风暴潮、大潮和沿海洪水¶

风暴潮是由飓风、台风、热带气旋或严冬东北/温带炸弹气旋的猛风推上岸的异常的、圆顶状的海水上升。与正常的天文潮汐（统称为风暴潮）相结合，大型风暴潮可以在几小时内使海平面上升3至9米以上（10至30英尺以上），推动汹涌的海水墙和汹涌的海浪10至40公里（6至25英里）内陆穿过低洼的沼泽、海湾和河口。当风暴潮与大潮（当月球最接近地球并与太阳对齐时出现的异常高的近地点大潮）同时发生时，即使是中等程度的1级风暴或冬季大风也可能会冲过海堤并淹没沿海城市。美国国家飓风中心 (NHC)、世界气象组织 (WMO) 和英国气象局的历史死亡率分析证明，风暴潮是沿海风暴中最致命的单一危害，约占 所有直接热带气旋死亡人数的 50%。由于一立方米海水重1,025公斤（\(1,728\text{磅每立方码}\)），并且以不可阻挡的水动力动量移动，为了在绘制的风暴潮疏散区中生存，需要在大风或登陆前水关闭障壁岛桥梁和堤道之前撤离内陆。有关专门的热带气旋准备和抗风能力，请参阅我们的姐妹网站 飓风指南。

现在就这样做¶

1. 查找您所在的确切风暴潮疏散区（A、B、C、D 或 E 区），并在您的区域被命令疏散时立即离开。 不要依赖您对过去风暴的记忆或您的街道是否在大雨中被淹没。检查您所在州或国家的沿海疏散地图（了解您的区域美国大西洋和墨西哥湾海岸，或英国环境署/欧洲沿海洪水警报区）。疏散数十公里（而不是数百公里）至位于地图上的增援区之外的地势较高的坚固建筑物。 (Gulf of Mexico)
2. 在登陆前水位上涨或风速达到 63 公里/小时（39 英里/小时）之前穿过障壁岛桥梁和低洼的沿海堤道。 不要等到风暴眼接近才驶离障壁岛或半岛。 先导风暴潮和天文高潮通常会淹没低堤在风暴中心登陆前12至24小时，一旦持续大风达到热带风暴威力（\(63\text{至}72\text{ km/h}\) [\(39\text{至}45\text{ mph}\)]），警察就会关闭高跨度沿海桥梁，以防止车辆被从桥面吹落。
3. **阅读官方 NHC/气象服务“地面以上英尺/米 (AGL)”浪涌预报。当国家飓风中心或您所在的国家气象机构预测您的海岸线“地面以上 (AGL) 3 至 4.5 米（10 至 15 英尺）的洪水”**时，这意味着海水将在您前院的干燥泥土上 3 至 4.5 米深，再加上 1.5 至 3 米（5 到 10 英尺）的海浪冲击着浪涌穹顶，淹没了一座两层楼的房屋，直至屋顶顶峰。
4. 在水进入之前，在咸水洪水区切断主断路器面板上的家庭电源，并拔掉电动汽车/混合动力汽车的插头。与新鲜雨水不同，海洋海水（3.5\%$溶解氯化钠盐）是一种强大的电导体。当含盐风暴潮淹没墙壁插座、地下室断路器面板或停放的电动汽车 (EV)、电动自行车或高尔夫球车的高压锂离子电池组时，会导致剧烈的盐水短路、有毒氯/氢气释放以及不可阻挡的热失控火灾，即使建筑物被洪水包围，也会导致建筑物被烧毁。在暴风雨来临前将电动汽车移至内陆高处停车场，并在疏散前关闭家中的主断路器。
5. **如果因意外的风暴潮而被困在洪水泛滥的建筑物内，请爬到最高楼层，切勿进入没有屋顶出口的封闭阁楼，并拨打 911 / 112 / 999。 ** 如果您错过了疏散窗口并且海水正在家中上升，请立即转移到二楼或三楼。 切勿爬入封闭的阁楼，除非它有可走出的老虎窗、可打开的天窗，或者您携带重斧头、大锤或电池往复锯来突破屋顶板；几分钟内，上升的水流将受害者困在屋顶椽子内侧。拨打您当地的紧急电话号码（美国和加拿大为 911，欧盟地区为 112，英国为 999，或查看所有 紧急号码）并留在建筑物的下游（背风）内侧，远离波浪影响。
6. 切勿在沿海洪水中驾车或涉水（即使是在晴天的潮汐期间）。 只有 15 厘米（6 英寸） 的沿海洪水就能将您冲入撕裂般的回流中，而 30 至 60 厘米（1 至 2 英尺） 的咸水将使您的车辆漂入深潮汐运河，同时腐蚀您汽车的线束、刹车线和车轮轴承，无法修复。

沿海洪水、风暴潮和大潮决策流程图¶

当针对您的海岸线发布风暴潮监视、风暴潮警报或沿海洪水警报时，请使用此决策树尽早采取行动。

flowchart TD
    Start["沿海洪水威胁：<br/>风暴潮警戒/警告、飓风/东北风、<br/>或近海春季“王潮”"] --> AlertType{"预报什么类型的沿海水域事件<br/>？"}

    AlertType -->|"1. 风暴潮警报/飓风疏散<br/>36 小时内发生危及生命的洪水（>0.9 m / 3 ft AGL）<br/>"| BarrierCheck{"您位于障壁岛、半岛<br/>或位于地图疏散区 A/B/C 内吗？"}

    BarrierCheck -->|"是：疏散区内"| EvacNow["立即撤离（着陆前 12 至 36 小时）：<br/>1.关闭主电气断路器和主燃气/丙烷阀门<br/>2。将电动汽车、电动自行车和汽车移至内陆高地（盐水会引发电动汽车火灾）<br/>3。在先行者浪潮或 63 公里/小时（39 英里/小时）风之前穿过堤道/桥梁"]

    BarrierCheck -->|"NO：在喘振区外，高地上"| ShelterInland["在远离树木和窗户的地方避难<br/>在 hurricane.guide 上查看风力和停电安全"]

    AlertType -->|"2. 受困于不断上升的风暴潮<br/>水已覆盖道路并进入建筑物"| TrappedSurge["紧急垂直生存：<br/>1。仅当站在干燥的地板上时才关闭主电源断路器<br/>2。爬到背风侧的最高层（第二/第三层），远离波浪<br/>3。切勿在没有斧子/锯子或步入式屋顶窗户的情况下进入封闭的阁楼<br/>4。穿上海岸警卫队 PFD 救生衣并拨打 911 / 112 / 999"]

    AlertType -->|"3. 潮汐/晴天沿海洪水预警<br/>轻微至中度潮汐洪水（0.3 至 0.9 m/1 至 3 英尺）"| KingTideAction["1. 将停放的车辆移出低洼街道、码头和地下车库<br/>2.切勿驶过盐水坑（会损坏刹车、车架和电子设备）<br/>3。涨潮时避开沿海海堤和码头（运动鞋波浪）"]

风暴潮、风暴潮、王潮、海啸的比较¶

沿海居民经常混淆这四种海水危害。了解每种现象的物理原理就可以解释为什么风暴潮会在宽阔的海岸线上淹没数小时，而大潮是可预测的天文峰值，而海啸是地震波列。

Why Wind Category lies: The 5 factors that multiply storm surge height¶

Never judge storm surge danger by the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale alone. Five geographical and meteorological multipliers can cause a "weak" Category 1 or Category 2 storm to produce a much higher, deadlier storm surge than a compact Category 4 hurricane:

1. Shallow Offshore Bathymetry (The Continental Shelf Slope)¶

(Gulf of Mexico) - (Gulf of Mexico)

2. Funnel-Shaped Bays, Sounds, and River Estuaries¶

When a storm surge enters a wide bay or estuary that narrows as it goes inland, such as Tampa Bay, Chesapeake Bay, Galveston Bay, Long Island Sound / New York Harbor, the Bristol Channel / Thames Estuary, or the Meghna River Estuary, the narrowing shoreline squeezes the incoming water volume into a smaller and smaller cross-section (coastal funneling / amplification), driving the water height meters higher at the head of the bay than on the open beach. Even worse, intense rainfall running down rivers from inland meets the ocean surge coming up the estuary (compound flooding), flooding cities 30 to 50 kilometers (20 to 30 miles) upstream.

3. Storm Radius (Wind Field Size) and Forward Speed¶

A hurricane with a gigantic wind field (where tropical-storm-force winds extend \(400\text{ to }600\text{ kilometers}\) [\(250\text{ to }375\text{ miles}\)] from the center, like Hurricane Ike in 2008 or Hurricane Sandy in 2012) pushes an enormous volume of ocean water for days before landfall (integrated kinetic energy). Even if the storm's peak wind drops to Category 1 or 2 right before hitting the beach, that colossal moving mountain of water cannot stop and slams ashore with Category 4 or 5 surge heights.

4. Which Side of the Eye You Are On (The "Dirty Side" Quadrant)¶

Because cyclonic storms spin counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere (and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere), the highest storm surge always strikes the coastline located in the Right-Front Quadrant in the Northern Hemisphere (to the right of the eye as viewed from the storm's forward path, or the Left-Front Quadrant in the Southern Hemisphere). On the opposite side of the eye, offshore winds initially blow water out of bays (exposing dry mudflats), only for that water to come roaring back in as a violent back-side slosh surge minutes after the eye passes.

5. Wave Runup and Destructive Hydrodynamic Force¶

A cubic meter of seawater weighs more than one metric ton (\(1,025\text{ kg}\) or \(2,260\text{ lb}\)). If a storm surge brings \(3\text{ meters}\) (\(10\text{ feet}\)) of stillwater depth onto a barrier island, breaking ocean waves \(2\text{ to }3\text{ meters}\) (\(6\text{ to }10\text{ feet}\)) high ride on top of that water straight into neighborhoods. While still floodwater merely wets a house, a breaking ocean wave moving at \(15\text{ to }25\text{ km/h}\) (\(10\text{ to }15\text{ mph}\)) delivers tens of thousands of kilograms of lateral impact force per square meter, shearing houses off wooden or concrete pilings and turning floating docks, boats, and propane tanks into multi-ton battering rams.

How to read official Storm Surge Maps and "Feet Above Ground Level (AGL)"¶

In the United States, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) uses the SLOSH model (Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes) to generate two distinct types of maps that every coastal resident must know how to read:

The modern saltwater fire hazard: Electric Vehicles (EVs), e-bikes, and home solar batteries¶

(Gulf of Mexico)

• Why saltwater triggers EV and e-bike battery fires hours or days AFTER the water recedes: When salty ocean storm surge submerges the undercarriage of a parked Electric Vehicle (EV), plug-in hybrid, golf cart, electric scooter, or e-bike, conductive salt water seeps past rubber seals into the high-voltage battery pack or battery management electronics. As the water drains away, conductive salt bridges corrode copper busbars and cause internal electrical arcing across cells, triggering thermal runaway at over \(800^\circ\text{C}\) to \(1,000^\circ\text{C}\) (\(1,500^\circ\text{F}\) to \(1,800^\circ\text{F}\)), sometimes during the flood, and sometimes 2 days to 2 weeks after the storm has passed.
• 3 Mandatory Lithium-Ion Battery Rules for Storm Surge Zones:
• Before evacuating: Drive all EVs, hybrids, and golf carts out of the storm surge zone to high inland parking garages, and carry all e-bikes, e-scooters, and lithium power tools upstairs or with you. Never leave an EV or e-bike parked inside a ground-floor garage under your home in a storm surge zone (an EV fire in a ground-floor garage will burn down the elevated house above it when fire trucks cannot reach your barrier island).
• If an EV, hybrid, or golf cart WAS submerged in saltwater: Do NOT attempt to start, charge, or drive the vehicle, and if possible, have a tow crew move it at least 15 meters (50 feet) outdoors away from all houses and other cars onto open pavement.
• Call 911 / 112 / 999 immediately if you hear popping, hissing, or whistling noises, smell a sweet chemical solvent odor, or see white/gray vapor coming from the bottom of a flood-damaged EV or home backup battery wall.

Safe post-surge return: Coastal scour holes, Vibrio vulnificus, and gas leaks¶

风暴潮退去后返回障壁岛或沿海地区会带来严重的物理和生物危害：

1. Hidden Coastal Scour Holes and Undermined Pavement: Moving storm surge and ebb-surge currents carve deep underwater craters (scour holes \(1\text{ to }3\text{ meters}\) [\(3\text{ to }10\text{ feet}\)] deep) right around bridge abutments, seawalls, and house pilings, and wash out the sand underneath asphalt roads while leaving a thin crust of blacktop hanging in midair. Never drive onto coastal roads covered in sand over-wash until highway crews have inspected them, and probe ahead with a stick if walking through standing water.
2. (Gulf of Mexico)
3. Displaced Marine Wildlife and Floating Propane/Fuel Tanks: Retreating storm surge traps venomous snakes, fire ants (which form floating living rafts on top of floodwater), stingrays, and alligators inside garages and ground-floor rooms, while snapping underground propane and natural gas lines. If you smell rotten-egg gas odor or hear hissing upon returning, leave the property immediately without flipping any light switches.

常见问题¶

来源已检查¶

• National Hurricane Center (NHC / NOAA, United States): Storm Surge Overview, SLOSH Model (Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes) Technical Documentation, Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map (AGL), and Storm Surge Watch/Warning Definitions.
• National Ocean Service (NOS / NOAA, United States): What Is a King Tide (Perigean Spring Tide)? High Tide Flooding Outlooks and Sea Level Rise Technical Reports.
• World Meteorological Organization (WMO): Storm Surge Watch Scheme (SSWS) and Global Tropical Cyclone / Coastal Inundation Early Warning Guidelines.
• Met Office (United Kingdom) and Environment Agency (United Kingdom): UK Coastal Flood Forecasting, North Sea Storm Surge Warning System (lessons from the 1953 and 2013 North Sea surges), and Severe Flood Warning Protocols.
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, United States) and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA, United States): Coastal Construction Manual (FEMA P-55) and Saltwater Submersion Lithium-Ion Electric Vehicle (EV) Thermal Runaway Fire Advisories.

相关指南¶

• 飓风、气旋和台风
• Floods: preparation, evacuation, and safe return
• Tsunamis: natural warning signs and high-ground evacuation
• 离岸流和海水紧急情况
• Car in water: sinking vehicle escape