Daudzstāvu un dzīvokļu gatavība ārkārtas situācijām, kāpņu telpas evakuācija un ūdens uzglabāšana¶

Living in a multi-story apartment building, condominium tower, or urban high-rise changes every rule of disaster preparedness. When the electrical grid fails in a high-rise, elevators stop immediately, electric booster pumps stop pushing tap water above the fifth or sixth floor, mechanical ventilation shuts down, and descending 20 or 40 flights of windowless stairs requires dedicated lighting and footwear. Knowing when to stay inside a fire-compartmentalized apartment versus when to evacuate down pressurized stairwells, how to store 14 days of drinking water inside a small closet, and how to heat, light, and sanitize a vertical home without risking carbon monoxide poisoning keeps everyone in your unit safe.

Dariet to tagad¶

1. Locate and walk both emergency exit stairwells on your floor today. Every modern high-rise is required by building and fire codes (such as the International Building Code and NFPA 101 Life Safety Code) to have at least two independent, fire-rated exit enclosures. Walk down both stairwells from your floor all the way to the street discharge door today so you know which stairwell exits directly outdoors and which discharges into the ground-floor lobby, and confirm that the bottom doors do not lock you inside the stairwell.
2. Stage a pair of sturdy closed-toe shoes, leather work gloves, a high-lumen flashlight, and a particulate respirator (N95/FFP2) right next to your bed. In a nocturnal earthquake, fire alarm, or explosion, broken glass, fallen drywall, and dark, dusty stairwells make barefoot evacuation down 20 flights of concrete steps dangerous.
3. Never use an elevator during a fire alarm, earthquake, flood Warning, or unstable power grid. Heat and smoke can warp elevator shaft doors or trip optical sensors, stopping the cab at the exact floor that is on fire, while seismic shaking or power fluctuations can trap you between floors with no ventilation or rescue access for hours. Always use the enclosed fire stairs.
4. Understand "defend in place" (compartmentation) if a fire is on another floor. Modern concrete and steel high-rise buildings are engineered with 1-to-2-hour fire-rated walls, concrete slab floors, and self-closing fire doors to contain a fire to a single unit. If a fire is not in your apartment and your hallway is free of smoke, staying inside your unit with the door sealed and calling your local neatliekamās palīdzības numuri (911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom) can be safer than entering a smoke-contaminated stairwell, unless the building fire alarm voice system or firefighters instruct your floor to evacuate.
5. Store at least 56 liters (15 US gallons) of modular drinking water per person in low, load-bearing closet spaces. Because municipal street main pressure typically reaches only the first 4 to 6 stories without electric building booster pumps, upper-floor apartments lose all running tap water and toilet flushing minutes into a blackout. Use stackable 10-to-20-liter (2.5-to-5-gallon) HDPE water bricks under beds and at the base of load-bearing walls rather than a single heavy barrel that could exceed residential floor weight ratings.
6. Never operate a gasoline generator, charcoal grill, or unvented propane heater on an apartment balcony or indoors. Even on an open-air high-rise balcony, wind eddies and building facade negative pressure draw lethal carbon monoxide (CO) gas back through sliding glass doors and into neighboring units above you, while storing liquid gasoline or large propane cylinders inside multi-family buildings violates fire codes and creates a catastrophic explosion hazard.

flowchart TD
    Alarm["High-Rise Emergency: Alarm, Smoke, Blackout, or Quake"] --> TypeCheck{"What Is the Immediate Hazard?"}
    TypeCheck -->|Fire or Smoke Inside Your Unit| GetOutNow["Evacuate Everyone Immediately"]
    GetOutNow --> CloseDoor["Close (Do Not Lock) Your Apartment Door Behind You to Starve Fire"]
    CloseDoor --> PullAlarm["Pull Hallway Manual Fire Alarm Station on Way to Stairwell"]
    PullAlarm --> CheckStair["Feel Stairwell Door With Back of Hand: Check for Smoke"]
    CheckStair -->|Clear of Smoke| Descend["Walk Down Stairwell Holding Handrail: Never Use Elevator"]
    CheckStair -->|Smoke in Stairwell A| SwitchStair["Cross Corridor to Alternate Stairwell B (Or Shelter in Unit if Both Blocked)"]
    TypeCheck -->|Fire Alarm on Another Floor| FeelUnitDoor["Feel Your Front Door and Doorknob With Back of Hand"]
    FeelUnitDoor -->|Hot or Hallway Full of Smoke| DefendInPlace["Defend in Place: Do Not Open Door"]
    DefendInPlace --> SealDoor["Seal Door Gaps With Wet Towels and Duct Tape, Shut Vents, Call Emergency Number"]
    FeelUnitDoor -->|Cool and Hallway Clear| ListenPA["Listen to Building Voice PA System or Fire Department Instructions"]
    ListenPA -->|Order to Evacuate Your Floor| CloseAndGo["Grab Go-Bag, Close Door, Descend Clear Stairwell"]
    ListenPA -->|Instructed to Stay in Place| ReadyToGo["Keep Shoes and Go-Bag On, Monitor Door and PA System"]
    TypeCheck -->|Grid Blackout Only (No Fire)| BlackoutAction["Avoid Elevators, Fill Tubs/Pots Before Roof Tank Drains, Use Twin-Bucket Toilet"]

High-rise fire and smoke dynamics: "Defend in Place" vs. vertical stairwell evacuation¶

Unlike a single-family wood-frame house, where fire can engulf the entire structure in under 3 minutes and immediate evacuation is always mandatory, high-rise buildings (defined by the National Fire Protection Association in NFPA 101 and the International Building Code as buildings with an occupied floor located more than 23 meters, or 75 feet, above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access, roughly 7 stories or higher) operate on a structural engineering principle called compartmentation.

How high-rise compartmentation works¶

In modern reinforced-concrete and fireproofed-steel high-rises: - Each apartment is constructed as an individual fire compartment surrounded by concrete floor slabs and gypsum/masonry fire partitions rated to resist fire penetration for 1 to 2 hours. - Apartment entry doors and stairwell entrance doors are fire-rated, self-closing assemblies designed to block flame and superheated gases. - High-rise stairwells are equipped with mechanical stairwell pressurization fans that blow fresh outdoor air into the stair shaft when an alarm triggers, maintaining positive air pressure inside the stairwell so smoke from a burning corridor cannot push past the stairwell door when evacuees open it.

Understanding the "Stack Effect" (chimney effect) in tall buildings¶

During cold weather, the air inside a heated 30-story building is warmer and more buoyant than the cold outdoor air. This temperature differential creates the stack effect: buoyant indoor air rises rapidly up elevator shafts, stairwells, laundry chutes, and vertical pipe chases like a giant chimney. In hot tropical climates or air-conditioned summer towers, a reverse stack effect occurs, pulling smoke downward through vertical shafts. Because of the stack effect, opening a single window in a burning apartment or propping open a stairwell fire door on a lower floor can funnel blinding, toxic smoke up 25 floors in minutes.

Stairwell evacuation survival: navigating 10 to 60 flights safely¶

Descending 30 flights of windowless concrete stairs during an emergency is physically demanding and disorienting, especially when emergency battery lighting dims after 90 minutes.

1. Re-entry floors and locked stairwell doors¶

To prevent burglars from wandering onto residential floors, many commercial and residential high-rises lock the corridor side of stairwell doors while keeping the inside stairwell handles locked except on designated re-entry floors (typically every 4 to 5 floors, marked by a sign on the wall inside the stairwell). Under modern building codes (IBC Section 1010), all locked stairwell doors must automatically unlock from the stairwell side whenever the building fire alarm activates or building power fails. However, in older buildings without electronic fail-safe locks, if you enter a stairwell during a non-fire blackout and walk down 6 flights only to find an obstacle, you may need to walk up or down to a marked re-entry floor to get back into a hallway. Always carry your apartment keys in your pocket whenever you step into a hallway or stairwell.

2. Stairwell traffic lanes and handrail discipline¶

During a full-building evacuation, two simultaneous flows occur inside the stairwell: residents walking down and firefighters climbing up carrying 35 kilograms (75 pounds) of hoses, breathing apparatus, and forcible-entry tools. - Keep to the inside (or designated right-hand side) in single file and leave an open lane for firefighters ascending or rescue teams carrying injured residents. - Maintain three points of contact or a continuous grip on the handrail. Leave your dominant hand free (use a headlamp and a backpack rather than carrying plastic grocery bags or suitcases in both hands). - Never wear high heels, flip-flops, slippers, or socks in a concrete stairwell. Wet stairs from activated fire sprinklers or firefighter standpipe connections located inside the stairwell landing make smooth soles slip instantly.

3. Evacuating residents with mobility disabilities from upper floors¶

If you or a household member uses a wheelchair, walker, or cannot walk down stairs without assistance, plan ahead before an emergency occurs: 1. Locate the "Area of Refuge" (Area of Rescue Assistance): Modern high-rises have fire-rated landing alcoves inside the stairwell enclosures or elevator lobbies equipped with two-way emergency intercom systems connected directly to the ground-floor Fire Command Center. 2. Register with building management and the local fire department's Voluntary Vulnerable Needs Registry: Make sure the building concierge or property manager keeps an up-to-date Mobility Assistance List inside the ground-floor Fire Command Box (Knox Box) so arriving fire captains know on minute one that a resident in your apartment requires stairwell evacuation assistance. 3. Keep a lightweight track-style stair evacuation chair or fabric rescue carry sled inside your apartment: In a household with two adults where one uses a wheelchair, storing a commercial track-equipped stairwell evacuation chair (which glides down stair noses using friction tracks) or a heavy-duty webbed rescue carry seat next to the front door allows a family member or two neighbors to bring a non-ambulatory person down the stairs. See our guide on disabilities and medical needs in emergencies.

High-rise water storage: beating booster pump failure and floor load limits¶

In a single-family house or ground-floor apartment, municipal water mains buried under the street typically maintain 275 to 550 kilopascals (40 to 80 pounds per square inch) of hydraulic pressure, which is enough to push tap water up roughly 15 to 20 meters (50 to 65 feet), or up to the 4^th to 6^th floor, even when the regional electrical grid goes down.

Above the 6^th floor, gravity wins. Tall buildings rely on two systems to get water to upper floors: 1. Electric domestic water booster pumps in the basement or mechanical floor, which stop the instant grid power fails unless wired into a fueled building emergency generator. 2. Jumta gravitācijas ūdens tvertnes, kurās ir ierobežota ūdens rezerve, kas ātri iztukšojas, tiklīdz simtiem iedzīvotāju elektrības padeves pārtraukuma laikā noskalo tualetes un izlaiž krānus. Kad jumta tvertne iztukšojas, augšējā stāva caurules zaudē spiedienu un var radīt vakuumu, liekot jums uzglabāt ūdeni savā ierīcē.

Calculating structural floor load limits for apartment water storage¶

Water is heavy: 1 liter of water weighs 1 kilogram (1 US gallon weighs 8.34 pounds). A standard 208-liter (55-gallon) poly water barrel weighs 208 kilograms (460 pounds) concentrated on a circular footprint of just 0.28 square meters (3 square feet), exerting more than 150 pounds per square foot (7.3 kilopascals) of localized point load. Standard residential building codes design apartment living room and bedroom floors for a uniform live load of 1.9 kilopascals (40 pounds per square foot). Placing a 208-liter (55-gallon) drum in the center of an older wood-joist apartment floor can cause structural sagging or cracking.

Kā nelielā dzīvoklī droši uzglabāt 14 dienas ūdeni¶

Pasaules Veselības organizācija (PVO) un FEMA iesaka uzglabāt vismaz 4 litrus (1 ASV galonu) uz vienu cilvēku dienā, kas ir vienāds ar 56 litriem (15 ASV galoniem) vienai personai 14 dienas vai 112 litriem (30 ASV galonu) divu cilvēku dzīvoklī. Droši sadaliet šo svaru, izmantojot modulāras stratēģijas:

Off-grid power, heating, and cooking in an apartment without carbon monoxide poisoning¶

Savrupmājā ar lielu pagalmu māju īpašnieki var darbināt pārnēsājamu benzīna ģeneratoru 6 metru (20 pēdu) attālumā no ēkas vai gatavot ēdienu uz propāna piemājas grila. Dzīvokļa un daudzstāvu iemītniekiem šādas iespējas nav. Sadedzināšanas iekārtu izmantošana daudzdzīvokļu ēkas iekšpusē vai uz balkona ir gan letāla, gan nelikumīga saskaņā ar pašvaldību ugunsdrošības kodeksiem.

1. Droša dzīvokļa rezerves jauda: litija dzelzs fosfāta (\(LiFePO_4\)) spēkstacijas¶

Instead of a fuel-burning generator, apartment residents should rely on a portable rechargeable battery power station using Lithium Iron Phosphate (\(LiFePO_4\)) battery chemistry: - Neizgarojumu, nulles trokšņa, drošs iekštelpās: Tā kā pārnēsājamā akumulatora spēkstacija uzglabā elektroenerģiju ķīmiski, nevis sadedzinot degvielu, tā neizdala oglekļa monoksīdu, nerada troksni, kas piesaista uzmanību tumšā ēkā, un ir 100% likumīga jebkurā dzīvoklī. - Why \(LiFePO_4\) chemistry matters indoors: Older lithium-ion (NMC/cobalt) batteries carry a higher risk of thermal runaway if punctured or overheated. Lithium Iron Phosphate (\(LiFePO_4\)) cells are thermally and chemically stable, do not catch fire under standard stress tests, and last for 3,000 to 4,000 charge cycles (roughly 10 years). - Balcony or window solar recharging: Pair a 500-to-2,000-watt-hour (\(Wh\)) power station with a 100-to-200-watt folding portable solar panel. During a multi-day blackout, you can secure the folding panel to a sunny south- or west-facing balcony railing (using heavy-duty UV zip ties or stainless carabiners so high-altitude winds cannot blow it onto the street) or prop it inside a sunny window to recharge phones, medical CPAP machines, radios, and LED lanterns. See generator safety for power wattage calculations.

2. Safe indoor emergency food warming and cooking¶

When electricity and building gas are off, never bring a charcoal grill, camping propane stove, or white-gas backpacking stove inside your apartment. - First choice (No-cook foods): Stock 7 to 14 days of ready-to-eat shelf-stable foods (canned fish and meats, nut butters, crackers, fruit, UHT milk, protein bars, and canned soups that can be eaten at room temperature). - Second choice (Electric kettle or induction hotplate on a \(LiFePO_4\) battery): Boiling 500 milliliters (2 cups) of water for instant oatmeal, freeze-dried meals, or baby formula in a small 600-to-1,000-watt electric travel kettle takes only 4 minutes and consumes less than 50 to 70 watt-hours from a portable battery station, producing zero smoke and zero carbon monoxide. - Third choice (Chafing dish gel fuel / Sterno cans with cracked window ventilation): If you have no battery station and must warm soup or boil a cup of water indoors, use only indoor-rated diethylene glycol or ethanol chafing gel cans (Sterno) inside a stable metal folding stove placed on a metal baking sheet over your kitchen stove range, with a nearby window cracked 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) and a battery-powered carbon monoxide alarm sitting on the counter right next to you. Never use liquid alcohol stoves that can spill burning liquid if bumped.

3. Stay warm in a high-rise winter blackout without combustion heaters¶

Upper floors of glass-curtain-wall high-rises lose heat rapidly when central building boilers or heat pumps shut down in winter. - Build a "micro-environment" (tent-inside-a-room): Instead of trying to heat an entire 80-square-meter (850-square-foot) apartment, pick one small interior bedroom or hallway away from wind-chilled exterior glass windows. Pitch a small 2-to-4-person camping tent right on top of your mattress or living room rug, pile blankets and comforters over the tent fly, and sleep inside the tent in thermal base layers and a sleeping bag. Human body heat warms the small enclosed air volume of an indoor tent by 8 to 12 degrees Celsius (15 to 22 degrees Fahrenheit) above room temperature without any fuel. - Use 12-volt DC heated blankets powered by a battery station: A standard 120V/230V space heater draws 1,500 watts and drains a portable battery in 45 minutes. By contrast, a 12-volt DC electric heated throw blanket plugged into the 12-volt port of a portable power station warms your body directly inside your sleeping bag while drawing only 35 to 45 watts.

High-rise sewer backflow and toilet emergencies¶

When power fails in a tall building, sanitation becomes a crisis much faster than in a detached house. 1. Kāpēc nekad nedrīkst izskalot vai liet ūdeni kanalizācijā, ja apakšējie stāvi ir appludināti: Katrai vertikālajai dzīvokļu grēdai ir viena čuguna vai PVC vertikālā grunts kaudze (kanalizācijas notekcaurule). Ja vētras pārsprieguma, plūdu vai pašvaldības kanalizācijas rezerves bloķē galvenās ēkas kanalizācijas izeju pagrabā un iedzīvotāji no 5. līdz 30. stāvam turpina izskalot tualetes ar spainīti vai iztukšot vannu, **visi šie neapstrādātie notekūdeņi noplūst pa vertikālo cauruli un izplūst no tualetēm, vannām un 2 dzīvokļu izlietnēm. 2. Ja dzīvojat no 1. līdz 4. stāvam: Jūsu vannas istabas aprīkojums ir pārplūdes vārsts visam tornim virs jums, ja tiek aizslēgts galvenās ēkas kanalizācijas vads. Turiet pie rokas gumijas izvēršamu testa aizbāzni vai smagu gumijas notekas aizbāzni un smilšu maisus, lai aizbāztu dušas kanalizāciju un tualetes podu, ja dzirdat šņācienu no zemāk esošajām caurulēm. 3. Nekavējoties uzstādiet savā vannas istabā sausu divu kausu tualeti: brīdī, kad ēkas ūdens spiediens pazeminās vai vadība brīdina par kanalizācijas sūkņa atteici, aizveriet ūdens padeves vārstu aiz tualetes, izklājiet sausās tualetes podu (vai divus 19 litru / 5 galonu spaiņus) ar lieljaudas bioloģiski noārdāmu atkritumu maisiem un pievienojiet kaķēnu cieto atkritumu pakaišus, priežu vai zāģu skaidas pēc lietošanas, lai kontrolētu atkritumus, priežu vai zāģu putekļus. smakas.

Zemestrīces un stiprs vējš augšējo stāvu dzīvokļos¶

Seismiskā šūpošanās augstās ēkās¶

Mūsdienu augstceltnes seismiskajās zonās ir konstruētas tā, lai tās būtu elastīgas, lai tās varētu šūpoties ar zemestrīces zemes viļņiem, nevis plīst. Ja dzīvojat 20. vai 40. stāvā, zemestrīce jutīsies pastiprināta: grīda var svārstīties horizontāli par 0,3 līdz 1 metru (1 līdz 3 pēdām) vai vairāk vairākas minūtes pēc zemes trīcēšanas beigām. - Nometiet, nosedziet un turiet prom no ārējā aizkaru sienas stikla: nekavējoties pārvietojieties prom no logiem un balkoniem no grīdas līdz griestiem, palieciet zem izturīga pusdienu galda vai rakstāmgalda pret iekšējo konstrukcijas kolonnu vai gaiteņa sienu un turiet, līdz šūpošanās apstājas. - Piestipriniet katru grāmatu skapi, televizoru un garo drēbju skapi pie sienas tapām. Tā kā augšējā stāva skapja paātrinājums ir spēcīgs, nenoenkurotas mēbeles un virtuves skapju saturs kļūst par bīstamību gaisā. Uzstādiet zemestrīces muzeja špakteli zem darba virsmas ierīcēm, bērniem drošus atsperu aizbīdņus augstos virtuves skapjos un neilona seismiskās siksnas, kas sasien grāmatplauktus un kumodes tērauda vai koka sienas kniedēs.

Augsta augstuma vēja spiediens smagu vētru un viesuļvētru laikā¶

Vēja ātrums 30. stāvā (90 metri / 300 pēdas virs zemes) ir par 20% līdz 35% lielāks nekā vēja ātrums, kas mērīts ielas līmenī, jo trūkst zemes berzes. - Iztīriet savu balkonu 24 stundas pirms vētras, vētras vai tropiskās vētras: Ienesiet dzīvoklī katru balkona krēslu, galdu, augu podu, velosipēdu un kājslauķi. Keramikas puķu pods, kas nopūsts no 25. stāva balkona, nonāk ielā ar gala ātrumu. - Aizveriet dzīvokļa iekšdurvis: ja ātrgaitas vējš vai lidojoši gruveši izsitīs viesistabas ārējā logu, pozitīvs gaisa spiediens, kas ieplūst jūsu dzīvoklī, var piespiest atvērties priekšējās durvis. Guļamistabas un vannas istabas durvju turēšana aizvērtas samazina vēja spiedienu un nodrošina neskartu iekšējo drošu telpu.

Dzīvokļu un daudzstāvu gatavības ārkārtas situācijām kontrolsaraksts¶

Pabeidziet šo auditu, lai pārliecinātos, ka jūsu vienība ir gatava ugunsgrēkam, elektrības padevei vai pasūtījumam patversmei:

• Ejiet pa abām izejas kāpņu telpām uz ielu: pārbaudiet, kur gan kāpņu telpa A, gan kāpņu telpa B izplūst zemes līmenī, atzīmējiet, kuri stāvi ir atzīmēti kā neaizslēgti ieejas stāvi, un pārbaudiet, vai darbojas kāpņu telpas apgaismojums.
• Saskaitiet durvis no savas vienības uz abām kāpņu telpām: Ejiet pa koridoru un saskaitiet, cik daudz dzīvokļa durvju un pagriezienu atrodas starp jūsu ārdurvīm un katrām kāpņu telpas durvīm, lai jūs varētu atrast izeju piķa melnos dūmos.
• Izveidojiet “aizstāvējamu durvju blīvēšanas komplektu”: Glabājiet 2 50 milimetru (2 collu) līmlentes ruļļus, iepriekš sagrieztu plastmasas loksni vannas istabas/virtuves izplūdes atverēm un 2 kokvilnas vannas dvieļus spainī blakus savām durvīm.
• Uzglabājiet moduļu dzeramo ūdeni 14 dienas (56 litri / 15 galoni vienai personai): Novietojiet saliekamus HDPE ūdens ķieģeļus zem gultām vai gar nesošajām skapja sienām noplūdes novēršanas paplātēs, kā arī vannas istabā vannas Water Bob starpliku.
• Izveidojiet vertikālu evakuācijas somu un kāpņu telpu komplektu pie gultas. Ietveriet izturīgus šņorkurpes, galveno lukturi un lukturīti, ādas darba cimdus, N95/FFP2 respiratora masku katrai personai, svilpi, dzīvokļa atslēgas un dienassomu.
• Nodrošiniet neskalojamu dzīvokļa sanitārijas komplektu: Glabājiet divus 19 litru (5 galonu) spaiņus ar nospiežamu tualetes sēdekļa vāku, lieljaudas dubultos atkritumu maisus un 10 kg (22 mārciņas) maisu ar saspiestām priežu zāģskaidu granulām vai salipušām kaķu pakaišiem.
• Sagatavojiet iekštelpām drošu rezerves strāvas padevi un apgaismojumu: katrā miega līmenī uzturiet uzlādētu \(LiFePO_4\) pārnēsājamu spēkstaciju, uzlādējamas LED laternas un ar akumulatoru darbināmu dūmu un oglekļa monoksīda (CO) detektoru.
• Organizējiet Floor Buddy tīklu: apmainieties ar tālruņu numuriem un dzīvokļu numuriem ar vismaz diviem kaimiņiem savā stāvā, identificējot vecākus pieaugušos vai kaimiņus ar pārvietošanās vajadzībām, kuriem var būt nepieciešama palīdzība, pārbaudot brīdinājumus vai nesot ūdeni pa kāpnēm.

Bieži uzdotie jautājumi¶

Pārbaudīti avoti¶

• Nacionālā ugunsdrošības asociācija (NFPA, Amerikas Savienotās Valstis/starptautiski): NFPA 101 dzīvības drošības kodekss, augststāvu ēku evakuācijas un drošības lapas "Aizstāvieties vietā" un Ārkārtas evakuācijas plānošanas rokasgrāmata cilvēkiem ar invaliditāti.
• Amerikas Savienoto Valstu Ugunsdzēsības pārvalde un Federālā ārkārtas situāciju pārvaldības aģentūra (USFA/FEMA, Amerikas Savienotās Valstis): augststāvu ugunsdrošība, gatavība dzīvokļos un daudzstāvu ēkās un FEMA P-58 ēku seismiskās veiktspējas novērtējums.
• Ņujorkas Ugunsdzēsības departaments un Ņujorkas ārkārtas situāciju vadība (FDNY/NYCEM, Amerikas Savienotās Valstis): Ugunsdrošība ugunsdrošās un neugunsdrošās daudzdzīvokļu ēkās un Ready New York: High-Rise Guide.
• Nacionālā ugunsdzēsības priekšnieku padome un iekšlietu birojs (NFCC, Apvienotā Karaliste): Ugunsdrošība mērķtiecīgi būvētos daudzdzīvokļu blokos (stratēģija “Stay Put” pret vienlaicīgu evakuāciju).
• Starptautiskā kodeksa padome (ICC, International): Starptautiskā būvniecības kodeksa (IBC) 4. nodaļa (augstceltnes, kāpņu telpas spiediens un strukturālās dzīvās slodzes).
• Slimību kontroles un profilakses centri (CDC, Amerikas Savienotās Valstis): Saindēšanās ar oglekļa monoksīdu profilakse daudzģimeņu mājokļos un ārkārtas sanitārijas norādījumi.

Saistītie ceļveži¶

• Avārijas komplekta kontrolsaraksts
• Bagāžas soma un evakuācijas iepakojums
• Ģimenes ārkārtas plāns
• Invaliditātes un medicīniskās vajadzības ārkārtas situācijās
• Paziņojumi par vārītu ūdeni un ūdens drošība
• Neatliekamās palīdzības numuri