlase tsa logaga.

Matshwao a fisioloji a go tsenwa ke botlhole jwa Khabonetaeokosaete ya Logaga (CO2) ka ntlha ya go nna teng¶

Kgato 5: Go thibela mogote o o tsamaisang mo logageng ("Otofo ya Palmer")¶

Mo e ka nnang mo phalotsong nngwe le nngwe ya logaga go ralala Amerika Bokone, United Kingdom, le Yuropa, go fokotsega ga mogote ke mmolai wa bofelo wa batho ba ba gobetseng kgotsa ba ba latlhegileng mo logageng. Logaga lo lo mo didikiriing tsa Celsius di le 10 (didikirii tsa Fahrenheit di le 50) lo lo nang le bongola jwa 100%, metsi a a rothang, le mabota a kalaka a a tsamaisang motlakase le ntsha themperetšha ya mmele ka bonako thata go feta letsatsi le le omileng la mariga le le nang le bongola jo bo kwa godimo jwa -5 degrees (didikirii tsa Fahrenheit di le 23) mo godimo ga lefatshe, ka gonne re ka se nne le bongola jo bo rileng mo godimo ga lefatshe. mme letlapa le le tiileng le dira jaaka sinki ya mogote e e sa feleng.

Tsela ya go aga tante ya mogote ya "Palmer Furnace" e e bolokang botshelo mo metsotsong e le 3¶

Pakete e nnye ya logaga ya logaga mongwe le mongwe e tshwanetse go rwala dilwana di le tharo tse di botlhofo tse di bokete jo bo kwa tlase ga digerama di le 250 (di-ounces di le 9) ka kakaretso: **kobo e le nngwe ya go falola ya Mylar e e bokete (kgotsa kgetsi ya bivvy ya go falola ya polyethylene), kerese e le nngwe e nnye ya teye-botlhofo kgotsa thebo ya mafura a a tiileng/setofo sa butane, le **setofo sa butane.

1. Insulate marago le maoto a gago mo bodilong jwa letlapa: O se ka wa nna mo godimo ga kalaka e e senang sepe kgotsa seretse. Kgobokanya sephuthelwana sa gago sa logaga, thapo e e kgomareditsweng ya go palama, dithibelo tsa mangole, le helemete (o ka nna ka tlhamalalo mo domeng ya helemete e e thata ya go palama) kgatlhanong le lebota le le omileng go tswa mo phefong.
2. Nna o gogetse mangole go ya kwa sehubeng sa gago: Tsenya matsogo a gago mo teng ga sutu ya gago ya caving kgotsa baki mme o goge mangole a gago go ya kwa sehubeng sa gago, o tlogele sebaka se sennye sa tante sa khutlotharo fa gare ga ditlhaa tsa gago, dirope, le tlhogo.
3. Apara kobo ya Mylar kgotsa kgetsi ya go falola ya polyethylene gotlhelele mo magetleng a gago le mmele jaaka teepee: Tsenya dintlha tse di kwa tlase tsa kobo ya Mylar ka fa tlase ga dibutse tsa gago le dinoka gore e bope tshipi e e tswalegileng go dikologa molala wa gago le mmele wa gago, o tlogele **tlhogo ya gago fela e e tlhomilweng kwa ntle ga molala wa gago mosi).
4. Bonesetsa kerese e le nngwe ya lesedi la tee mo lefikeng le le sephaphathi fa gare ga dibutse tsa gago mo teng ga tante: Kerese e le nngwe e nnye ya lesedi la tee e ntsha mo e ka nnang 30 go ya go 40 watts ya mogote o o tswelelang wa mogote. E tshwaregile mo teng ga teepee ya Mylar e e bonaletsang go dikologa maoto le mmele wa gago, kerese e le nngwe eo e tlhatlosa themperetšha ya mowa mo teng ga kgetsana go tswa go didikirii tsa Celsius di le 8 (didikirii tsa Fahrenheit di le 46) go ya kwa didikiriing tsa Celsius di le 80 go ya go di le 32 (didikirii tsa Celsius di le 80 go ya go di le 90) mo metsotsong e e bothitho. mo diropeng tsa gago le go boloka logaga lo lo metsi, lo lo gobetseng lo tshela diura di le 12+. Bona Go fokotsega ga mogote le serame bakeng sa sethaleng se feletseng sa hypothermia.

Dipotso tse di bodiwang kgapetsakgapetsa¶

Metswedi e tlhotlhomisitswe¶

• Khomišene ya Bosetšhaba ya Phalotso ya Logaga (NCRC) & Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Dikgapetla (NSS) (United States): Buka ya Dithekeniki tsa Phalotso ya Logaga la U.S. le Kaedi ya go Phalotsa Logaga ka Maikarabelo (Molao wa lesedi le le mararo, diporothokholo tsa Surface Karvior Callout, kago ya Palmer Furnace, kago ya Palmer Furnace).
• Lekgotla la Phalotso ya Dikgaga la Borithane (BCRC) & Mokgatlho wa Dikgaga wa Borithane (BCA) (United Kingdom): Maemo a Tshoganyetso a a ka fa Tlase ga Lefatshe, Go Tshwarwa ke Morwalela, Dikgato tsa Mowa o o Leswe (CO2 / O2), le Bolwetse jwa go Lepelela ga Harness / Taolo ya Kgobalo ya go Emisiwa.
• Mokgatlho wa Kalafi wa Sekaka (WMS) (United States / Boditšhabatšhaba): Dikaelo tsa Tiriso ya Kalafi tsa Tshekatsheko le Kalafi ya Kwa Ntle ya Bookelo ya Hypothermia ka Phoso le Dikaelo tsa go Se Itshokele Kgobalo ya go Emisiwa / Go sa Itshokele Dithoto.
• Mokgatlho wa Ditlhapi wa Australia (ASF) (Australia): Molao wa Pabalesego ya Logaga le Molao wa Logaga o o nang le Khuetso e e Bonnye (teko ya go fokotsa mowa o o leswe wa butane le taolo ya dikotsi tsa morwalela).
• Disenthara tsa Taolo le Thibelo ya Malwetse (CDC) / Setheo sa Bosetšhaba sa Pabalesego le Boitekanelo mo Tirong (NIOSH) (United States): Kaedi ya Kgetsana ya Dikotsi tsa Dikhemikhale: Dikgato tsa IDLH tsa Khabonetaeokosaete (CO2) (40,000 ppm / 4.0% ya Botlhokwa jwa Ox Diphatlha.
• Bolwetse jwa go Thubega le go Hupelwa ke Boemo Dikwalo tsa Kalafi (United States / UK): Taolo ya Pele ga Bookelo ya go Tshwarwa ka Nako e Telele, Bolwetse jwa Phaposi, le Hyperkalemia ya go Tshelwa Madi Gape ("Loso lwa Phalotso").

Dikaedi tse di tsamaelanang¶

• Go fokotsega ga mogote le serame
• Kgobalo ya go thubaganngwa le bolwetse jwa phaposi
• Morwalela wa tshoganyetso wa go kampa le go falola mo kgogometsong
• Dikotsi tsa go palama matlapa le go thula matlapa
• O latlhegile fa o tsamaya mo dithabeng kgotsa o kampa
• Dikgobalo tsa lerapo la mokwatla
• Dinomoro tsa tshoganyetso go ya ka dinaga