Dipatuka dia bantu mu tshitudilu tshia mazuwa, mu bipalu bia mazuwa ne mu mazuwa¶

Ma tsunami adi afila njiwu mikole kudi bena mazuwa, bamfumu ba mazuwa, ne bendeshi ba mazuwa a ku muelelu wa mâyi. Padi bikumina bia mu tshitupa tshia muinshi mua buloba, dikuluka dia buloba muinshi mua mâyi anyi dikuluka dia caldera dijimija miliyare ya metre kubike ya mâyi a mu mbuu, mavuala a bukole budi bukokela bintu panshi adi apita mu mbuu ne lubilu lua kilometre 800 ku dîba (500 miles ku dîba). Mu mbuu mubulula, mavuala aa adi apita muinshi mua mazuwa mu mushindu udi kauyi umueneka, adi ne bule bua muinshi mua metre 1 (3 feet) mu bule bua mavuala adi apita mutantshi wa kilometre 100 too ne ku 200 (62 too ne ku 124 miles).

Padi tsunami ubuela mu mayi a ku muelelu wa mayi adi kaayi makole, dikokangana dia ku muelelu wa mâyi didi ditekesha bule bua mavuala, dipuekesha lubilu lua mavuala bikole eku dienzeja bule bua mavuala bua kubandila bikole ku diambuluisha dia dibuela dia mavuala. Mu bipalu bikanga, mu njila mikese ya mazuwa, ne mu bipalu bia mazuwa bidi kabiyi ne mâyi a bungi, tsunami idi ikudimuka mu mavuala makole, mu tshipepele tshikole, ne mu dipueka dia mâyi dikole. Ma marina adi alua mashinyi a kusukula nawu bilamba adi ashipa bantu muaba udi mazuwa adi apueka ku milonda, mazuwa adi panshi anyanguka pamue, ne mâyi adi apita pa 15 nodes (28 kilometre ku dîba anyi 17 miles ku dîba) adi atshibula muntu yonso udibu bakuate ku mazuwa anyi udi uteta bua kusungila mazuwa mu minite ya ndekelu.

Enza nunku mpindieu¶

1. Umbusha mazuwa adi makanga bua kuyawu muaba mule ku makasa diakamue padibu bakudimuija bantu ba muaba udibu basombele:
   • Lekela mazuwa adi masuikila ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa, ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa, anyi ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa dîba didi buloba buenda bunyanguka bikole anyi padi didimuija dia tsunami diumvuika.
   • Lubila munda mua buloba ne ubanda diakamue, ufike ku bule bua metre 30 (100 feet) pa mutu pa mbuu anyi uya mutantshi wa kilometre 3 (2 miles) munda mua buloba.
   • Kujimiji dîba nansha kakese bua kuteta bua kutuadija motere, kumbusha mionji ya dikuata, anyi kulama bintu bia pa mâyi padi mavuala afika mu mêba abidi to.
2. Solola bienzedi bia mazuwa bilondeshile buondoke bua mayi pikalabi bienda mu mbuu:
   • Shi udi wenza mudimu mu mayi male adi mapite pa metre 183 (100 fathoms anyi 600 feet), ikala ku muelelu kua mayi ne ulombole buludiludi mu mayi adi alua mutantshi mule.
   • Shi udi wenza mudimu mu mayi a mu muelelu wa mayi adi kaayi makole adi pankatshi pa metre 20 ne 100 (66 feet ne 328 feet), enda diakamue mu mayi manene pikala mêba abidi ashala kumpala kua mavuala kukuma.
   • Shi udi wenza mudimu mu tshitudilu tshikese, pabuipi ne tshitudilu tshia mazuwa, anyi mu tshina tshia mâyi tshidi katshiyi tshitamba bunene ne dîba dimue dia kudimuija, ela buatu muaba muimpe ne unyeme ku makasa.
3. Kutetshi nansha kakese bua kuendesha ndeke mu biibi bikese bia ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa mu tshikondo tshia didimuija:
   • Ikala ubenga kubuela anyi kupatuka mu bipalu bia mazuwa, mu mishiku ya tshitudilu tshia mazuwa, anyi mu bipalu bia mâyi padibu bapatula didimuija dia tsunami.
   • Epuka bimanu bikese bia ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa mudi dikoka dia mayi ne dipuekesha dia mavuala adi abuela adi afila mavuala a lufu ne mavuala adi atshibula.
   • Imana mu mayi a patoka, a muinshi mua buloba too ne padi bamfumu ba ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa bapatula mukenji udi uleja patoke.
4. Lama malu a tshimpitshimpi a mu mayi misangu yonso:
   • Teka tshiamu tshieba tshia VHF tshia mu mayi ku tshisanji tshia 16 (156.800 megahertz) ne utangila malu a mu tshisanji tshia National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
   • Kulongolola miaba ya kuenza mudimu ku mbuu ne balami ba ku muelelu wa mâyi ba mu États-Unis, bamfumu ba ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa, ne nzubu ya dilongolola dia malu a dipandisha bantu mu bitupa bia maloba.
   • Tuma muaba webe, bungi bua bena mudimu, ne nsombelu wa mazuwa kudi bena mudimu ba mu mbuu kumpala kua dikuba dia ku mbuu dipueka.
5. Dilongolola bua kuikala nkayebe matuku a bungi ku mbuu shi udi mushale mu mbuu:
   • Upingaje motere ku tshitekelu tshia mashinyi musangu umua mu mayi manene bua kulama mazutu a mazutu ne a esanse.
   • Udi mua kufila mayi a kunua ne biakudia, wela meji ne: bintu bia ku muelelu wa mâyi, miaba ya kuela mafuta ne miaba ya ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa nebinyanguke paudi upingana.
   • Teka tshiamu tshia kutangila natshi mazuwa ne ikala ne tshiamu tshia radar tshidi tshienza mudimu bua kuepuka mazuwa a mâyi adi apita pa mâyi, mazuwa a mâyi adi kaayi ne tshintu, ne mazuwa a mâyi adi kaayi ne mushinga.

flowchart TD
    A["Didimuija dia Tsunami: Tshikumina tshia buloba tshidi tshiumvuika anyi mutoyi wa sirene"] --> B{"Mazuwa ebe adi penyi mpindieu?"}
    B -- "Kulamakaja ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa anyi ku tshitudilu" --> C{"Dîba dia tshinyangu tshia kumpala"}
    C -- "Muinshi mua mêba 2" --> D["Lekela buatu diakamue: Lubila munda mua buloba too ne ku bule bua 30m / 100ft"]
    C -- "Mêba mapite pa 2 ne tshitudilu tshiunzulula" --> E["Tangila meyi a balombodi ba tshitudilu tshia mazuwa ne umbuke pikalabi bilomba"]
    B -- "Mu njila munda mua tshitudilu tshia mazuwa anyi mu Shallow Bay" --> F{"Udi mua kufika ku 183m / 100 Fathoms mu tshikondo anyi?"}
    F -- "Tòo: Muinshi mua Dîba 1" --> G["Mazuwa a ku muelelu wa mayi mu Safe Cove, Umbuke ku Muaba Mukulu ku makasa"]
    F -- "Eyowa: Bulula mayi male kumpala" --> H["Lubilu luonso lua mashinyi too ne mu mayi manene kupita 183m / 600ft mu butshiama"]
    B -- "Mu njila mu mbuu kupita pa 183m / 100 Fathoms" --> I["Ikala ku muelelu wa mayi mu mayi manene: Lombola mu mayi male"]

Fizike ya tsunami ya mu mayi: Mbuu mukola ne tshibandabanda tshia muinshi mua buloba¶

Kulama mazuwa bimpa mu tshikondo tshia tsunami kudi kulomba kumvua mushindu udi mavuala a mu mayi makese enda mutantshi mule. Nansha mudi tsunami wenda mu bitupa bia mbuu bidi ne bunene bua metre binunu ne binunu, bamanyi ba malu a mbuu badi bababikila ne: mavuala a mâyi adi kaayi makole bualu bule bua mavuala abu budi bupita bunene bua mbuu kule ne kule.

Mu mayi manene a mbuu, lubilu lua mavuala ludi lulonda buludiludi bunene bua mayi, lulombodibua kudi lubilu lua bukole budi bukokela bintu panshi. Pa mutu pa mpata idi ne bule bua metre 4,000 (13,120 feet), tsunami udi wenda lubilu lua metre 200 ku sekonde (720 kilometre ku dîba anyi 447 miles ku dîba). Nansha mudiku lubilu elu, bunene bua mavuala budi bukese. Mavuala a bule bua metre 0,5 too ne ku metre 1 (metre 1,6 too ne ku metre 3,3) mu bule bua mavuala a mu bule bua kilometre 150 (93 miles) adi apatula dipueka dia ku kakese ku kakese dia se: mazuwa adi mu mbuu kaena mua kumona mavuala apita muinshi mua tshilamba tshiawu to.

Dishintuluka dia tshipepele tshikole tshia mu mbuu too ne ku tshipepele tshikole tshia ku muelelu wa mâyi didi dienzeka ku diambuluisha dia dibutuka dia mâyi padi tshipepele tshituilangana ne tshitupa tshia buloba:

• Mukenji wa Green ne dikolesha dia mavuala: Padi bunene bua mayi buenda bupueka, lubilu lua mavuala ludi lupueka bilondeshile muji wa bunene bua mayi. Bu mudi tshikondo tshia mavuala tshishala tshishindame, nyima ya mavuala idi yenda lubilu kupita ya kumpala, idi ipepeja bule bua mavuala. Bua kulama bukole budi buenda ne bukole budi mua kuenzeka, bule bua mavuala budi buvula bilondeshile bunene bua mayi budi bubandishibue ku bukole bua tshitupa tshimue tshia binayi, malanda a makumi adibu babikila ne: mukenji wa Green.
• Dikuma dia bule bua mavuala: Mu mayi male, tshibandabanda tshia tsunami tshidi tshipita kilometre 100 too ne ku 200 (62 too ne ku 124 miles). Padi mavuala a mâyi apueka kumbukila ku kilometre 720 ku dîba (447 miles ku dîba) mu mâyi manene too ne ku kilometre 36 ku dîba (22 miles ku dîba) mu mâyi manene a ku muelelu wa mâyi, bule bua mavuala budi buenda bupueka too ne ku kilometre 5 (3 miles), buenza bua mâyi afike mu bitupa binene bia nsongo.
• Dishintulula dia bukole bua tshienzedi too ne ku bukole budi mua kuikalaku: Padi tshitupa tshia kuinshi kua mâyi tshienda tshikoka muinshi mua mbuu, lubilu lua bitupa bia bintu bidi bienda bibuela muulu, lushintulula tshienzedi tshinene tshia tshienzedi mu tshienzedi tshia ku mutu tshia hydrostatique. Mudimu ewu udi ukudimuna dienda dia muinshi mua mbuu didi dienda dienda dienda dikola mu dibue dia pa buloba.

Mu mayi adi makanga, mu bipalu, ne mu bipalu, hydrodynamique muibidi udi uvudija dibutuka:

• Harbor Resonance (Seiche Dynamics): Tshitudilu tshionso tshikanga tshidi ne tshipiminu tshia dishintuluka bilondeshile bunene buatshi, bunene ne bulampe bua tshibuelelu. Padi tshikondo tshia mavuala a tsunami adi alua tshipetangana ne frekanse wa resonance wa tshilelela wa mu tshina tshia mazuwa, dinyanguka dia mavuala didi dienzeka. Resonance udi usaka mayi bua kunyunguluka bikole munkatshi mua mêba 24 too ne ku 48, ne udi ufila bule bua mayi a munda misangu ibidi kupita ku muelelu wa mâyi.
• Dienza dia tshina tshia mâyi mu misulu idi kayiyi mikole: Padi tsunami ubuela mu tshina tshia musulu tshidi katshiyi tshikole anyi mu tshibandabanda tshikese, kumpala kua mavuala adi alua adi akola lukasa, enza tshimanu tshia mâyi tshidi tshienda tshinyanguka tshidibu babikila ne: tshina tshia mayi anyi tshina tshia tsunami. Mashinyi adi enda lubilu lua 15 too ne ku 30 nodes (28 too ne ku 56 kilometre ku dîba anyi 17 too ne ku 35 miles ku dîba), adi anyanga bikole bimanu bia mu mâyi ne mazuwa adibu balamakaja.

Mikenji ya 100-Fathom ne midimu ya mazuwa a mu mayi manene¶

Bibambalu bia bukubi bia pa mayi pa buloba bujima, bu mudi National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Coast Guard, ne Japan Meteorological Agency, bidi bilama tshilele tshia pa buloba bujima tshia dilama dia mazuwa a pa mayi: 100-fathom (183-meter anyi 600-foot) depth contour rule.

Kuenza mudimu kupita mulongo wa 100-fathom bathymetric contour line kudi kufikisha buatu buebe kupitshila ku tshitupa tshia continental shelf, muaba udi muinshi mua mbuu ushintuluka lukasa mutangile ku mpata ya muinshi mua buloba. Panyima pa tshipiminu tshia bunene ebu, dishintuluka dia mavuala a tsunami kadiena dianji kutuadija to:

Paudi wenza mudimu ne buatu mu mayi manene mu tshikondo tshia didimuija dia tsunami:

• Lombola buludiludi mu tshina tshia mâyi: Lama tshitekelu tshia buatu tshieba tshitangile ku mavuala adi alua. Nansha mu mayi male, muelelu wa tsunami udi mua kupatula mavuala makole padiye upitshila mu mikuna ya muinshi mua mbuu. Kuangata tshipepele tshikole pa mutshi kudi kufikisha ku dikuluka dikole ne ku njiwu ya dibutuka anyi dibutuka.
• Kupingaja tshiamu tshia nzembu bua kulama mafuta: Kuoshi mafuta kakuyi bualu to, pa kulama lubilu lua bungi lua dienda pa mutu pa tshipiminu tshia 100-fathom. Puekesha mashinyi too ne ku tshitupa tshikese tshia mashinyi, ikala anu ne bukole bua kuya kumpala bua kulama bukokeshi bua tshiamu tshia mashinyi ne njila wa tshiamu tshia mashinyi mu mbuu udi ukokesha.
• Kumbusha tshiamu tshia autopilot: Kumbusha tshiamu tshia dilombola tshidi tshienza mudimu nkayatshi ne ikala ne bukokeshi bua tshiamu tshia mashinyi. Mashinyi a mavuala a tsunami adi apatula ngendu ya mayi ya mutantshi mule idi mua kunyangakaja tshiamu tshia fluxgate ne tshiamu tshia gyrocompass, bienza bua mashinyi ikale ne njila mibi.
• Lama tshikebelu tshia radar tshidi katshiyi tshijika: Tshipupu tshia tsunami tshidi tshikoka miliyo ya tone ya bintu bia pa buloba mu mayi a ku muelelu wa mâyi. Wenza mudimu ne radar wa mu mayi mulongolola bua tshitupa tshîpi, mu mushindu wa resolution wa bungi bua kulonda njiwu idi kayiyi ne mutoyi, bu mudi mazuwa adi makuluke, bitupa bia tshitudilu tshia mazuwa bitshibuka, milondo ya mazuwa a bungenda, ne mitshi mikosa miji idi ipueka ku muelelu wa mâyi.

Marina ne Harbour Dynamics: The Moored Vessel Crisis¶

Mazuwa adibu balamakaja adi apeta dibutuka dinene mu tshikondo tshia tsunami. Kuteta bua kupatuka mu mayi mu buatu budibu basuika ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa mbumue bua ku bilema bia lufu bidi bena mazuwa benza mu bitupa bia ku muelelu wa mâyi.

Dibutuka dia nzubu ya tshitudilu tshia mazuwa didi dienzeka mu bikondo bia lukasa:

flowchart TD
    A["Tsunami Crest udi ufika ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa"] --> B["Bunene bua mayi budi buenda buvula ku metre 1 too ne ku 3 ku minite"]
    B --> C["Bitudilu bidi bienda pa mâyi bidi pa mutu pa mitu ya bimanu bia nzubu"]
    C --> D["Bintu bia kukanga nabi mazuwa bidi bipatuka; Milongo ya tshiamu idi itshibuka muinshi mua bujitu bua tshipupu"]
    D --> E["Mashinyi adi enda pa mâyi ne mazuwa adi apueka ku muelelu wa mâyi mu Tangled Flotilla"]
    E --> F["Dibutuka dia tshikisu didi dipuekesha tshina tshia mâyi: Mazuwa adi apuekela panshi ne akulukila pa Bilges"]
    F --> G["Mupepe muibidi udi ukuma mazuwa adi panshi: dibutuka dia mazuwa onso"]

1. Dibunda dia tshibumba ne dipanga dia tshitudilu tshia mazuwa¶

Ma marina a matuku etu aa adi enza mudimu ne mazuwa a mâyi adi apueka pa mâyi adibu balame ku luseke kudi tshiamu tshia mitaku, tshia beton anyi tshia mabaya. Mashinyi aa adi menza bua kuambula mayi manene a kale ne tshitupa tshia bukubi bua mvula wa tshipepele tshikole, pa tshibidilu metre 2 too ne ku 3 (7 too ne ku 10 feet) pa mutu pa mayi manene.

Padi tshipepele tshikole tshia tsunami tshibuela mu tshitudilu tshia mazuwa, mayi adi abanda ne lubilu lupite pa metre 1 too ne ku 3 ku minite (3 too ne ku 10 feet ku minite). Padi tshipiminu tshia mayi tshipita bule bua bimanu, bimanu bidi bienda pa mâyi bidi bipatuka ku bianza biabi bia kulombola nabi. Padibu bamane kupatuka mu bimanu biabu, mazuwa, njila, milonda ya nzembu, ne mazuwa nkama ne nkama adibu basuike adi alua tshintu tshidi katshiyi tshilombodibua, tshidi ne bujitu bua tone binunu bia bungi tshidi tshienda pa mâyi tshidi tshienda tshienda lubilu lukole mu bimanu bia ku muelelu wa mâyi ne mu bimanu.

2. Dikosolola dia mulongo wa tshitudilu ne dikosolola dia tshiamu tshia mitaku¶

Nansha mu bipalu mudi bimanu kabiyi bibuikila, lubilu lua mayi ludi lufumina ku mavuala a tsunami ludi luenza bukole bua dikema pa bipese bia mazuwa. Nylon ya nshinga isatu anyi ya polyester mienza bua kuangata mavuala a mâyi ne lupepele lukese.

Mutoyi wa 10-knot udi wenda unyunguluka pa buatu bua 12-metre (40-foot) budibu basuike udi upatula kilo binunu ne binunu ya bukole budi kabuyi buenda. Padi mavuala a tshimvundu ashintuluka njila kunyima kua minite 10 anyi 15, milongo ya dikanga idi ipeta bujitu bua bungi bua tshijengu. Milongo ya tshiamu idi ipita mikalu yayi, itshibuka ne bukole bua dibutuka, eku biamu bia aluminium bipatuka mu bimanu bia fibre de verre, bituma bingoma bia tshiamu pa bimanu.

3. Dikoka dia mayi dia lukasa ne dipuekesha dia Keel¶

Fizike wa mavuala a tsunami udi wamba ne: bikala mavuala a kumpala a kawulu ka tsunami muikale tshina tshia mâyi, difika dia mavuala edi didi dienzeka kumpala kua dipatuka dia mâyi dia lukasa dia ku mazuwa a ku muelelu wa mâyi. Mâyi adi apuekela lubilu ludi mua kujimija tshina tshijima tshia ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa mu minite mikese menemene ya 5 anyi 10, ne adi aleja muinshi mua mbuu, milonda ya mazuwa ne milonda ya muinshi mua mbuu.

Mazuwa adibu basuike mu bipese adi apueka ne tshikisu tshikole muinshi mua mbuu, apueka pa bipese biawu, pa biamu bia kuendesha nabi ne pa biamu biawu bia kuendesha nabi. Mazuwa a nzembu adi ne mayi a muinshi mua buloba ne mazuwa a motere abidi adi apueka pa bipese biawu, awuja bitotshi ne akuata bena mudimu kuinshi kua mazuwa. Padi tshibandabanda tshia tsunami tshipingana tshikuma tshina tshia mâyi tshidi tshinyanguke minite mikese pashishe, tshidi tshienza bu tshimanu tshia mâyi tshidi tshitshibuka tshidi tshituta mu mazuwa adi makuluke ne adi panshi kumpala kua kupingana pa mâyi, tshitshibula nzubu ya tshilala benyi ne tshishipa bantu badi mu mayi.

Bilejilu bia bushuwa bia pa buloba ne malongesha a mu mayi¶

Dikonkonona dia bipupu bia kale bia tsunami bia mu mbuu didi difila malongesha matoke pa bidi bitangila lufu lua mavuala a ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa ne mushindu uvua mazuwa avua maye ku mbuu mua kupanduka.

Tshikumina tshinene tshia mu Alaska tshia mu dia matuku 27 ngondo muisatu 1964, tshiakapatula tshipepele tshikole tshia mu mbuu tshivua tshipita mu Mbuu wa Pasifike. Tshimenga tshia Crescent, mu Californie, tshidi mutantshi wa kilometre mipite pa 2500 (1550 miles) ku Sud, tshiakapeta dibutuka dia tshitudilu tshia mazuwa tshikole bua dienza dia bathymétrie mu tshitupa tshia Mendocino Fracture Zone.

Tshitudilu tshia mazuwa tshivua tshikuate kudi bipepele binayi binene bivua mutantshi wa minite mitue ku 40. Mavuala asatu a kumpala akebesha mvula ya bungi, kadi mavuala anayi ke avua mapite bunene, avua ne bule bua metre mapite pa 6 (20 feet). Dibutuka dia mâyi diakambula mazuwa ku milonda, diakatshibula mazuwa avua kaayi makuate, ne diakateka mazuwa manene a kuloba nawu mishipa mu misesu ya mu tshimenga.

Mazuwa a bungenda dikumi ne asambombo avua makuluke buludiludi mu tshina tshia mâyi, eku makumi a bungi makuluke ku mabue a ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa. Bantu bavua bateta bua kubuela mu tshitudilu tshia mazuwa pankatshi pa mavuala abidi ne asatu bua kusungila mazuwa abu bakakuata kudi mavuala anayi, ne biakafikisha ku lufu lua bantu ba bungi bavua mu mbuu.

Tshikumina tshia Tohoku tshia bukole bua 9.1 mu dia matuku 11 ngondo muisatu tshidimu tshia 2011, tshiakapatula tsunami munene ku muelelu wa mâyi a mu Sanriku mu Japon, pamue ne mavuala a bungi a mu Mbuu wa Pasifike. Mu Kamaishi, mu ditunga dia Japon, tshina tshia mayi tshidi tshitamba bunene pa buloba bujima katshivua tshikokeshe bua kuimanyika bukole bua mavuala to. Munda mua tshitudilu tshia mazuwa a bungenda, mazuwa manene a bintu avua mabandishibue pa bimanu bia mbuu ne avua mateka munda mua buloba mu bimenga. Kadi, mazuwa adibu benza nawu mudimu kudi balami ba ku muelelu wa mâyi ba mu Japon avua mapatuke diakamue mu mbuu kupita pa bule bua metre 200 (656-foot) avua mapite pa mavuala a tsunami kaayi ne dinyanguka nansha dikese nansha dikese dia mubidi.

Ku dia muamua dia Mbuu wa Pasifike mu Santa Cruz, mu Californie, mutantshi wa kilometre 8 000, tsunami wakafika mêba 10 panyima pa tshikumina. Mutoyi wa mu tshitudilu tshia mazuwa uvua mujule mavuala a mâyi avua enda anyanguka mu minite 15. Mashinyi a munda mua tshibuelelu tshikese avua mapita 12 nodes (22 kilometre ku dîba anyi 14 miles ku dîba). Mvula wa mayi wakakosolola mazuwa 18 a ngendu ku miaba yawu, kunyangakaja mazuwa 15, ne kunyangakaja makuabu matue ku 100, ne kujimija makuta mapite pa miliyo 28 ya dolare mu bintu bia mu mbuu mu tshitudilu tshivua mutantshi wa kilometre binunu ne binunu ne muaba uvua tshikumina tshienzeke.

Mu dia 26 ngondo wa 12 mu 2004, tshikumina tshia bukole bua 9,1 tshiakajuka pabuipi ne Sumatra wa ku nord. Mu bipalu bia ku muelelu kua mbuu mu Phuket, mu Thailande, ne ku Sud kua Sri Lanka, mazuwa avua masuikila ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa anyi avua mashika mu miaba mikole avua manyanguke. Mazuwa a mu mâyi adi enda mu mâyi manene pabuipi ne bidiila bia Similan avua mamone mavuala anu bu dibandila dikese dia muulu dilonda kudi mavuala a mâyi a pa mutu adi kaayi a pa tshibidilu. Bena mudimu bavua bamanye tshipupu etshi anu pavuabu bateta bua kusambakena ku muelelu wa mâyi ne bamone madimi a bintu bia pa buloba avua apueka mu mbuu.

Dipangadika: Kupatuka ku makasa anyi kupitshila ku mbuu¶

Padibu bafila didimuija dia tsunami, bamfumu ba mazuwa ne bena ngendu badi ne bua kusungula muoyo anyi lufu: udi ne bua kuya ne mazuwa mu mbuu anyi, anyi udi ne bua kulekela mazuwa ne kuya mu buloba ku makasa?

Dipangadika edi didi ne tshia kuangatshibua ku diambuluisha dia tshikebelu tshikole, tshiakane tshia bunene bua mayi, dîba dia dipita, ne tshibuelelu tshia tshitudilu tshia mazuwa:

flowchart TD
    A["Didimuija dia tsunami ndituadije"] --> B{"Mazuwa eba adiku ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa anyi ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa anyi?"}
    B -- "Eyowa" --> C{"Dîba dia kuenza mudimu >= mêba 2 NE tshisanji tshia kunzulula anyi?"}
    C -- "Tòo: Muinshi mua mêba 2" --> D["KUTEKI BUA KUPATULA MOTO"]
    D --> E["Lama milongo ya tshimpitshimpi pikala dîba dikuanyishila (2 mins max)"]
    E --> F["Lekela buatu: Lubila munda mua buloba ne kuulu bua kufika muaba muimpe"]
    C -- "Eyowa: >= 2 mêba a didimuija" --> G{"Udiku mua kufika ku 183m / 100 Fathoms kumpala kua kufika anyi?"}
    G -- "To" --> D
    G -- "Eyowa" --> H["Motoka udi uya buludiludi ku muelelu wa mâyi too ne mu mayi manene adi mapite pa 100 Fathoms"]
    B -- "Tòo: Mazuwa adi enda" --> I{"Udi mu mayi male (>183m / 100 Fathoms) anyi?"}
    I -- "Eyowa" --> J["Ikala mu mayi makole; Lombola buta mu mavuala"]
    I -- "Tòo: Tshitekelu tshia muinshi mua buloba" --> K{"Udiku mua kumbusha miaba idi kayiyi mikole kumpala kua mavuala a kumpala anyi?"}
    K -- "Eyowa" --> H
    K -- "To" --> L["Enda ku Deep Cove udi pabuipi anyi ku Beach Boat, Umbuke ku Mukuna"]

Mukenji wa or wa dipatuka mu tshitudilu tshia mazuwa¶

Bikala buatu buebe busuika ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa, ku tshitudilu, anyi ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa, ne dîba didibu batshinka dia difika dia tsunami didi muinshi mua mêba abidi, udi ne bua kulekela mazuwa diakamue ne kumbuka ku makasa.

Kutetshi bua kulongolola buatu, kusunguluja mionji mikole, kutuadija motere ya mashika, anyi kuendesha mashinyi mu misulu ya ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa idi ne bantu ba bungi to. Mu tshipupu tshionso tshinene tshia tsunami, bena mazuwa bavua bafua pavuabu bateta bua kusungila mazuwa abu bavua bakuata mu bipese biabu pavua mâyi enda avula, bavua batshibuka pankatshi pa mazuwa ne bitudilu bia mazuwa, anyi bavua babuela mu tshitudilu tshia mazuwa tshivua katshiyi tshikole pavua mâyi apueka lukasa.

Malu adibu ne bua kulonda bua kupatuka mu mbuu¶

Udi ne tshia kuteta bua kuendesha buatu buebe mu mayi manene anu pikala malu onso adi alonda aa makumbane musangu umue:

1. Madimuija a mbulamatadi adi atangila tsunami adi ajadika ne: difika dia tshipepele tshia kumpala didi mutantshi wa mêba abidi anyi asatu (tshidi tshitamba kuenzeka bua malu a kule anyi a teletsunami adi afumina ku mbuu).
2. Mazuwa ebe adi enda bimpe, adi ne mafuta onso, ne motere idi ne luya ne idi yenza mudimu kakuyi lutatu lua mashinyi.
3. Mushimi wa ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa kawena ne bantu to, bimanu bidi bibandishibue, ne udi mua kulama lubilu lua 10 too ne ku 15 nodes.
4. Ma karte a dilombola dia bathymétrie adi ajadika ne mazuwa eba adi mua kupita pa mutu pa 100-fathom (183-metre anyi 600-foot) mulongo wa tshijengu nansha minite 45 kumpala kua dîba dia difika dia mavuala didibu bamanyishe.
5. Bamfumu ba ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa ne balami ba ku muelelu wa mâyi mbaanyishe patoke bua kupatuka mu mazuwa a mâyi ne ki mbakanga tshibuelelu tshia tshitudilu tshia mazuwa to.

Balombodi ba tshitudilu tshia mazuwa, dilombola dia tshitudilu tshia mazuwa, ne dikolesha dia tshitudilu tshia mazuwa¶

Balombodi ba nzubu ya pa mayi, bamfumu ba tshitudilu tshia mazuwa, ne balombodi ba tshitudilu tshia mazuwa badi ne bujitu bua kujikija njiwu ya bukubi bua muoyo ne dikuluka dia bintu bia mudimu kumpala kua, mu tshikondo tshia ne panyima pa tshipupu tshia tsunami.

Mikenji ya mudimu ya pa tshibidilu ya mazuwa a bungenda ne ya mazuwa a mâyi mu tshikondo tshia didimuija dia tsunami idi ne bitupa bia mikenji milongolola:

Tshitupa 1: Dilengeja dia lukasa dia mazuwa a mâyi (T-Minus Warning Window)¶

• Ela mbila ya ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa ne lomba bantu bua kupatuka diakamue: Enza mudimu ne biamu bia dimanyisha nabi bantu, biamu bia ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa, ne madimuija a VHF adi aleja bena mazuwa bonso, balobi ba mudimu wa bungenda, ne bantu badi basombele mu mazuwa bua kumbuka mu mazuwa ne ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa diakamue.
• Kima bintu bia mudimu bia mu mayi: Utapulule bintu bia mudimu bia ku bianza ku mazuwa onso. Kukosolola nzembu ya ku muelelu wa mâyi ku biamu binene bia dishipa nabi nzembu kudi kupangisha kapia ka nzembu ne njiwu ya dikuma dia nzembu idi ifumina ku mâyi padi bintu bibuela mu mâyi. Kanga biamu bia dipompa dia mafuta, ne kanga biamu bia tshimpitshimpi bidi mu bisuku bia mafuta bia mu mâyi bua kupangisha mafuta a petrole bua kubuela mu tshina tshia mafuta.
• Imanyika mazuwa adi abuela: Baendeshi ba mazuwa ne badi benza mudimu wa dienda dia mazuwa badi ne tshia kuimanyika diakamue dibuela dia mazuwa adi abuela, balombola mazuwa a bintu, mazuwa a mafuta, ne mazuwa a bintu bia bungi ku mbuu idi mu mayi mapite pa metre 200 (656 feet).

Tshitupa 2: Dikolesha dia nzubu ya mudimu¶

Ma marina adi mu miaba idi tsunami mikole adi mua kuenza malu makuabu bua kukepesha dinyanguka dia nzubu mu tshikondo tshia mavuala a bungi:

• Mashinyi male a kulombola: Kubandisha bule bua tshibumba tshia metre 4 too ne ku 6 (13 too ne ku 20 feet) pa mutu pa bipimu bia tshipepele tshikole bia kale. Kuteka bifulu bia mishiku ne bintu bia tshiamu tshia mitaku bikole kudi kupangisha mazuwa bua kupueka pa mutu pa mishiku padi mayi avula mu tshimpitshimpi.
• Biamu bia mudimu mukole: Pingaja bintu bia aluminium anyi bia plastike bia tshiamu tshia mitaku bidi mua kutantamena bujitu bua 50 kilonewtons.
• Breakaway Gangways: Teka njila mienza ne bipese bia mashinyi ku luseke lua tshitudilu tshia mazuwa, bua se: padi mazuwa adi pa mâyi abanda anyi atenteka bikole, njila ya njila idi ipatuka bimpe pamutu pa kuikala mikoseka anyi kupatula bimanu bia ku muelelu wa mâyi.

Dipingaja dia mazuwa, mikenji ya dibuela kabidi, ne njiwu ya dienda dia mazuwa¶

Njiwu idi kudi bena mazuwa kayena ijika padi tshipepele tshia kumpala tshia tsunami tshipita to. Muaba wa mu mbuu wa panyima pa tsunami udi ushala ne njiwu matuku a bungi, udi ne mavuala a seiche a tshikondo tshile, bintu bidi biambuluisha bua kuendesha mazuwa binyanguke, ne madimi a bungi a bintu bidi bienda pa mâyi.

+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                  POST-TSUNAMI RE-ENTRY CHECKLIST                                   |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| [ ] Maintain offshore holding pattern until Port Authority issues an official All-Clear.           |
| [ ] Verify harbor entrance channel is hydrographically surveyed before attempting passage.         |
| [ ] Post a dedicated forward bow watch to identify submerged logs, containers, and debris.         |
| [ ] Transit at dead slow speed (<5 knots) to prevent hull impact with unlit obstructions.          |
| [ ] Do not rely on navigation buoys or channel markers; anchors and chains are likely displaced.   |
| [ ] Prepare emergency tow lines and confirm bilge pumps operate prior to entering shallow waters.  |
| [ ] Assume shore facilities lack electrical power, fuel delivery, and potable water hookups.       |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Dididishi dia njiwu dia mavuala a bungi¶

Tsunami ki mavuala a pa nkayawu to; badi tshisumbu tshia mavuala adi alondangana adi enza mêba 12 too ne ku 24. Muvu wa ntuadijilu kawena anu munene to. Bitupa bia buibidi anyi bia busatu, bidi bifika mêba makese kunyima kua dikuma dia kumpala, bitu misangu ya bungi bikoleshibua kudi resonance wa bathymétrique munda mua bibandabanda bia ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa.

Mazuwa adi ku muelelu kua mbuu adi ne tshia kushala mu mayi manene adi mapite pa tshipiminu tshia 100-fathom too ne padibu batuma mibelu ya patoke yonso ku diambuluisha dia VHF Channel 16 kudi balami ba ku muelelu wa mâyi anyi kudi bamfumu ba tshitudilu tshia mazuwa. Kupingana ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa kumpala kua dîba nkufikishe ku lufu lua bantu ba bungi ne ku ditutangana ne mavuala makuabu.

Njiwu ya dienda dia mazuwa kunyima kua dikuluka¶

Padi balombodi ba tshitudilu tshia mazuwa bapesha mazuwa bukenji bua kubuela kabidi mu njila ya mâyi ya ku muelelu wa mâyi, bena ngendu badi ne bua kuenza ngendu ne budimu bua bungi:

• Buoys ne beacons ya kuendesha nayi mazuwa: Mavuala a tsunami adi apanda biamu bia beton bia tone ya bungi ne nkanu ya dikuba nayi mazuwa mu mbuu. Bimanyinu bia mu njila wa ku luseke, biamu bia munya, ne bimanyinu bia njiwu bidi bikenka bitu bipatuka pa tshibidilu mu nkama ya metre mu njila idi yenza mudimu anyi biumbushibua bionso. Kueyemenyi bintu bidi bimueneka to; lombola bimpe ku diambuluisha dia biamu bia GPS bilongolola bimpe ne biamu bia kupima nabi muinshi mua buloba bidi bitangila kumpala.
• Dibueja ne diwuja dia misulu: Tshipupu tshia tsunami tshidi tshifila buloba bua bungi bua pa buloba, bintu bia mu njila, ne nsenga ya ku muelelu wa mâyi mu misulu ya kuendesha nayi mazuwa. Mishimi ya ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa ivua ne bule bua metre 10 (33 feet) ya luya idi mua kuikala mibuikila kudi mabue a nsenga adi mua kukepesha buondoke too ne ku metre 2 (6 feet).
• Derelict and Submerged Flotsam: Miliyo ya tone ya bipese bia bintu bidi binyanguke bidi binyanguka pa mutu pa mayi ne pa mutu pa mayi. Mashinyi adi muinshi mua mayi adi apueka pa mutu pa mâyi, mionji ya dikanga idi minyanguke, mitshi ya tshibumba idi muinshi mua mâyi, ne bibombi bia mafuta bidi bifila njiwu mikole ya dinyanguka dia mazuwa kudi mazuwa a fibre de verre ne a aluminium. Teka tshiamu tshia kutangila natshi bintu ku mutu kua mazuwa, upuekeshe lubilu lua mazuwa muinshi mua 5 nodes, ne ikala mudiakaje diakamue bua kupingaja lubilu lua mazuwa.

Diyukidilangana ne dilongolola dia malu a tshimpitshimpi a mu mbuu¶

Diyukidilangana dimpe mu tshikondo tshia tshipupu tshia tsunami mu mbuu didi diambuluisha bua kulonda mazuwa ne lukasa, diabanya dia malu a bukubi mu tshikondo tshiakanyine, ne dienza dia mudimu wa dilama dia mazuwa mu bulongame.

Bena mudimu ba mazuwa badi ne tshia kulama bilele bia dimanyishangana dia malu ku telefone:

• VHF Marine Channel 16 Priority: Channel 16 (156.800 megahertz) i ntatu ya pa mayi, bukubi, ne misangu ya dibikila. Ikala uteleja misangu yonso. Ikala ne meyi makese ne a tshilelela, ikala ne dîba dia kuteleja bua mabikila adi mua kunyanga muoyo (MAYDAY) ne mamanyisha a bukubi a lukasa (SECURITE).
• Mudimu wa tshiamu tshia dimanyisha natshi bintu (AIS): Lama tshiamu tshieba tshia AIS tshia mulongo wa A anyi tshia B tshienza mudimu misangu yonso. Mu lupuishi lukole anyi mu lupuishi lukole ludi lulonda tsunami ya kapia, AIS udi wambuluisha mazuwa a bungenda adi pabuipi, mazuwa a Coast Guard, ne midimu ya mazuwa bua kulonda muaba uudi, lubilu, ne njila, bua kuepuka njiwu mikole ya ku mbuu padibu bumbuka bantu ba bungi ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa.
• Digital Selective Calling (DSC): Tangila tshisanji tshieba tshia VHF tshidi tshilamakaja ku tshiamu tshia GPS tshidi tshienza mudimu ne tshidi ne nomba wa Maritime Mobile Service Identity (MMSI) udi mujalame. Mu tshikondo tshia njiwu mikole, kuenza mudimu ne butone bua tshipupu tshikunze kudi kutuma tshipupu tshia dikenga tshia ku Enternete tshidi ne coordonnées mijalame ya buatu buebe ne nsombelu wa njiwu buludiludi kudi nzubu ya dilama dia bintu bia pa mâyi bia mu bitupa bia maloba.
• Diyukidilangana dia ku satellite ne EPIRBs: Bua mazuwa adi enza mudimu pambelu pa tshibandilu tshia VHF (pa tshibidilu mutantshi wa kilometre 30 too ne ku 50 anyi kilometre 20 too ne ku 30 kumbukila ku nzubu ya ku muelelu wa mâyi), bamanyishi ba satelite, telefone ya satellite, ne 406-megahertz Emergency Indication Radiocating Radiocating (EPIRBs) kufila tshimanyishilu tshia tshimpitshimpi tshia pa buloba bujima. Ikala mujadike ne: bateri webe wa EPIRB ne tshiamu tshiebe tshia hydrostatic bidi mu matuku adibu bajadike bua kuenza mudimu.

Dianyisha dia diambuluisha dia kumpala¶

Kupanduka ku bipupu bia mu mbuu, dikuluka dia mazuwa, ne dibutuka dia mâyi a mu tshitudilu tshia mazuwa misangu ya bungi bitu bifikisha ku disama dia mubidi dikole, ku dipanga dia luya lukole, ku dijimina mu mayi, ne ku mputa ya dikuluka. Padi mazuwa a ku muelelu kua mayi kaayi mua kufika ku nzubu ya luondapu idi ku muelelu wa mâyi ne midimu ya luondapu ya lukasa lukasa ya mu tshimenga kayena mua kufika mu nzubu ya tshitudilu tshia mazuwa idi minyanguke, bena mudimu badi ne bua kuikala ne dimanya, dilongesha ne bintu bidi bikengela bua kufila diambuluisha dia kumpala dia luondapu kudi bantu badi pabuipi.

Kujikija dianyisha dia diambuluisha dia kumpala, dia CPR, ne dia defibrillateur externe automatique ku diambuluisha dia bafidi ba bintu bamanyike, bu mudi Croix-Rouge wa mu Amerike, St. John Ambulance, Croix-Rouge wa mu Canada, anyi tulasa tua malu a luondapu lua pa mâyi, bidi bifila dimanya dia mushinga mukole dia kusungila muoyo. Dilongesha dia mudimu wa buanga didi dilongesha mua kukokesha dipuekesha dia mayi a mukele, kumbusha njila ya luya idi mikange, kuenza mudimu wa dikolesha dia mutshima ne mikolo kudi bantu badi bafua mu mayi, kuenza bua bipupu bia bungi bifumina ku dibunda dia mazuwa, kuela tourniquet ya mashi ku bitupa bia mubidi bidi bitapike, kuondopa ne kukeba ne kusungila bantu badi mu mbuu musangu muibidi bisumbu bifika.

Nkonko itubu bela misangu ya bungi¶

Miaba mifumina¶

• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Warning Center (NTWC, United States): Mikenji ya bukubi bua tsunami bua bena mazuwa, Mikenji ya dienda mu mayi manene, ne Shoaling Hydrodynamics.
• Balami ba ku muelelu wa mâyi ba mu États-Unis (USCG, États-Unis): Malu a dilombola dia mazuwa ne a dikonkonona dia mazuwa, mamanyisha a bukubi bua mu mayi pa bidi bitangila dilongolola dia tsunami, ne mikenji ya dipatuka mu tshitudilu tshia mazuwa.
• International Tsunami Information Center (ITIC, UNESCO / IOC): World Warning and Mitigation System Guidelines, Maritime Hazard Hazard Assessments and Post-Event Assessments.
• Tshibambalu tshia malu a mvula tshia mu Japon (JMA, Japon): Bipiminu bia didimuija dia tsunami wa mu mayi, malonga a dipanduka dia mu mayi a ku muelelu kua Sanriku, ne mikenji ya dilongolola dia mazuwa a mu mayi manene.
• California Geological Survey (CGS, United States): Maritime Playbooks Response Tsunami, Harbor Resonance Dynamics, and Marina Infrastructure Hardening Guidelines.
• Tshibambalu tshia malu a tshimpitshimpi tshia mbulamatadi (FEMA, États-Unis): Mikenji ya dilongolola dia ditantamena dia tshitudilu tshia ku muelelu wa mâyi ne dipatuka mu tshipupu tshia tsunami.

Malu adi apetangana¶

• Dikuba dia tsunami ne dipatuka dia bantu ku muelelu wa mâyi
• Meteotsunamis ne bipupu bia tshimpitshimpi
• Mavuala a Seiche ne mavuala a mu tshitudilu
• Megatsunamis ya dilela dia bana ba mashika ne dinyema dia mazuwa makese
• Mashinyi a mu mayi ne dinyema dia tshipepele tshia mu mayi
• Nomba ya njiwu bilondeshile ditunga