Idaamu iho apata, iṣan omi ipamo, ati ikuna atupa¶

Titẹ sinu iho apata kast okuta egan, tube lava, tabi ọpa alpine inaro gbe ọ ni agbegbe ti **100% okunkun pipe ***, awọn iwọn otutu otutu igbagbogbo (7 si 14 iwọn Celsius / 45 si 57 iwọn Fahrenheit kọja ọpọlọpọ awọn iho otutu), ọriniinitutu ojulumo giga (**95% si 100%) lati ifihan redio cellular). Ko dabi sisọnu lori itọpa oju-ọna nibiti irọlẹ tabi oṣupa ngbanilaaye diẹ ninu iran ati ọkọ ofurufu le rii ọ lati oke, pajawiri ipamo kan, boya o ṣẹlẹ nipasẹ ikuna atupa lapapọ, iṣan omi filasi titan ọna jijo sinu siphon ti o wa ni inu omi, iho apata kan ti o ni àyà-ju sinu ihamọ apata kan (“fun pọ”), tabi ipo inaro, ikuna apaniyan le di ipanilara ti o lagbara. asphyxia, tabi rì laarin awọn wakati. Iwalaaye pajawiri caving nilo ifaramọ ti o muna pẹlu National Cave Rescue Commission (NCRC) ati awọn ilana Igbimọ Igbala Ilu Gẹẹsi (BCRC): ** maṣe gbe mita kan ni okunkun lapapọ ***, yọkuro omi ti o ga ni inaro sinu awọn ile didenukole ipele oke ju ki o lọ si isalẹ iṣan omi, didasilẹ iho apata ti o ti gbe ṣaaju ki o to fa ifunmọ àyà ati ifasilẹ àyà kan agọ nigba ti nduro fun specialized ipamo giga egbe.

Ṣe eyi ni bayi¶

1. ** TI GBOGBO Imọlẹ ba kuna: Duro gbigbe lẹsẹkẹsẹ ki o joko si ibi ti o wa. ** Ma ṣe gbiyanju lati "ro ọna rẹ jade" ti iho apata ni gbogbo okunkun. Ni 100% òkunkun laisi awọn itọkasi iwoye wiwo, eto iwọntunwọnsi inu-eti vestibular rẹ padanu iṣalaye laarin awọn igbesẹ; Àwọn ihò àpáta tí wọ́n ń rìn tàbí tí wọ́n ń rìn nínú òkùnkùn máa ń gbéra kúrò ní àwọn kòtò 20-mita (ẹsẹ̀ 65) tí a kò lè rí, tí wọ́n ń fọ́ agbárí wọn lórí àwọn òrùlé olókùúta kékeré, tàbí tí wọ́n ń rákò lulẹ̀ àwọn ìfọ́jú afọ́jú tí kò lè yí padà níbi tí àwọn olùdáǹdè kò ti lè rí wọn.
2. **Ti awọn ipele omi ba bẹrẹ si dide tabi kigbe: Gigun soke si ọna ipele ti oke, fifọ dome, tabi aaye giga lẹsẹkẹsẹ. Awọn ṣiṣan iho apata Karst dide inches si awọn mita ni iṣẹju; ngun bi giga loke ilẹ ṣiṣan bi o ti ṣee ṣe lori awọn apa gbigbẹ tabi awọn pilẹ didenukole apata ki o daabobo ararẹ nitori omi ko le gba ọ kuro.
3. ** TI A BA DE CAVER NINU SQUEEZE (IKỌRỌ): Tunu mimi wọn lẹsẹkẹsẹ lati dẹkun ifunkun àyà-imugboroosi. Jẹ ki iho apata naa yọ laiyara ati patapata, ge tabi gbẹ kuro ni okuta wẹwẹ / ẹrẹ nisalẹ ibadi wọn tabi awọn iha, yọ awọn losiwajulosehin jia tabi awọn aṣọ wiwọ ti o mu lori awọn ipalọlọ apata, ki o fa nikan ni iyipada iyipada gangan ti titẹsi (maṣe yak ni agbara lori awọn kokosẹ tabi awọn ọrun-ọwọ laisi ominira ribcage / pelvis mu aaye).
4. **Ti CAVER kan ba sorọ ni aimọkan tabi ti o rẹwẹsi NINU IKỌRỌ IPINLE: Yọọ ibalokanjẹ idadoro laarin iṣẹju mẹwa 10 si 15. Ti o ba mọ, jẹ ki iho naa Titari ẹsẹ wọn sinu isọpa ti o gun (yiyi / panting loop) nigbagbogbo lati fa awọn iṣan ẹsẹ soke; ti o ba jẹ aimọ, ṣe igbasilẹ igbasilẹ kan-okun kan lẹsẹkẹsẹ ki o jẹ ki olufaragba naa wa ni ijoko ologbele/iduro (tabi alapin pẹlu iṣọra iṣakoso oju-ofurufu fun awọn itọnisọna ARC/WMS ode oni) ni ẹẹkan lori aaye.
5. ** Fi awọn ojiṣẹ ti o ni iriri meji ranṣẹ si dada lati pe 911 / 112 / 999 NIKAN ti ẹgbẹ rẹ ba ti ṣiṣẹ awọn ina laiṣe ati pe o mọ ipa ọna gangan. pajawiri awọn nọmba (911 ni Orilẹ Amẹrika ati Kanada, 112 kọja European Union, 999 ni United Kingdom, 000 ni Australia) ati beere ni pataki ** “Cave Rescue / NCRC / BCRC koriya.”**
6. ** Kọ “Palmer Furnace” tabi ibi aabo ẹgbẹ hypothermia kuro ni ilẹ apata tutu lẹsẹkẹsẹ. *** okuta elegede tutu ṣe itọju ooru ara kuro ** awọn akoko 25 yiyara ** ju afẹfẹ gbigbẹ lọ. Joko lori awọn coils ti okun ọra, awọn akopọ, awọn ibori, tabi awọn paadi foomu sẹẹli, rara taara lori apata tutu tabi pẹtẹpẹtẹ, ki o si fa apamọ bivouac pajawiri Mylar tabi apo iwalaaye polyurethane ti o wuwo (“apo bivvy”) lori iduro rẹ ti o joko pẹlu abẹla kekere kan tabi taabu epo to lagbara) gbona lati awọn ẹsẹ ti afẹfẹ buburu (ti o ba jẹ ailewu si afẹfẹ afẹfẹ).

flowchart TD
    A["Underground Cave / Spelunking pajawiri"] --> B{"Kini idaamu akọkọ?"}
    B -->|"Ikuna Ina Lapapọ (Gbogbo awọn atupa ori ti ku)"| C["Duro Lẹsẹkẹsẹ; MAA ṢE rìn tabi ra ko ni lapapọ òkunkun; joko lori awọn akopọ / okun pa apata tutu; gbona litiumu / ipilẹ awọn batiri inu armpit; duro fun dada Callout Time giga"]
    B -->|"Nyara Omi / Flash Ìkún Polusi"| D["Ṣe ayẹwo geometry aye: MAA ṢE ije iṣan omi sisale nipasẹ awọn jijo kekere gigun; Ngun UP si oke Canyon ledges, oke fosaili awọn ọrọ, tabi ga didenukole domes"]
    B -->|"Caver Wedged in Rock Constriction (Fun)"| E{"Njẹ ipo iho apata ni petele, ori-oke, tabi ori-isalẹ?"}
    B -->|"Afẹfẹ buburu (CO2 giga / Low O2) tabi ibalokanjẹ / isubu"| F["Fun Afẹfẹ Buburu: Jade si oke lẹsẹkẹsẹ laisi igbiyanju; Fun ibalokanjẹ: Mu ọpa ẹhin duro, ṣe idabobo lati hypothermia apata conductive, firanṣẹ awọn ojiṣẹ 2 lati pe 911/999 Cave Rescue"]
    E -->|"Ori-isalẹ Wedged ni Idinku Iho (Lominu ni)"| G["Irokeke Igbesi aye Lẹsẹkẹsẹ (Asphyxia Ipo & Iṣoro ọpọlọ): Okun to ni aabo ni ayika awọn kokosẹ / pelvis ni bayi lati da sisun jinle duro; excavate pakà / aṣọ ati gbigbe sẹhin"]
    E -->|"Petele tabi Ori-Up Fun pọ"| H["Olukọni o lọra ni kikun exhalations; ma wà ilẹ silt / okuta wẹwẹ labẹ àyà / ibadi; rọra alapin webbing labẹ torso lati kaakiri fa; jade pẹlú yiyipada titẹsi ila"]

Ipele 1: Iwalaaye ikuna ina lapapọ labẹ ilẹ¶

Gbogbo ile-iṣẹ caving ti o ni ẹtọ lori Earth (National Speleological Society (NSS)* ni Amẹrika, British Caving Association (BCA), ati Australian Speleological Federation (ASF)) fi aṣẹ fun ** Ofin Imọlẹ mẹta-mẹta ***: gbogbo caver kọọkan gbọdọ gbe ** o kere ju ominira mẹta, ti ko ni agbara omi, awọn orisun ina ti o lagbara. pípẹ gbogbo ngbero iye akoko ti awọn irin ajo.

Sibẹsibẹ alakobere "flashlight spelunkers" nigbagbogbo tẹ awọn iho apata ti n gbe filaṣi foonu alagbeka nikan tabi atupa ile itaja ohun elo kan. Nigbati batiri foonu naa ba ku ni iwọn 10-Celsius (50-degree-Fahrenheit) tutu tabi ṣubu sinu adagun pẹtẹpẹtẹ, wọn koju ** odo photonic pipe **.

Kini idi ti o ko le “ṣatunṣe oju rẹ” tabi rilara ọna rẹ lati inu iho apata kan¶

• ** Oju rẹ ko ni ṣatunṣe: *** Lori oke ni alẹ, paapaa labẹ awọn awọsanma igbo ti o nipọn, ina irawọ ati afẹfẹ afẹfẹ pese awọn miliọnu awọn photon ti o jẹ ki awọn sẹẹli ọpa ninu retina rẹ ṣe deede ni iṣẹju 20. Jin inu iho apata kan ti o kọja agbegbe twilight, ** awọn fọto odo odo ti ina han ***. Boya o duro iṣẹju mẹwa 10 tabi awọn ọjọ mẹwa 10, iran rẹ wa dudu 100%. Auditory ati tactile illusions (ati visual “cave hallucinations” / phosphenes ti ipilẹṣẹ nipasẹ rẹ visual kotesi ti ebi ti igbewọle) bẹrẹ laarin 30 to 60 iṣẹju.
• ** Kini idi ti jijoko nipasẹ ifọwọkan kuna:** Awọn iho jẹ awọn iruniloju onisẹpo mẹta ti awọn tubes anastomosing, awọn ilẹ ipakà eke, awọn ibi ẹrẹkẹ ti o ba awọn ọpa inaro jinna, ati awọn ọna fifa. Àpáta tí ń fi ọwọ́ gbá nínú òkùnkùn kò lè rí àwọn ewu àjà ilé, kò lè ṣe ìyàtọ̀ àbájáde pápá àkọ́kọ́ lára ​​ọpọ́n ẹ̀gbẹ́ tí ó ti kú, kò sì lè rí ìsàlẹ̀ mítà 15 (ẹsẹ̀ 50) títí di ìgbà tí àárín agbára òòfà wọn yóò fi kọjá ètè.

Ilana Igbesẹ-igbesẹ nigbati ina rẹ kẹhin ba ku¶

1. ** Di ni aaye ki o joko lẹsẹkẹsẹ: *** Pe si ẹgbẹ rẹ ki gbogbo eniyan duro ni fọwọkan ti ara tabi sopọ laarin arọwọto apa. Joko si isalẹ lati eyikeyi mọ silẹ-pipa tabi san ikanni.
2. Igbiyanju Ajinde Batiri pajawiri (Isoji Gbona):
3. Mejeeji alkaline ati awọn batiri lithium-ion jiya sag foliteji giga nigbati o tutu si awọn iwọn 8 Celsius (awọn iwọn 46 Fahrenheit), nfa Circuit gige gige kekere-foliteji LED lati pa ina naa paapaa nigbati ** 10% si 20% ti agbara kemikali wa ***.
4. Yọ awọn batiri “okú” kuro (tabi gbogbo foonuiyara ti o ku / atupa gbigba agbara) ki o si gbe wọn taara taara si awọ ara igboro inu apa rẹ tabi ikun ** fun ** 20 si awọn iṣẹju 30 ** lati gbona wọn si iwọn 37 Celsius (awọn iwọn 98.6 Fahrenheit).
5. Ti o ba ni awọn atupa kanna meji ti awọn batiri AA/AAA ipilẹ ti ọkọọkan ti lọ silẹ ju lati ṣiṣẹ LED ti o ga julọ, yi awọn sẹẹli ti o lagbara julọ lati awọn ina oriṣiriṣi mẹta sinu fitila ori ẹyọkan kan ** ki o tan-an ni muna ni ** “Moonlight / Eco” ti o kere julọ (1 si 5 lumen) ipo ***. Paapaa 2 lumens ti ina ninu iho apata dudu-dudu ti to lati ka awọn odi aye ati lilọ kiri lailewu.
6. Maṣe sun awọn idọti ṣiṣu, aṣọ, tabi webbing sintetiki fun ina: sisun awọn igo ṣiṣu, awọn akopọ ọra, tabi awọn atẹlẹsẹ rọba inu iho iho apata kan kun aaye afẹfẹ pẹlu apaniyan ** carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), ati gaasi phosgene **, pipa gbogbo eniyan ti o wa ninu aye nipasẹ asphyxiation kemikali laarin iṣẹju diẹ.
7. ** Papọ pọ ki o duro de “Aago Ipe Dada” rẹ lati ṣe okunfa Igbala Cave: ** Ti o ko ba le sọji orisun ina ti nlọsiwaju, duro ni deede ibiti o wa ni ọna akọkọ, kọ ẹgbẹ kan hypothermia huddle kuro ni ilẹ apata tutu, omi ipin ati ounjẹ, ki o duro de ** National Cave Rescue Commission (NCRC)** tabi ẹgbẹ igbala iho agbegbe lati rin ni kete ti o ba wọle.

Ipele 2: Iwalaaye iṣan omi ipamo ati omi karst ti o ga¶

Omi jẹ alaworan ti gbogbo iho kast okuta limestone, ati ** iṣan omi jẹ idi nọmba-ọkan ti awọn ajalu iho apata pupọ ni agbaye ** (gẹgẹbi ajalu Mossdale Caverns ni UK tabi idẹkun iho apata Tham Luang ni Thailand). Nitoripe omi-omi karst kan n ṣe bii eefin gigantic ti n gba omi ojo lati awọn mewa ti awọn kilomita square ti awọn iho oju ilẹ ati awọn afonifoji ti o sọ ọ sinu apata apata ipamo kan 2-mita jakejado, ** ãra iṣẹju 20 kukuru ni awọn kilomita 10 (6 maili) kuro lori dada le firanṣẹ ariwo 3-mita omi-omi nla kan ti ogiri omi ti o kọja nipasẹ ogiri 10. gbo ojo kan**.

Ti idanimọ awọn ami ikilọ kutukutu 4 ti iṣan ikun omi iho apata¶

Lakoko ti o wa labẹ ilẹ ni iho apata ṣiṣan ti nṣiṣe lọwọ, ṣe atẹle awọn imọ-ara rẹ nigbagbogbo fun awọn iṣaju mẹrin wọnyi:

1. ** Yiyi Akositiki (The Roar tabi Hum):** Irọrun-igbohunsafẹfẹ ti o jinna, gbigbọn ariwo ni ilẹ apata, tabi iyipada lojiji ni ipolowo ti isosile omi tabi riffle tọkasi iwọn didun omi pọ si ni oke.
2. ** Iyipo afẹfẹ ati Iyipada Ipa Barometric ("Ipa Piston"):** Bi odi ti omi ikun omi ti n dide ti o kun awọn ọna oke ti o si pa awọn ewure aja kekere kuro, o titari ọwọn kan ti afẹfẹ iho apata nipo siwaju rẹ bi piston kan ninu syringe. Rilara ** lojiji, ti o lagbara, bugbamu ti ko ni igba ti afẹfẹ *** fifun ni isalẹ ọna (tabi ti n run awọn ewe dada tuntun, ẹrẹ, tabi awọn abere igi pine ti omi / afẹfẹ gbe) tumọ si pulse ikun omi jẹ iṣẹju lẹhin afẹfẹ.
3. ** Isọye omi ati Foomu ("Turbidity Yiyi"):** Ko o, bulu-alawọ ewe baseflow omi iho apata lojiji yipada grẹy grẹy, ofeefee, tabi chocolate brown, ati awọn ila ti foomu Organic funfun, eka igi, tabi awọn ewe oju ilẹ bẹrẹ lilefoofo kọja awọn bata orunkun rẹ.
4. ** Awọn ami Omi Dide lori Awọn Banki Pẹtẹpẹtẹ Gbẹ: ** Nigbakugba ti o ba da duro ni ọna ṣiṣan, yọ ami kan ni banki pẹtẹpẹtẹ 2 centimeters (0.8 inches) loke laini omi tabi gbe okuta kekere kan si eti omi lati rii lẹsẹkẹsẹ ti ipele naa ba nrakò si oke.

Imo ipinnu matrix nigbati iho omi bẹrẹ nyara¶

Ipele 3: Idasile iho apata kan ti a gbe sinu ihamọ kan (idẹkun “Fun”)¶

Awọn ọna iho nigbagbogbo fun pọ si isalẹ sinu awọn iho petele dín (** awọn ọkọ ofurufu ibusun *, ti wọn ni awọn centimeters ti giga, nibiti 25 centimeters / 10 inches ti wa ni titẹ àyà ṣinṣin) tabi awọn fissures inaro ( awọn dojuijako apapọ ** tabi ** awọn iho bọtini **). Nigbati ihò ba titari sinu ihamọ ti o dín diẹ ju àyà wọn tabi pelvis, tabi yo si isalẹ sinu iho isalẹ dín ti iho bọtini apẹrẹ V kan, wọn yoo di ẹlẹrọ.

Loye aago iṣoogun: Ihamọ Asphyxia ati Crush Syndrome¶

1. Asphyxia ti o wa ni ipo/Ihamọ (Awọn iṣẹju si Awọn wakati): Lati simi, eniyan gbọdọ faagun eegun wọn si ita (mimi intercostal) tabi ti diaphragm wọn si isalẹ (eyiti o fa ikun si ita). Nigbati iho kan ba ṣinṣin ni wiwọ nipasẹ àyà ati ikun laarin awọn odi meji ti okuta oniyebiye ti ko ni irẹwẹsi, ni gbogbo igba ti wọn ba yọ ninu ijaaya ti wọn si rọra milimita 5 siwaju siwaju, ** ribcage wọn ko le faagun mọ lati mu ẹmi ti o tẹle. Ibanujẹ nfa hyperventilation ati adrenaline, jijẹ ibeere atẹgun nipasẹ 300% lakoko ti iwọn omi n lọ silẹ si odo.
2. Aisan Kompaktimenti ati fifun pa / majele idadoro (4 si 12+ Wakati): Imudanu iwa-ipa gigun ti itan, pelvis, tabi torso lodi si apata didasilẹ ge ipadabọ iṣọn kuro ati fifun awọn okun iṣan egungun (** rhabdomyolysis ), itusilẹ potasiomu, myoglobin, ati lamb acid lamb. Nigbati iho apata kan ti o ti ni wiwọ fun awọn wakati 6+ ti fa lojiji ni ọfẹ, potasiomu ti o ṣajọpọ ati acid yoo yara lọ si ọkan (“Iku Igbala”* lati idaduro ọkan ọkan hyperkalemic) ayafi ti iṣakoso ni pẹkipẹki.

Igbese-nipasẹ-Igbese isediwon ẹrọ isediwon ti a wedged caver¶

========================================================================
6-STEP PROTOCOL TO FREE A CAVER WEDGED IN A ROCK CONSTRICTION
========================================================================
1. STOP FORWARD MOTION & CONTROL BREATHING:
   Command the caver: "Stop pushing forward. Close your eyes, breathe
   slowly through your nose, and do NOT tense your muscles." If they are
   in a downward-sloping slot, immediately pass a webbing loop around
   their ankles or waist and anchor it so they cannot slide 1 cm deeper.

2. IDENTIFY THE EXACT CATCH POINT (RIBCAGE, PELVIS, OR GEAR):
   Often it is NOT the caver's bones that are stuck, but a rolled-up
   caving suit seam, a belt buckle, a knee pad, a helmet rim, or a small
   pack loop bunched up like a wedge against a rock tooth. Use a knife
   (sheathed safely between cuts) or trauma shears to cut away bunched
   clothing, belts, or harness straps.

3. EXCAVATE THE FLOOR OR CLEAR OBSTRUCTIONS:
   Inspect the floor beneath the caver's chest, hips, and knees. Even in
   solid limestone caves, the floor of a crawlway is often packed with
   5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) of mud, sand, or cobbles. Scraping out just
   3 centimeters (1.2 inches) of mud and gravel beneath their sternum
   or pelvis immediately drops their body into a wider plane of the rock.

4. REPOSITION ARMS AND HEAD:
   A human's shoulder width drops by 8 to 12 cm (3 to 5 in) when one arm
   is extended straight ahead (like Superman) and the other arm is tucked
   flat down along the thigh ("One Arm Forward, One Arm Back"), and chest
   thickness is smallest when the head is turned sideways with one cheek
   flat against the rock (never chin-to-chest).

5. CREATE A WEBBING "CORSET / SLIDE" (DO NOT YANK BARE ANKLES):
   Pulling violently on a trapped caver's boots or ankles only stretches
   their knee and hip joints and bunches their clothing tighter against
   the rock. Instead, thread a flat piece of 2.5 cm (1 in) tubular nylon
   webbing (or slide a slick piece of heavy PVC pack tarp) underneath
   their hips/torso to reduce rock friction and apply steady, gentle
   traction directly to their core/pelvis in the EXACT reverse path they
   entered.

6. COORDINATE TRACTION WITH FULL EXHALATION:
   Have the caver inhale a moderate breath, then slowly blow 100% of the
   air out of their lungs while going completely limp ("Ragdoll"). Only
   apply smooth, steady backward traction during the final 3 seconds of
   full exhalation when ribcage diameter is at its absolute minimum.
========================================================================

Ipele 4: Awọn pajawiri didara afẹfẹ labẹ ilẹ ("Afẹfẹ Buburu" / Afẹfẹ Afẹfẹ)¶

Lakoko ti o n ṣiṣẹ pupọ julọ, awọn iho atẹgun ni deede atẹgun dada (20.9% O2) ati erogba oloro pọọku (0.04% si 0.1% CO2), afẹfẹ ti ko dara ti o ku-ipin awọn ọrọ isalẹ, awọn akopọ pẹlu awọn idoti iṣan omi ti o bajẹ (igi, leaves, guano bat), awọn tubes lava folkano ti afẹfẹ, ati fi silẹ”Banu ti a fi silẹ” Afẹfẹ), pataki Hypercapnia (erogba Dioxide giga, CO2) pọ pẹlu ** Hypoxia (atẹgun kekere, O2), tabi Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) / Carbon Monoxide (CO).

Nitori erogba oloro (iwuwo molikula 44 g/mol) jẹ ** awọn akoko 1.5 wuwo ju afẹfẹ deede lọ ** (29 g / mol), awọn ifọwọ CO2 ati awọn adagun-omi bi adagun alaihan ni awọn ọfin ti o kere julọ, awọn ikun-ikun, ati awọn ibanujẹ ilẹ ti iho apata kan.

Awọn aami aiṣan ti ara ti Cave Erogba Dioxide (CO2) oloro nipasẹ ifọkansi¶

Ipele 5: Idilọwọ hypothermia iho apata (“Palmer Furnace”)¶

Ni o fẹrẹ to gbogbo igbala iho apata kọja Ariwa America, United Kingdom, ati Yuroopu, **hypothermia jẹ apaniyan ti o ga julọ ti awọn iho ti o farapa tabi sọnu. Iho iho ni 10 iwọn Celsius (50 iwọn Fahrenheit) pẹlu 100% ọriniinitutu, sisu omi, ati conductive limestone Odi drains mojuto ara otutu yiyara ju a gbẹ -5 ìyí Celsius (23 iwọn Fahrenheit) igba otutu ọjọ lori dada, nitori tutu aṣọ ko le gbẹ ni 100% ojulumo ọriniinitutu ati ki o ri to apata ìgbésẹ bi ohun ailopin ooru rii.

Bii o ṣe le kọ agọ igbona “Palmer Furnace” igbala-aye ni iṣẹju 3¶

Gbogbo idii iho apata kekere yẹ ki o gbe awọn nkan iwuwo fẹẹrẹ mẹta ti o kere ju 250 giramu (ounwọn 9) lapapọ: ** ọkan ti o wuwo Mylar iwalaaye ibora (tabi apo iwalaaye polyethylene), abẹla ina tii kekere kan tabi taabu epo to lagbara / adiro Esbit, ati fẹẹrẹfẹ butane kan ***.

1. Fi awọn ibadi ati ẹsẹ rẹ silẹ lati ilẹ apata: Maṣe joko lori okuta amọ tabi ẹrẹ. Ṣajọpọ idii iho apata rẹ, okun gigun ti a fi so, awọn paadi orokun, ati ibori (o le joko taara lori dome ti ibori gigun lile) lodi si odi ti o gbẹ kuro ninu apẹrẹ afẹfẹ.
2. ** Joko pẹlu awọn ẽkun ti o fa soke si àyà rẹ: ** Fi apá rẹ sinu aṣọ caving rẹ tabi jaketi ki o si fa awọn ẽkun rẹ soke si àyà rẹ, nlọ aaye agọ kekere onigun mẹta laarin awọn itan rẹ, itan, ati ikun.
3. ** Pa aṣọ ibora Mylar tabi apo iwalaaye polyethylene patapata lori awọn ejika ati ara rẹ bi teepee:** Fi awọn egbegbe isalẹ ti ibora Mylar labẹ awọn bata orunkun ati ibadi rẹ ki o ṣe agogo ti o ni edidi ni ayika ọrun ati torso, nlọ ** ori rẹ nikan ti o tẹ jade ni oke *** (nitorinaa o simi afẹfẹ iho apata titun ati ki o ma ṣe inhaleus).
4. ** Tan ina abẹla tii kan lori apata alapin laarin awọn bata orunkun rẹ inu agọ: *** Abẹla ina tii kan ti n ṣe ina ni aijọju ** 30 si 40 Wattis ti ooru gbigbona tẹsiwaju ***. Idẹkùn inu teepee Mylar ti o tan imọlẹ ni ayika awọn ẹsẹ rẹ ati torso, abẹla kan naa gbe iwọn otutu afẹfẹ soke ninu apo lati didi iwọn 8 Celsius (46 iwọn Fahrenheit) si itunu ** 27 si 32 iwọn Celsius (80 si awọn iwọn 90 Fahrenheit) *** laarin awọn iṣẹju 3, igbona awọn iṣọn abo abo, ti o farapa ninu iṣọn-ẹjẹ abo kan + kan. wakati. Wo Aginju hypothermia ati tutu fun ipese hypothermia ni kikun.

Awọn ibeere ti a beere nigbagbogbo¶

Awọn orisun ṣayẹwo¶

• National Cave Rescue Commission (NCRC) & National Speleological Society (NSS) (United States): Manual of U.S. Cave Rescue Techniques and A Guide to Responsible Caving (Three-light rule, Surface Callout protocols, Palmer Furnace construction, constriction extraction, and karst flood behavior).
• British Cave Rescue Council (BCRC) & British Caving Association (BCA) (United Kingdom): Underground Emergencies, Flood Entrapment, Foul Air (CO2 / O2) Thresholds, and Harness Hang Syndrome / Suspension Trauma Management.
• Wilderness Medical Society (WMS) (United States / International): Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Out-of-Hospital Evaluation and Treatment of Accidental Hypothermia and Suspension Trauma / Orthostatic Intolerance Guidelines.
• Australian Speleological Federation (ASF) (Australia): Cave Safety Code and Minimal Impact Caving Code (foul air butane lighter testing and flood risk management).
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) / National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (United States): Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) IDLH Thresholds (40,000 ppm / 4.0% CO2) and Oxygen-Deficient Atmospheres in Underground Confined Spaces.
• Crush Syndrome & Positional Asphyxia Medical Literature (United States / UK): Prehospital Management of Prolonged Entrapment, Compartment Syndrome, and Reperfusion Hyperkalemia ("Rescue Death").

Jẹmọ awọn itọsọna¶

• Aginju hypothermia ati tutu
• Ipalara fifun pa ati iṣọn-ara kompaktimenti
• Ipago filasi ikun omi ati Canyon iwalaaye
• Rock gígun ati bouldering ijamba
• Sọnu nigba ti irinse tabi ipago
• Awọn ipalara ọpa ẹhin
• Awọn nọmba pajawiri nipasẹ orilẹ-ede