Tsunami a wɔde fi hɔ kɔ hyɛn gyinabea, hyɛn gyinabea, ne akorow¶

Tsunami de asiane kɛse ba po so ahyɛn mu adwumayɛfo, hyɛn gyinabea wuranom, ne wɔn a wɔyɛ po so ahyɛn a wɔde di dwuma wɔ mpoano no so. Sɛ asasewosow a ɛba subduction zone, po ase asasewosow, anaa caldera a ɛhwe ase no ma ɛpo mu nsu cubic mita ɔpepepem pii tu a, asorɔkye a ɛtwe ade ba fam a ɛtra hɔ kyɛ no hyerɛn fa po mu nsukorabea ahorow so a jetliner ahoɔhare boro kilomita 800 dɔnhwerew biara (akwansin 500 dɔnhwerew biara). Wɔ po a ɛda hɔ mu no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ asorɔkye yi fa nsuhyɛn ase a wontumi nhu, na ne sorokɔ nnu mita 1 (anammɔn 3) wɔ asorɔkye tenten a ɛtrɛw kilomita 100 kosi 200 (akwansin 62 kosi 124) mu.

Bere a tsunami hyɛn mpoano nsu a emu nnɔ mu no, asasepɔn no so apereperedi mia asorɔkye no tenten, na ɛma asorɔkye no ahoɔhare brɛ ase kɛse bere a ɛhyɛ asorɔkye no sorokɔ ma ɛkɔ soro denam shoaling so no. Wɔ hyɛn gyinabea ahorow a wɔato mu, po so ahyɛn akwan teateaa, ne hyɛn gyinabea ahorow a emu nnɔ mu no, tsunami dan asorɔkye a ano yɛ den, ahum a egyina hɔ, ne nsu a ɛtwetwe a ɛyɛ hu. Po so hyɛn gyinabea ahorow bɛyɛ mfiri a wɔde nsu horo nneɛma a edi awu a hyɛn gyinabea ahorow tetew fi nhyɛmma a wɔaboaboa ano mu, nhyɛmma a wɔde ahyɛ fam no bubu bom, na nsu a ɛbɔ boro nhama 15 (kilomita 28 dɔnhwerew biara anaa akwansin 17 dɔnhwerew biara) bubu obiara a wɔkyere no wɔ mmeae a wɔde hyɛn hyɛn hyɛn hyɛn hyɛn gyinabea anaasɛ ɔrebɔ mmɔden sɛ obegye po so ahyɛn simma a etwa to no.

Yɛ eyi mprempren¶

1. Fa po so ahyɛn a wɔakyekyere no kɔ mmeae a ɛkorɔn a wode nantew no ntɛm ara bere a wɔde mpɔtam hɔ kɔkɔbɔ ama:
   • Gyae ahyɛmma a wɔakyekyere wɔ hyɛn gyinabea, slip, anaa hyɛn gyinabea bere a asase wosow denneennen anaasɛ tsunami kɔkɔbɔ bi te no.
   • Tu mmirika kɔ asase mu na foro kɔ soro ntɛm ara, na anyɛ yiye koraa no, kɔ soro mita 30 (anammɔn 100) wɔ po so anaasɛ tu kilomita 3 (akwansin 2) kɔ asase mu.
   • Mma nsɛe bere da mmɔ mmɔden sɛ wubefi engine ahorow ase, atow nhama a wɔde hyɛn no agu, anaasɛ wobɛkora w’ankasa po so agyapade so bere a asorɔkye no aba wɔ nnɔnhwerew abien ntam no.
2. Hyɛ nsuo mu nneyɛeɛ hyehyɛ nsuo a emu dɔ sɛ ɛrekɔ so dedaw wɔ po so a:
   • Sɛ woreyɛ adwuma wɔ nsu a emu dɔ a ɛboro mita 183 (fathoms 100 anaa anammɔn 600) mu a, kɔ so tra mpoano na fa kwan kɔ nsu a ɛrehuru bere tenten a ɛba no mu tẽẽ.
   • Sɛ woreyɛ adwuma wɔ mpoano nsu a emu nnɔ a ɛwɔ mita 20 kosi mita 100 (anammɔn 66 ne anammɔn 328) mu a, fa kar kɔ nsu a emu dɔ mu ntɛm ara sɛ anyɛ yiye koraa no aka nnɔnhwerew abien ansa na asorɔkye no abɔ a.
   • Sɛ woreyɛ adwuma wɔ po teateaa bi mu, hyɛn gyinabea a ɛbɛn, anaa ɔkwan a ɛkɔ fam a emu nnɔ a wɔde kɔkɔbɔ a ennu dɔnhwerew biako ma a, fa hyɛmma no to mpoano wɔ mpoano a ahobammɔ wom na fa nantew tu mmirika foro bepɔw.
3. Mmɔ mmɔden da sɛ wobɛfa hyɛn gyinabea apon teateaa so bere a wɔrebɔ kɔkɔ:
   • Kwati sɛ wobɛkɔ anaasɛ wubefi mu wɔ hyɛn gyinabea ahorow a wɔatoto mu, hyɛn gyinabea ano, anaa asorɔkye a ɛpaapae mu bere a wɔde tsunami kɔkɔbɔ ama no.
   • Kwati hyɛn gyinabea nkotoku teateaa a nsu a wɔtwe ne asorɔkye a ɛba a wɔahyɛ no den no ma nsu a egyina hɔ a edi awu ne asorɔkye a ɛbubu ba.
   • Gyina nsu a ɛda hɔ na emu dɔ mu wɔ asasepɔn no so ahomegyebea no akyi kosi sɛ hyɛn gyinabea mpanyimfo de aban akwankyerɛ a emu da hɔ koraa bɛma.
4. Hwɛ po so telefon so nkitahodi a egye ntɛmpɛ so bere nyinaa:
   • Fa wo po so VHF transceiver no to Channel 16 (156.800 megahertz) so na hwɛ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration wim tebea ho radio so amanneɛbɔ ahorow.
   • Wo ne United States Mpoano Awɛmfo, hyɛn gyinabea mpanyimfo, ne ɔmantam mu nkwagye ho nhyehyɛebea ahorow nyɛ mmeae a wɔde nneɛma gu wɔ mpoano no ho nhyehyɛe.
   • Fa wo gyinabea, adwumayɛfo dodow, ne po so hyɛn tebea kɔ po so ahobammɔ nkitahodibea ahorow ansa na mpoano cellular coverage so atew.
5. Siesie wo ho ma nna pii a wobɛtew wo ho afi mpoano sɛ woda so ara wɔ po so a:
   • Fa throttle san engine ahorow no kɔ steerageway a ɛba fam koraa so pɛnkoro wɔ nsu a emu dɔ mu na ama diesel ne pɛtro a wɔde ma no nsɛe.
   • Fa nsu a wɔnom ne aduan a wɔde ma no ma, na hwɛ kwan sɛ wɔbɛsɛe mpoano nneɛma, mmeae a wɔde pɛtro gu, ne hyɛn gyinabea ahorow bere a wɔasan aba no.
   • Fa anchor watch si hɔ na hwɛ radar sweeps a ɛyɛ nnam so na woakwati po so ahyɛn nsukorade a ɛsensɛn nsu mu, hyɛn gyinabea ahorow a atew ne ho, ne po so ahyɛn a wɔagyae mu a ɛrehuruhuruw.

flowchart TD
    A["Tsunami Kɔkɔbɔ a Wɔde Ma: Asasewosow a Wɔte anaa Siren Nnyigyei"] --> B{"Ɛhe na Wo Anwenne no Wɔ Mprempren?"}
    B -- "Wɔde ahyɛ Dock anaa Slip so" --> C{"Bere a Wɔde Kɔ Asorɔkye a Edi Kan Nkɛntɛnso"}
    C -- "Ennu Nnɔnhwerew 2" --> D["Gyae Hyɛn Ntɛm ara: Tu mmirika kɔ Asase mu kɔ 30m / 100ft Elevation"]
    C -- "Bɛboro Nnɔnhwerew 2 & Open Harbor" --> E["Hwɛ Hyɛn Gyinabea Aban Akwankyerɛ mu & Sɛ Wɔahyɛ sɛ Wobɛtu Fi hɔ a"]
    B -- "Ɛrekɔ Hyɛn Gyinabea anaa Shallow Bay mu" --> F{"So Wubetumi Du 183m / 100 Fathoms wɔ Bere Mu?"}
    F -- "Dabi: Ennu Dɔnhwerew 1" --> G["Mpoano Po so Hyɛn a Ɛwɔ Safe Cove, Fa Nantew Tu Kɔ Asase a Ɛkorɔn"]
    F -- "Yiw: Bue Nsu a Ɛmu Dɔ wɔ Anim" --> H["Motor Full Speed to Nsu a emu dɔ a ɛboro 183m / 600ft Bun"]
    B -- "Ɛrekɔ so wɔ Po a Ɛboro 183m / 100 Fathoms" --> I["Kɔ so Tena Mpoano wɔ Nsu a Ɛmu Dɔ Mu: Steer Into Long Swells"]

Po so Tsunami ho abɔde mu nneɛma: Po a emu dɔ vs Shelf a Ɛnyɛ Den¶

Sɛ́ wobedi po so hyɛn ho dwuma dwoodwoo bere a tsunami retu no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔte nsu mfiridwuma a ɛhwɛ nsu a emu nnɔ asorɔkye a ɛtra hɔ bere tenten so no ase. Ɛwom sɛ tsunami twa po mu nsukorabea a emu dɔ yɛ mita mpempem pii de, nanso po ho nhwehwɛmu a wonya fi mu no bu no sɛ asorɔkye a emu nnɔ efisɛ wɔn asorɔkye tenten boro po no mu dɔ so koraa.

Wɔ po mu nsu a emu dɔ mu no, asorɔkye ahoɔhare gyina nsu a emu dɔ so tẽẽ, a tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam no na ɛhwɛ so. Wɔ asasetaw a emu dɔ a emu dɔ bɛyɛ mita 4,000 (anammɔn 13,120) so no, tsunami tu kwan bɛyɛ mita 200 wɔ sekan biara mu (kilomita 720 dɔnhwerew biara anaa akwansin 447 dɔnhwerew biara). Ɛmfa ho ahoɔhare yi no, asorɔkye no a ɛso yɛ toro no sua koraa. Asorɔkye a ne sorokɔ yɛ mita 0.5 kosi mita 1 (anammɔn 1.6 kosi anammɔn 3.3) a wɔkyekyɛ wɔ asorɔkye tenten a ɛyɛ kilomita 150 (akwansin 93) mu no ma ɛkɔ fam nkakrankakra araa ma po so ahyɛn a ɛwɔ po so no nhu asorɔkye a ɛretwam wɔ wɔn abon ase.

Nsakrae a efi po a ɛda hɔ a ɛyɛ hu mu kɔ mpoano asorɔkye a ɛsɛe ade mu no nam shoaling so ba bere a asorɔkye no hyia asasepɔn no so no:

• Green Mmara ne Asorɔkye Nkɔsoɔ: Bere a nsuo mu dɔ so tew no, asorɔkye ahoɔhare brɛ ase wɔ nsuo a emu dɔ no ntini ahinanan no mu tẽẽ. Esiane sɛ asorɔkye bere kɔ so yɛ nea ɛkɔ so daa nti, asorɔkye no akyi tu kwan ntɛmntɛm sen anim no, na ɛhyɛ asorɔkye no tenten. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔakora ahoɔden a ɛtwetwe ne nea ebetumi aba so no, asorɔkye no sorokɔ kɔ soro sɛnea nsu mu dɔ a wɔama so akɔ tumi a enye nkyem anan mu biako, akontaabu mu abusuabɔ a wonim no sɛ Green mmara no hyia.
• Wavelength Compression: Wɔ nsuo a emu dɔ mu no, tsunami a ɛwɔ soro no trɛw kilomita 100 kɔsi 200 (akwansin 62 kɔsi 124). Sɛ asorɔkye no brɛ ase fi kilomita 720 dɔnhwerew biara (akwansin 447 dɔnhwerew biara) wɔ nsu a emu dɔ mu kɔ kilomita 36 dɔnhwerew biara (akwansin 22 dɔnhwerew biara) wɔ mpoano nsu a emu nnɔ mu a, asorɔkye no tenten mia kodu nea ennu kilomita 5 (akwansin 3), na ɛma nsu no boaboa ano ma ɛyɛ mmepɔw akɛse a ɛda hɔ.
• Kinetic to Potential Energy Conversion: Bere a nsuo adum no ase twe kɔ po ase a ɛnyɛ den no, horizontal particle velocity dan kɔ soro, na ɛdan kinetic momentum kɛseɛ ma ɛbɛyɛ hydrostatic head pressure. Saa adeyɛ yi dan po a emu dɔ mu a ɛtu kɔ baabi foforo a ɛyɛ mmerɛw na ɛrehuruhuruw ma ɛbɛyɛ asorɔkye a ɛrehuruw wɔ asase so.

Wɔ nsu a wɔato mu fã bi, hyɛn gyinabea, ne po so hyɛn gyinabea mu no, nsu mu ahoɔden a ɛto so abien ma ɔsɛe yɛ kɛse:

• Harbor Resonance (Seiche Dynamics): Hyɛn Gyinabea biara a wɔato mu no wɔ abɔdeɛ mu oscillation frequency a egyina ne geometry, ne bun, ne ne entrance trɛw so. Sɛ bere a tsunami asorɔkye keteke ahorow ba no ne abɔde mu nnyigyei mpɛn dodow a ɛwɔ hyɛn gyinabea hɔ no hyia a, asorɔkye a ɛtwetwe adwene a ɛma nkɔso ba. Resonance ma nsu no wosow denneennen nnɔnhwerew 24 kosi 48, na ɛma nsu a ɛreworo so no kɔ soro sen mpoano a ɛda hɔ no mmɔho abien.
• Bore Formation in Shallow Estuaries: Sɛ tsunami hyɛn asubɔnten no ano a ɛnyɛ den anaa bay teateaa bi mu a, asorɔkye a ɛreba no anim yɛ toro ntɛmntɛm, na ɛyɛ nsu fasu a ɛda hɔ a ɛyɛ basabasa na ɛyɛ ahuru a wɔfrɛ no tidal bore anaa tsunami bore. Bore kɔ n’anim wɔ nhama 15 kosi 30 (kilomita 28 kosi 56 dɔnhwerew biara anaa akwansin 17 kosi 35 dɔnhwerew biara), na ɛde adwennini nhyɛso kɛse a ɛsɛe ade ba po mu nneɛma a wɔaboaboa ano ne po so ahyɛn a wɔasisi no so.

100-Fathom Mmara ne Nsu a Ɛmu Dɔ Ahyɛn Dwumadi¶

Po so ahobammɔ adwumayɛbea ahorow a ɛwɔ wiase nyinaa, a Ɔman Po ne Wim Tebea Ho Dwumadibea, United States Mpoano Awɛmfo, ne Japan Wim Tebea Ho Dwumadibea ka ho, kura amansan gyinapɛn bi a ɛfa sɛnea po so ahyɛn a ɛwɔ mpoano no nkwa ho no kura mu: 100-fathom (mita 183 anaa anammɔn 600) bun contour mmara.

Sɛ woyɛ adwuma kɔ akyiri sen bathymetric contour line a ɛyɛ anammɔn 100 no a, ɛma wo hyɛn no kɔ akyiri sen asasepɔn no so abubuw, baabi a po ase bun dan ntɛmntɛm kɔ asasetaw a bun mu no. Wɔ saa bun a ɛwɔ saa bun mu yi akyi no, tsunami asorɔkye nsakrae nnya mfii ase:

Sɛ wode po so hyɛn bi reyɛ adwuma wɔ nsu a emu dɔ mu bere a tsunami kɔkɔbɔ a ɛyɛ nnam rekɔ so no:

• Steer Directly Into the Swell: Ma wo hyɛn no anim nkɔ so gyina asorɔkye a ɛreba no so. Wɔ nsu a emu dɔ mu mpo no, tsunami anim no betumi ama nsu ayiri a ɛyɛ toro bere a ɛfa po ase mmepɔw so no. Sɛ wofa beam no so ahonhon kɛse a, ɛma wohuruhuruw kɛse na asiane wom sɛ ɛbɛbɔ anaasɛ ɛbɛdan.
• Throttle Back to Conserve Fuel: Nhyew pɛtro a ɛho nhia denam ahoɔhare a ɛkɔ soro a wobɛkɔ so akura mu pɛnkoro a ɛboro 100-fathom line no so. Throttle down to minimum steerageway, na kura w’anim ahoɔden a ɛdɔɔso pɛpɛɛpɛ na ama woakora rudder tumidi ne bow orientation so akɔ po a ɛwɔ hɔ no mu.
• Disengage Autopilot Systems: Deactivate automated steering systems na hwɛ nsa so tumi a ɛwɔ helm no so. Tsunami asorɔkye keteke ahorow ma nsu a ɛkyinkyin bere tenten a ebetumi ama fluxgate kɔmpase ne gyrocompass a wɔde hyɛ mu no ayɛ basaa, na ɛde stia no a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ aba.
• Maintain Continuous Radar Watches: Tsunami backwash popra asase so nneɛma a asɛe metric tɔn ɔpepem pii kɔ mpoano nsu a ɛda hɔ mu. Fa po so radar a wɔayɛ no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛbɔ tiawa, a ɛyɛ nea ɛyɛ fɛ yiye di dwuma de di asiane ahorow a hann nnim, a nea ɛka ho ne po so hyɛn no anim a abubu, hyɛn gyinabea afã horow a abubu, po so ahyɛn a wɔde di gua a wɔde fa po so hyɛn mu, ne nnua a wɔatu a ɛretu akɔ mpoano.

Marina ne Hyɛn Gyinabea Nkɔso: Po so Nhyɛn a Wɔde Ahyɛn Mu Ho Ɔhaw no¶

Nhyɛn a wɔde ahyɛ mu no hyia ɔsɛe kɛse wɔ tsunami bere mu. Mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ wɔbɛtra hyɛmma a wɔakyekyere wɔ hyɛn gyinabea bi mu afi asorɔkye mu no yɛ mfomso a edi awu a po so ahyɛnfo taa di wɔ mpoano mmeae no mu biako.

Hyɛn gyinabea nhyehyɛe a wɔsɛe no no nam honam fam nneɛma a ɛkɔ so ntɛmntɛm so:

flowchart TD
    A["Tsunami Crest Du Hyɛn Gyinabea"] --> B["Nsuo Kɔ soro Kɔ soro Mita 1 kosi 3 Simma Biara"]
    B --> C["Po so hyɛn gyinabea ahorow a ɛsensɛn nsu so no sen wɔ Structural Pilings Atifi"]
    C --> D["Mooring Cleats Tetetew; Synthetic Lines Snap Wɔ Shock Adesoa Ase"]
    D --> E["Hyɛn Gyinabea ne Po so Ahyɛn a Ɛsen Fam Ahorow Kɔhwe wɔ Mpoano wɔ Tangled Flotilla mu"]
    E --> F["Basabasayɛ Drawdown Empties Basin: Nkuku Ground and Roll wɔ Bilges so"]
    F --> G["Asorɔkye a Ɛto so Abien Bɔ Ahyɛmma a Ɛwɔ Fam: Total Physical Hull Crushing"]

1. Piling Overtopping ne Dock a ɛdi huammɔ¶

Nnɛyi hyɛn gyinabea ahorow de pontoon hyɛn gyinabea ahorow a ɛsensɛn nsu so a wɔde dade, kɔnkrit, anaa nnua a wɔde ayɛ adum a ɛda hɔ gyina hɔ na ɛkura mu di dwuma. Wɔayɛ saa pilings yi sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛfa abakɔsɛm mu nsoromma mu hwɛ mu asorɔkye a ɛkɔ soro a wɔde ka ho ne ahum a ɛretu ahobammɔ kwan a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ, a mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ mita 2 kosi 3 (anammɔn 7 kosi 10) wɔ nsu a ɛkorɔn a ɛkɔ soro a ɛkyerɛ no so.

Sɛ tsunami kɛse bi hyɛn hyɛn gyinabea bi a, nsu no kɔ soro gyina hɔ boro mita 1 kosi 3 simma biara (anammɔn 3 kosi 10 simma biara). Bere a nsu no boro pilings no sorokɔ so no, hyɛn gyinabea ahorow a ɛsensɛn nsu so no tetew fi wɔn akwankyerɛ nsateaa a ɛda hɔ no ho. Sɛ wonya ahofadi fi wɔn pilings mu pɛ a, hyɛn gyinabea ahorow, akwan a wɔfa so fa nsu mu, nhama a wɔde fa nsu mu, ne po so ahyɛn ɔhaha pii a wɔde ahyɛ mu no bɛyɛ ade a ɛsensɛn nsu mu a wontumi nkyerɛ kwan, a emu duru yɛ tɔn mpempem pii a nsu a ɛsen ntɛmntɛm na ɛde kɔ asorɔkye a ɛbubu ne abɔnten so a ɛkɔ mpoano.

2. Mooring Line Snapping ne Cleat Tear-Out¶

Wɔ hyɛn gyinabea ahorow a pilings da so ara nni soro mpo mu no, nsu ahoɔhare a ɛkɔ soro a tsunami a ɛretu no de ba no de tumi a ɛtwetwe po so ahyɛn no anim a ɛyɛ hu ba. Wɔayɛ nylon a ɛwɔ nhama abiɛsa anaa polyester hyɛn gyinabea nhama a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛtwetwe asorɔkye a ɛbɔ brɛoo ne mframa nketenkete a ɛbɔ no.

Nsu a ano yɛ den a ne kɛse yɛ nhama 10 a ɛde ahopere twa po so hyɛn a wɔde ahyɛ mu a ne tenten yɛ mita 12 (anammɔn 40) a ɛde tu kɔ baabi foforo ho no ma ahoɔden a ɛtra hɔ a ɛyɛ kilogram mpempem pii ba wɔ akyi. Sɛ asorɔkye a ɛyɛ basabasa sesa wɔn kwan simma 10 kosi 15 biara a, nhama a wɔde hyɛn mu no nya adesoa a ɛyɛ basabasa a ɛyɛ kyinhyia. Nhama a wɔde ayɛ no trɛw kɔ akyiri sen nea ɛyɛ den, na ɛde ahoɔden a ɛpae paapae, bere a aluminium hyɛn gyinabea nhama tetew fi fiberglass deck ahorow mu, na ɛtow dade a wɔde tow hyɛn gyinabea ahorow no so.

3. Nsuo a Wɔtwe Ntɛmntɛm ne Keel Grounding¶

Tsunami asorɔkye ho abɔde mu nneɛma ho nimdeɛ kyerɛ sɛ sɛ tsunami keteke asorɔkye a edi kan no yɛ abura a, nsu a ɛtwetwe ntɛmntɛm fi mpoano hyɛn gyinabea ahorow mu ma ɛyɛ nwonwa ansa na asorɔkye no aba. Nsu no kɔ fam wɔ ahoɔhare a ebetumi ama nsu a ɛwɔ hyɛn gyinabea bi mu nyinaa akɔ mu wɔ nea ennu simma 5 kosi 10 mu, na ɛma ɛpo ase, nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn a wɔde hyɛ nsu mu, ne nsu afiri a ɛwɔ po ase no da adi.

Po so ahyɛn a wɔde asisi slips mu no hwe ase denneennen kɔ po ase, na ɛba fam wɔ wɔn ahwehwɛ, wɔn hyɛn no kwankyerɛfo, ne wɔn a wɔde tu mmirika so. Ahyɛmma a ɛde po so hyɛn tu a emu dɔ ne po so ahyɛn a ɛwɔ engine abien no de wɔn nan ase wɔ wɔn bilges so, na atɛkyɛ hyɛ mu ma na ɛkyere adwumayɛfo no wɔ hyɛn no ase. Sɛ tsunami a ɛresan aba no bɔ hyɛn gyinabea a nsu a ɛreworo so no mu simma kakraa bi akyi a, ɛyɛ adwuma sɛ nsu fasu a ɛrebubu a ɛbɔ hyɛn no mu ahyɛmma a wɔabobɔw na asisi fam no mu ansa na atumi asan asen, na ɛbubu adan nketewa na ɛmene wɔn a wɔte mu a wɔakyere wɔn no.

Wiase Ankasa Nsɛm Ho Nhwehwɛmu ne Po so Asuade¶

Abakɔsɛm mu po so tsunami asiane ahorow mu nhwehwɛmu ma yenya asuade ahorow a emu da hɔ wɔ sɛnea hyɛn gyinabea a ɛreworo so no di awu ne nkwagye a mfaso wɔ so a po so ahyɛn a wotu kɔɔ mpoano nyae no ho.

Alaska Asasewosow Kɛse a esii wɔ March 27, 1964 no maa tsunami bi a ɛfa po no ho bae a ɛfaa Pacific. Crescent City, California, a ɛwɔ bɛboro kilomita 2,500 (akwansin 1,550) wɔ anafo fam no, sɛee hyɛn gyinabea a ɛyɛ hu esiane bathymetric a wɔde wɔn adwene sii so wɔ Mendocino Fracture Zone no nyinaa nti.

Ná asorɔkye atitiriw anan a ɛwɔ ntam kwan bɛyɛ simma 40 na ɛbɔɔ hyɛn gyinabea no. Asorɔkye abiɛsa a edi kan no de nsuyiri kɛse bae, nanso asorɔkye a ɛto so anan no na ɛsõ sen biara, na ne sorokɔ boro mita 6 (anammɔn 20). Asorɔkye no maa hyɛn gyinabea ahorow fii mmeae a wɔaboaboa ano no so, bubuu po so ahyɛn a na ɛnyɛ nea wɔde hyɛn mu, na ɛde mpataayi po so ahyɛn akɛse guu kurow no mmɔnten so.

Wɔde aguadi ahyɛn dunum memee wɔ asubɔnten no mu tẽẽ, bere a wɔbubuu du du pii guu hyɛn gyinabea abotan so hyɛn gyinabea ahorow so. Wɔn a wɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛhyɛn hyɛn gyinabea hɔ wɔ asorɔkye a ɛto so abien ne abiɛsa ntam de agye wɔn akorow no, asorɔkye a ɛto so anan no kyeree wɔn, na ɛmaa nnipa pii wuwui wɔ po so.

Asasewosow a ne kɛse yɛ 9.1 Tohoku a esii wɔ March 11, 2011 no maa mpɔtam hɔ tsunami kɛse bi bae wɔ Sanriku mpoano wɔ Japan, kaa asorɔkye a ɛsɛee ade wɔ Pacific atifi fam no ho. Wɔ Kamaishi, Japan no, tsunami a ɛpaapae asorɔkye a emu dɔ sen biara wɔ wiase no antumi ansiw asorɔkye ahoɔden kɛse no ano. Wɔ aguadi hyɛn gyinabea no mu no, wɔmaa nneɛma akɛse a wɔde fa nneɛma so faa po so afasu so de guu asase mu kɔ nkurow akɛse mu mpɔtam. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, po so ahyɛn a Japan Mpoano Awɛmfo na wɔde di dwuma a ɛda nsow ntɛm ara wɔ po so sen sɛnea emu dɔ yɛ mita 200 (anammɔn 656) no traa tsunami asorɔkye no so a na biribiara nsɛee anaasɛ na ɛhyɛn hyɛn no anim.

Wɔ Pacific Po no agya wɔ Santa Cruz, California, a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri kilomita 8,000 (akwansin 5,000) no, tsunami no bae wɔ asasewosow no akyi nnɔnhwerew 10. Harbor resonance maa nsu a ɛrewosow denneennen a ɛwosow wɔ simma 15 ntam. Nsu a ɛwɔ ɔkwan teateaa a wɔfa so kɔ mu no mu no boroo nhama 12 (kilomita 22 dɔnhwerew biara anaa akwansin 14 dɔnhwerew biara). Nsu a ɛtɔe no tetew aguadi hyɛn gyinabea ahorow 18 fii mmeae a wɔde hyɛn hyɛn hyɛn hyɛn hyɛn gyinabea no, ɛmaa po so ahyɛn 15 memee, na ɛsɛee afoforo bɛyɛ 100, na ɛmaa po so nneɛma a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma a ɛboro dɔla ɔpepem 28 hweree wɔ hyɛn gyinabea bi a na ɛne baabi a asasewosow no sii no ntam kwan yɛ kilomita mpempem pii no.

Wɔ December 26, 2004 no, asasewosow a ne kɛse yɛ megathrust 9.1 paee wɔ Sumatra atifi fam. Wɔ mpoano ahomegyebea hyɛn gyinabea ahorow a ɛwɔ Phuket, Thailand, ne Sri Lanka kesee fam nyinaa no, wɔbubuu po so ahyɛn a wɔakyekyere wɔ hyɛn gyinabea ahorow anaasɛ wɔde ahyɛ po so hyɛn gyinabea ahorow a emu nnɔ mu. Ahyɛmma a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ nsu mu a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ nsu mu a ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ mpoano nsu a emu dɔ a ɛbɛn Similan Nsupɔw no mu no huu asorɔkye no bere a nsu a ɛrehuru kakra a ɛda fam a nsu a ɛwɔ soro a ɛyɛ soronko dii akyi bae nkutoo. Bere a wimhyɛn no mu adwumayɛfo no huu asiane no bere a wɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔne mpoano gyinabea ahorow bedi nkitaho na wohuu asase so nneɛma a asɛe a ɛrekɔ po so nkutoo.

Gyinaesi Matrix: Tutuo Wɔ Nantew So vs Transit Offshore¶

Sɛ wɔde tsunami kɔkɔbɔ ma a, po so ahyɛn wuranom ne wɔn a wɔyɛ aguadifo hyia nkwa anaa owu a wɔbɛpaw: ɛsɛ sɛ wode hyɛn no kɔ po so, anaasɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wugyae hyɛn no na wode nantew tu kɔ asase no mu?

Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nsuo no mu dɔ, bere a wɔde fa mu, ne hyɛn gyinabea no kwan a wɔfa so kɔ mu no ho nhwehwɛmu a ɛyɛ katee, a ɛyɛ botaeɛ na ɛsi gyinaeɛ yi:

flowchart TD
    A["Tsunami Kɔkɔbɔ a Wɔkanyan"] --> B{"So Wɔde Wo Hyɛn no Si Hyɛn Gyinabea anaa Hyɛn Gyinabea?"}
    B -- "Aane" --> C{"Bere a Ɛbɛma Nkɛntɛnso >= Nnɔnhwerew 2 NE Bue Channel?"}
    C -- "Dabi: Ennu Nnɔnhwerew 2" --> D["MMƆMƆ SƐ WOBETUMI FI MOTOR FI MU"]
    D --> E["Tie Emergency Spring Lines Sɛ Bere Ma Ho Mmoa a (2 mins max) ."]
    E --> F["Abandon Boat: Tu mmirika kɔ Asase no mu na foro kɔ Bepɔw a Ahobammɔ So"]
    C -- "Yiw: >= Nnɔnhwerew 2 Kɔkɔbɔ" --> G{"So Wubetumi Du 183m / 100 Fathoms Ansa na Woadu hɔ?"}
    G -- "Dabi" --> D
    G -- "Aane" --> H["Motor a Ɛwɔ Po so Tẽẽ Kɔ Nsu a Ɛmu Dɔ a Ɛboro Fathoms 100"]
    B -- "Dabi: Hyɛn a Ɛrekɔ So" --> I{"So Wowɔ Nsu a Ɛmu Dɔ (>183m / 100 Fathoms) mu?"}
    I -- "Aane" --> J["Tena Nsu a Ɛmu Dɔ mu; Steer Bow Kɔ Swells mu"]
    I -- "Dabi: Shelf a Ɛnyɛ Den" --> K{"So Wubetumi Aprapra Asorɔkye a Edi Kan?"}
    K -- "Aane" --> H
    K -- "Dabi" --> L["Fa w’ani kyerɛ Deep Cove anaa Beach Boat a Ɛbɛn Wo Ase, Tu fi Bepɔw so"]

Sikakɔkɔɔ Mmara a Ɛfa Hyɛn Gyinabea a Wɔtu Fi Hɔ Ho¶

Sɛ wɔakyekyere wo hyɛn no wɔ hyɛn gyinabea, slip, anaa hyɛn gyinabea a wɔde hyɛn gyinabea, na bere a wobu akontaa sɛ tsunami bɛba no nnu nnɔnhwerew abien a, ɛsɛ sɛ wugyae hyɛn no ntɛm ara na wode nantew tu fi hɔ.

Mmɔ mmɔden sɛ wubesiesie hyɛn no, nyi nhama a ayɛ nwini, mfi engine a ɛyɛ nwini ase, anaasɛ wobɛfa hyɛn gyinabea akwan a ayɛ ma mu. Wɔ tsunami kɛse biara mu no, na po so ahyɛn mu adwumayɛfo a wowuwui bere a wɔrebɔ mmɔden sɛ wobegye wɔn po so ahyɛn nkwa no akɔhyɛ wɔn nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam no mu bere a nsu no kɔ soro no, ɛbubuu wɔ ahyɛmma ne hyɛn gyinabea ahorow ntam, anaasɛ wɔde wɔn si fam wɔ hyɛn gyinabea akwan a emu nnɔ mu bere a wɔretwe wɔn ho ntɛmntɛm no.

Nhwehwɛmu a Wɔde Kyerɛw Nnipa a Wɔde Wɔn Kɔ Po So¶

Ɛsɛ sɛ wobɔ mmɔden sɛ wobɛfa wo hyɛn no akɔ nsu a emu dɔ mu sɛ wodi tebea horow a edidi so yi nyinaa ho dwuma bere koro mu nkutoo a:

1. Tsunami kɔkɔbɔ a aban de ma no si so dua sɛ asorɔkye a edi kan no ba no yɛ bɛboro nnɔnhwerew abien kosi abiɛsa akyirikyiri (a ɛtaa ba ma akyirikyiri anaa teletsunami nsɛm a esisi a efi ase wɔ po no mu nyinaa).
2. Wo hyɛn no yɛ adwuma koraa, wɔde pɛtro ahyɛ mu ma, na engine ahorow no yɛ hyew na ɛyɛ adwuma a mfiri ntwentwɛn wo nan ase.
3. Hyɛn gyinabea kwan no so nni hɔ koraa a nnipa nkyere so koraa, wɔama abɔnten so kwan a wɔde twe nneɛma no so koraa, na anyɛ yiye koraa no wubetumi akura ahoɔhare a wɔde fa kwan so no mu a ɛyɛ nhama 10 kosi 15.
4. Bathymetric akwantu ho nhyehyɛe ahorow si so dua sɛ w’ahyɛn no betumi atwam akɔ akyiri asen contour line a ɛyɛ anammɔn 100 (mita 183 anaa anammɔn 600) no anyɛ yiye koraa no simma 45 ansa na bere a wɔahyɛ ho nkɔm sɛ asorɔkye no bɛba no adu.
5. Hyɛn Gyinabea mpanyimfo ne mpɔtam hɔ Mpoano Awɛmfo ama po so kar a ɛkɔ abɔnten ho kwan pefee na wɔanto hyɛn gyinabea no abrannaa mu.

Hyɛn Gyinabea Aban, Hyɛn Gyinabea Dwumadibea, ne Hyɛn Gyinabea a Wɔyɛ no Den¶

Po so adwumayɛbea ahorow so ahwɛfo, hyɛn gyinabea wuranom, ne hyɛn gyinabea mpanyimfo di ahyehyɛde ahorow no asɛyɛde a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtew nkwa ahobammɔ ho asiane ne nneɛma a wɔde yɛ adwuma a asɛe ansa na tsunami aba, bere a ɛreba, ne ɛno akyi no so.

Adwumayɛ ho nhyehyɛe a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ ma aguadi hyɛn gyinabea ne hyɛn gyinabea ahorow bere a tsunami kɔkɔbɔ reba no bi ne nhyehyɛe mu nhyehyɛe no fã ahorow:

Ɔfã 1: Po so Hyɛn Gyinabea a Wɔbɛpopa Ntɛm ara (T-Minus Kɔkɔbɔ Mfɛnsere) .¶

• Sound Pier Alarms and Order Immediate Evacuation: Fa baguam kasa nhyehyɛe, pier siren, ne VHF po so amanneɛbɔ kɔkɔbɔ ahorow a ɛhyɛ ahyɛmmakafo, aguadifo apofofo, ne wɔn a wɔte po so hyɛn mu nyinaa sɛ wonsiesie slips ne piers ntɛm ara.
• Shut Off Marine Utilities: Fa nsa yi utility distribution feeds fi docks nyinaa mu. Sɛ wotwa mpoano anyinam ahoɔden a wɔde ma wɔ asase so breaker panels atitiriw no so a, esiw anyinam ahoɔden ogya ne anyinam ahoɔden a efi nsu mu ba bere a slips kɔ nsu ase no ano. Tow mfiri a wɔde siesie pɛtro a wɔde pam mu no mu, na to nsukorabea ahorow a wɔde pɛtro gu mu ntɛm ara mu na amma petrol anhwie ankɔ ahina no mu.
• Gyae Po so Ahyɛn a Ɛba: Ɛsɛ sɛ hyɛn gyinabea wimhyɛnkafo ne po so ahyɛn akwantu adwumayɛfo gyae po so ahyɛn a ɛba no ntɛm ara, na wɔkyerɛ po so ahyɛn a wɔde nneɛma gu mu, po so ahyɛn a wɔde fa ngo, ne po so ahyɛn a wɔde fa nneɛma pii no kwan kɔ po so hyɛn a wɔde hyɛn hyɛn gyinabea a ɛwɔ nsu a emu dɔ sen mita 200 (anammɔn 656) mu.

Ɔfã 2: Nneɛma a Wɔde Yɛ Adwuma a Wɔbɛyɛ no Den¶

Marina ahorow a ɛwɔ mmeae a tsunami a ɛretu denneennen no betumi de mfiridwuma mu nsakrae adi dwuma de atew adan no huammɔdi so bere a asorɔkye a ɛretu ntɛmntɛm no:

• Taller Guide Pilings: Trɛw piling sorokɔ mu anyɛ yiye koraa no mita 4 kosi 6 (anammɔn 13 kosi 20) sen abakɔsɛm mu ahum a ɛsen biara. Sɛ wɔde dade a emu yɛ duru a wɔde kyekyere piling caps hyehyɛ mu a, ɛmma hyɛn gyinabea ahorow ntumi nsen mfi pilings atifi bere a nsu a ɛrehuru gyina hɔ a wɔnhwɛ kwan no.
• Heavy-Duty Piling Guides: Fa standard aluminium anaa plastic dock roller guides a wɔahyɛ no den ductile dade kɔla akwankyerɛ a etumi gyina akyi shear adesoa a ɛboro 50 kilonewtons sesa.
• Breakaway Gangways: Fa articulated gangways a mfiri breakaway pins wɔ dock fã, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a sɛ floating docks sɔre anaasɛ ɛdannan basabasa a, gangways twa mu ho tew sen sɛ buckling docks anaasɛ ɛbɛtetew mpoano bulkheads.

Po so Ahyɛn a Wɔsan Yɛ, Nhyehyɛe a Wɔsan Kɔ Mu, ne Asiane a Ɛwɔ Po so Hyɛn mu¶

Asiane a ɛwɔ po so hyɛn mu adwumayɛfo so no mma awiei bere a tsunami a edi kan no twam no. Po mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia wɔ tsunami akyi no da so ara yɛ asiane nna pii, a nea ɛda nsow ne seiche asorɔkye a ɛtra hɔ kyɛ, nneɛma a wɔde boa po so hyɛn a asɛe, ne mfuw a ɛyɛ den a nneɛma a asɛe a ɛsensɛn nsu so wom.

+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                  POST-TSUNAMI RE-ENTRY CHECKLIST                                   |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| [ ] Maintain offshore holding pattern until Port Authority issues an official All-Clear.           |
| [ ] Verify harbor entrance channel is hydrographically surveyed before attempting passage.         |
| [ ] Post a dedicated forward bow watch to identify submerged logs, containers, and debris.         |
| [ ] Transit at dead slow speed (<5 knots) to prevent hull impact with unlit obstructions.          |
| [ ] Do not rely on navigation buoys or channel markers; anchors and chains are likely displaced.   |
| [ ] Prepare emergency tow lines and confirm bilge pumps operate prior to entering shallow waters.  |
| [ ] Assume shore facilities lack electrical power, fuel delivery, and potable water hookups.       |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Asiane a Ɛwɔ Asorɔkye Pii Mfɛnsere no¶

Tsunami nyɛ asorɔkye biako a atew ne ho; wɔyɛ keteke a asorɔkye a ɛtoatoa so a ɛtrɛw nnɔnhwerew 12 kosi 24. Asorɔkye a edi kan no ntaa nyɛ kɛse sen biara. Wɔtaa de bathymetric resonance a ɛwɔ hyɛn gyinabea nsukorabea ahorow mu no ma crests a ɛto so abien anaa abiɛsa, a ɛba nnɔnhwerew kakraa bi wɔ nkɛntɛnso a edi kan no akyi no yɛ kɛse.

Ɛsɛ sɛ po so ahyɛn a ɛwɔ mpoano no kɔ so tra nsu a emu dɔ mu a ɛboro akwan a ɛyɛ anammɔn 100 no so kosi sɛ Mpoano Awɛmfo anaa mpɔtam hɔ hyɛn gyinabea mpanyimfo de aban afotu a emu da hɔ nyinaa bɛfa po so VHF Channel 16 so. Hyɛn gyinabea a wɔsan kɔ ntɛm no ama wɔabɔ fam pii a edi awu na wɔne asorɔkye a ɛto so abien abɔ.

Asiane a Ɛba Akwantuo a Ɛba Akwantuo so¶

Sɛ awiei koraa no hyɛn gyinabea mpanyimfo ma kwan ma po so ahyɛn sɛ wɔnsan nkɔ mpoano nsu kwan mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ po so hyɛn mu adwumayɛfo de ahwɛyiye kɛse tu kwan:

• Displaced Navigation Buoys and Beacons: Tsunami a ɛretu no tetew kɔnkrit sinkers a ɛyɛ tɔn pii ne ankora nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn mu wɔ po ase. Wɔtaa tu afiri a wɔde hyɛ akyi kwan agyiraehyɛde, daybeacons, ne asiane agyiraehyɛde a wɔde kanea ayɛ no mita ɔhaha pii kɔ nsu kwan a ɛyɛ adwuma mu anaasɛ woyi fi hɔ koraa. Mfa wo ho nto buoys a wotumi hu so; fa GPS chartplotters a wɔahyɛ no agyirae ne depth sounders a ɛhwɛ w’anim di dwuma katee.
• Shoaling ne Channel Infilling: Tsunami backwash de asase so asase, akwan so nneɛma, ne mpoano anhwea pii kɔ akwan a wɔfa so fa po so. Wobetumi de nsu a ɛyɛ fĩ ahyɛ hyɛn gyinabea nsuten a kan no na ɛhwɛ mframa a ɛbɔ no so mita 10 (anammɔn 33) a ɛma emu dɔ so tew ma ennu mita 2 (anammɔn 6).
• Derelict and Submerged Flotsam: Nneɛma a asɛe a ɛyɛ metric tɔn ɔpepem pii gu nsuo no ani ne nsuo adum no so. Nsuo a wɔde fa po so ahyɛn a ɛsensɛn nsuo ase a ɛne nsuo no ani hyia, nhama a wɔde hyɛ nsuo mu a ɛyɛ tan, adan a ɛwɔ nsuo ase, ne pɛtro a wɔde gu nsuo mu no de asiane a ɛyɛ hu ba fiberglass ne aluminum ahyɛn no anim sɛ ɛbɛbubu. Fa ɔwɛn-hwɛfo a wɔahyira so to hyɛn no anim, tew hyɛn no ahoɔhare so nkɔ fam nsen 5 knots, na kɔ so yɛ krado ntɛm ara sɛ wobɛdan akɔ akyi.

Po so Nkitahodi ne Nkitahodi a Ɛho Hia Ntɛmntɛm¶

Nkitahodi a etu mpɔn wɔ po so tsunami tebea a egye ntɛmpɛ mu no boa po so ahyɛn akyi di ntɛmntɛm, ahobammɔ ho kɔkɔbɔ ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ wɔ bere ano, ne po so hyɛn a wɔde sie a wɔayɛ no biako.

Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ po so ahyɛn no kura telefon so nkitahodi ho nneyɛe a wɔde nteɛso ayɛ mu:

• VHF Marine Channel 16 Priority: Channel 16 (156.800 megahertz) ne amanaman ntam po so ahokyere, ahobanbɔ, ne mpɛn dodow a wɔfrɛ. Kura wɛn a wobɛkɔ so atie no mu. Ma nsɛm a wɔde mena no nyɛ tiawa na ɛnyɛ nea wɔahyɛ da ayɛ, na fa mframa bere sie ma ahoyeraw frɛ a ɛde nkwa to asiane mu (MAYDAY) ne ahobammɔ ho amanneɛbɔ a egye ntɛmpɛ (SECURITE).
• Automated Identification System (AIS) Dwumadie: Ma wo hyɛn Class A anaa Class B AIS transponder no nyɛ adwuma bere nyinaa. Wɔ sum a ɛyɛ den anaa nsõ a emu yɛ duru a ɛka ogya bepɔw mu tsunami ho mu no, AIS ma aguadi ahyɛn a ɛbɛn hɔ, Mpoano Awɛmfo a wotwitwa nneɛma, ne po so ahyɛn akwantu adwumayɛbea ahorow kwan ma wotumi di wo gyinabea, ahoɔhare, ne baabi a worekɔ no akyi, na esiw mpoano a ɛbɛbɔ denneennen bere a nnipa pii retu afi hyɛn gyinabea ahorow no ano.
• Digital Selective Calling (DSC): Hwɛ sɛ wo VHF po so radio no akɔ GPS receiver a ɛyɛ adwuma so na woakyerɛw wo din wɔ Maritime Mobile Service Identity (MMSI) nɔma a ɛfata so. Wɔ ntɛmpɛ a emu yɛ den mu no, sɛ wode ahoyeraw bɔtn kɔkɔɔ no yɛ adwuma a, ɛde dijitaal ahoyeraw a ɛpae a ɛyɛ adwuma ankasa a wo hyɛn no nsusuwii a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ ne nea egye ntɛmpɛ su wom kɔ ɔmantam no mu po so nkwagye nhyehyɛe mmeae tẽẽ.
• Satellite Nkitahodi ne EPIRBs: Wɔ po so ahyɛn a ɛyɛ adwuma boro VHF line-of-sight range (mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ kilomita 30 kosi 50 anaa akwansin 20 kosi 30 fi mpoano gyinabea ahorow), satellite abɔfo, satellite telefon, ne 406-megahertz Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs) ma wiase nyinaa ntɛmpɛ sɛnkyerɛnne a wotumi de ho to so. Si so dua sɛ wo EPIRB battery ne hydrostatic release unit no wɔ wɔn nna a wɔagye atom sɛ wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma no mu.

First aid certification¶

Sɛ obi nya nkwa wɔ po so asiane ahorow, po so hyɛn gyinabea a ɛwosow, ne hyɛn gyinabea a ɛyɛ hu mu a, ɛtaa de nipadua mu ahodwiriw a emu yɛ den, ɔhyew a ano yɛ den, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ nsu bɛmene obi, ne opira a obi abubu ba. Sɛ wotwa po so ahyɛn a ɛwɔ mpoano no mu fi nnuruyɛbea ahorow a ɛwɔ mpoano na nkurow akɛse mu ayaresa a egye ntɛmpɛ ntumi nkɔ hyɛn gyinabea ahorow a asɛe no mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ adwumayɛfo no nya nimdeɛ, ntetee, ne nnwinnade a ɛho hia na wɔde ama wɔn a wɔte hɔ no ayaresa a ɛkɔ akyiri.

Mmoa a edi kan a wɔagye atom, CPR, ne abɔnten so defibrillator adansedi krataa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ adwuma so a wɔde ma denam wɔn a wɔatew wɔn ho te sɛ Amerika Mmeamudua Kɔkɔɔ, St. John Ambulance, Canada Mmeamudua Kɔkɔɔ, anaa po so aduruyɛ ho adesuabea atitiriw so wie no ma wonya nkwagye ho nimdeɛ a ɛho hia. Aduruyɛ ho ntetee a wɔde nsa yɛ no kyerɛkyerɛ wo sɛnea wubedi nkyene nsu a wɔhome denneennen ho dwuma, ayi mframa kwan a asiw no afi hɔ, ayɛ koma ne ahurututu mu ahoɔden a wɔde ma wɔn a nsu a ɛmene wɔn a wɔn ho yɛ hyew kɛse no mu nkwagye bere tenten, ma akisikuru a ɛyɛ den a ɛba esiane basabasayɛ ntini a ɛbɔ mu nti no ntumi nkɔ baabiara, de ntini mu tourniquets bɛhyɛ wɔn akwaa a wɔapirapira a ɛyɛ hu mu, na woasa ahodwiriw a ɛto so abien ho dwuma kosi sɛ po so akuw a wɔhwehwɛ nkurɔfo na wogye wɔn nkwa no bɛba.

Nsɛm a wɔtaa bisa¶

Sources a wɔhwɛɛ mu¶

• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Tsunami Warning Center (NTWC, United States): Tsunami Safety Protocols for Mariners, Deep-Water Navigation Guidelines, and Shoaling Hydrodynamics.
• United States Coast Guard (USCG, United States): Navigation and Vessel Inspection Circulars, Marine Safety Alerts on Tsunami Preparedness, and Harbor Evacuation Directives.
• International Tsunami Information Center (ITIC, UNESCO / IOC): Global Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System Guidelines, Maritime Hazard Mapping, and Post-Event Port Assessments.
• Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA, Japan): Marine Tsunami Warning Scales, Sanriku Coast Maritime Survival Studies, and Deep-Water Vessel Staging Protocols.
• California Geological Survey (CGS, United States): Maritime Tsunami Response Playbooks, Harbor Resonance Dynamics, and Marina Infrastructure Hardening Guidelines.
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, United States): Coastal Port Resiliency and Tsunami Evacuation Planning Guidelines.

Akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛfa ho¶

• Tsunami safety and coastal evacuation
• Meteotsunamis and sudden harbor seiches
• Seiche waves and harbor resonance surges
• Glacial calving megatsunamis and small boat evasion
• Waterspouts and marine vortex evasion
• Emergency numbers by country