Sillcock Free Freeze Split: Hose Bib Rupture Inside Wall Cavity¶

Ma sillcocks adi kaayi ne mashika, adibu babikila kabidi ne: bibbs ya hose idi kayiyi ne mashika, hydrants ya ku bimanu, anyi robinet ya pambelu idi kayiyi inyanguka kudi mashika, idi ikuba miaba idi mâyi a pambelu afumina ku dibutuka dia kapia ka muinshi mua zero. Bishilangane na bibbs ya hose ya kale idi ne biamu bia valve bidi pa tshimanu tshia pambelu, sillcock udi kayi ne mashika udi uteka tshibasa tshiende tshia valve wa dikanga munda menemene mua tshilamba tshia kapia tshia nzubu. Tshibombi tshile tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku anyi tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshidi ne bule bua milimetre 200 ne 350 (8 to ne ku 14 inches) tshidi tshilamakaja tshianza tshia pambelu ne tshibasa tshia munda tshia valve. Padi tshianza tshia tshibombi tshikanga, mayi adi ajika munda mua nzubu wa tshilala benyi, bienza bua mayi adi mashale mu tshibombi apatuke pambelu kupitshila ku tshibombi ku diambuluisha dia bukole budi bukokela bintu panshi.

Dipanga dia luya didi dienzeka padi muntu udi mu nzubu ushiya tshiamu tshia mu budimi, tshiamu tshia kulamakaja natshi lukasa, tshiamu tshia kukosolola natshi bintu bia bungi, anyi tshiamu tshia kukanga nabi mâyi tshidi tshilamakaja ku tshiibi tshia pambelu mu tshikondo tshia mashika makole a mu muvu wa mashika. Tshintu tshidibu balamakaja tshidi tshienza tshimanyishilu tshia hydraulique tshidi tshipangisha mâyi bua kupatuka mu tshibombi tshia sillcock tshidi tshitangile kuulu. Padi luya lupueka muinshi mua 0 degrés Celsius (32 degrés Fahrenheit), mabue a mashika adi enzeka ku tshina tshia pambelu tshidi tshipatuka ne adi aya munda mu tshibombi. Bu mudi mayi a mu mayi adiunda pabuipi ne 9 pa lukama padiwu alua mashika, mayi adi pankatshi pa tshibuikidiji tshia mashika adi enda apita ne tshibasa tshia munda tshidi tshikanga adi mateka muinshi mua tshibuikidiji tshia hydrostatique, tshienza bua bukole bua mâyi bupite pa 280 000 kilopascals (40 000 pounds carré).

Bukole bua hydrostatique ebu budi bupita bukole bua tshibombi tshia mukuba anyi tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku, bienza bua se: tshitupa tshia bule tshitapuluke ku mubidi wa tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi munda mua tshimanu tshisokoka. Bualu bua dikema bua dipanga edi budi mu tshilumbu tshia dinyanguka dia mu muvu wa printemps: tshina tshia mâyi tshidi tshitapuluka katshiena tshipatuka mu muvu wa mashika padi tshina tshia mâyi tshishala tshikanga, bualu tshibasa tshia valve tshia munda tshidi tshishala tshikanga panyima pa ditshibuka. Tshilumbu tshia tshimpitshimpi tshidi tshienzeka ngondo ya bungi pashishe mu dituku dia kumpala dia mashika mu muvu wa printemps padi muena nzubu ukangula tshiibi tshia pambelu. Mâyi a mu tshimenga adi apitshila ku tshiibi tshia tshiibi, apatula 40 too ne ku 60 litre (10 too ne ku 16 gallons) ku minite umue buludiludi mu tshina tshia munda tshia tshimanu, akumbaja tshibumba tshia munda, anyanguka bimanu bia nzubu, ne awuja nzubu ya muinshi mua buloba kayiyi ileja nansha tshimanyinu tshimue tshia lutatu pa peluze wa pambelu.

Enza nunku mpindieu¶

1. Kudimuna tshianza tshia pambelu tshia mudimu tshia sillcock mutangile ku tshianza tshia dîba too ne paditshi tshikanga bimpe bua kuimanyika mâyi apita pa tshibasa tshia valve wa munda mu tshina tshia tshimanu.
2. Shi mayi atungunuka ne kuenda bua tshiamu tshia valve tshidi tshikole anyi tshikosa, ndaku lubilu ku valve wa munda anyi valve wa mayi wa mu nzubu munene ne umukanga diakamue.
3. Buela mu tshimanu tshia munda anyi muaba wa plafond udi panyima pa tshina tshia mâyi tshia pambelu, bu mudi muaba wa plafond wa muinshi mua buloba, tshilaminu tshia bintu bia mudimu, anyi muaba wa tshilala benyi.
4. Kumbusha nzembu idi ifila bukole ku tshimanu tshidi ne mâyi ku tshibumba tshinene tshia nzembu bua kumbusha njiwu ya dikuma dia nshinga idi miule tente ne mâyi.
5. Teka bibombi bia kusangisha nabi bintu muinshi mua tshimanu tshia plafond tshidi tshitoka anyi panshi, utapa bipumbishi bia tshimanu bua kumbusha bujitu bua mayi.
6. Kangula mapompi a mu nzubu a muinshi bua kumbusha bukole bua mu njila wa mayi ne kumbusha mayi adi mashale kule ne mupuya mutapuluke.
7. Kosa dididishi dia kutangila dia tshimanu tshiume tshia bunene bua 300 millimètres ku 300 millimètres (12 inches ku 12 inches) muinshi mua tshina tshia munda bua kuleja tshibombi tshia sillcock tshidi tshipanduluke bua kutshiumisha ne kutshipingaja.

flowchart TD
    A["Pompi wa pambelu udi muteka mu muvu wa printemps"] --> B{"Mâyi adi apueka bitekete anyi adi umvuika bu adi enda mu tshimanu anyi?"}
    B -- "Eyowa" --> C["Kanga Diakamue Tshiamu tshia Pompi tshia pambelu"]
    B -- "Tòo" --> D["Enza tshikebelu tshia bukole bua tshianza tshinene ku Spigot Nozzle"]
    D --> E{"Tshianza tshidi mua kuimanyika mâyi onso anyi?"}
    E -- "Eyowa" --> F["Tangila ditapuluka dia tshibombi tshia bule munda mua tshina tshia tshimanu"]
    E -- "Tòo" --> G["Sillcock Barrel Intact and Holding Line Pressure"]
    F --> C
    C --> H["Keba tshiibi tshia munda tshia munda anyi tshiibi tshinene"]
    H --> I["Kutapulula mayi ne kupatula mashi adi mashale"]
    I --> J["Kumbusha nzembu ya nzembu mu tshina tshia tshimanu tshidi tshinyanguke"]
    J --> K["Kangula tshina tshia tshimanu munda bua kutangila tshibombi tshia mukuba"]
    K --> L["Patula bintu bidi bikuba kapia ne enza mudimu ne biamu bia kuyumisha nabi"]
    L --> M["Umbusha anyi ukose tshiamu tshia Sillcock tshidi tshipanduluke ne uteka tshiamu tshipiatshipia tshidi ne tshibandilu tshia panshi"]

Bulongolodi ne mekaniki ya biamu bia sillcock bidi kabiyi ne mashika¶

Kujingulula mudimu wa dienza dia bimanu bidi kabiyi ne mashika kudi kumvuija bua tshinyi ditapulula dia mayi didi dipanga padibu bakandika dipatuka dia mayi. Sillcock wa pa tshibidilu udi kayi ne mashika udi ne biamu bia mudimu bia bungi bidi bienza mudimu bimpe menemene bidi bibuela mu nzubu wa pambelu, tshibumba tshia pambelu tshia tshimanu, ne nzubu wa munda mulongolola bimpe.

Mubidi wa pambelu udi ne tshiamu tshia mitaku anyi tshiamu tshia mitaku tshikole tshidi ne tshianza tshia mudimu, tshintu tshia kuela nabi bintu, tshiamu tshia kuela natshi bintu, nshinga ya hose, ne tshiamu tshia kukosolola natshi luya lua muulu. Tshiamu tshia kubandila natshi tshidi ne mabue a vis adibu banji kuenza bua kulama tshiamu etshi ku tshilamba tshia pambelu anyi ku mabue, pamue ne tshintu tshidi tshipueka tshidi tshienzeja tshibombi tshia munda bua kusemena panshi padibu batshiteka pa tshimanu tshidi tshiimana.

Mu tshitupa tshia munda tshia mubidi wa pambelu mudi tshiamu tshia mitaku tshikole anyi tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku, tshienza pa tshibidilu ne tshiamu tshia mitaku tshikole tshia Type L anyi tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshikunze. Bule bua milondo budi buenza mu bitupa bia 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, ne 350 milimetre (4, 6, 8, 10, 12, ne 14 inches). Bule bua tshibombi tshidibu basungule budi ne bua kuikala bupetangana ne bunene bua tshimanu tshijima, kusangisha ne tshilamba tshia pambelu, tshilamba tshia kujika natshi, mabaya a 2x4 anyi 2x6, tshimanu tshia munda, ne bule bukumbane bua kuteka tshibasa tshia valve nansha milimetre 50 (2 inches) munda mua tshimanu tshia munda tshidi ne kapia.

Munda mua tshibombi tshia mukuba mudi tshintu tshile tshidi tshienza mudimu, tshiamu tshikole tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku anyi tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshidi ne ndekelu wa tshiamu tshidi tshilamakaja ne tshianza tshia pambelu. Ku muelelu mukwabo wa munda, mutshi udi ujika mu tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshidi ne tshiamu tshia elastomeric tshikole tshia bibb. Padi muena mudimu unyunguluka tshianza tshia pambelu mu luseke lua dîba, mionji ya mutshi idi ipita mu mionji ya bronze ya munda, yenza bua tshiamu tshia bibb washer tshia caoutchouc tshikuate tshibasa tshia bronze tshibandisha tshidi ku tshibuelelu tshia munda. Tshintu tshia kubueja natshi tshidi ne tshintu tshidi tshisangisha, pa tshibidilu 12,7-millimetre (0,5-inch) ya nshinga ya tshiamu tshia mitaku pambelu ne 12,7-millimetre ya bakaji ya dikopo dia tshiamu tshia mitaku munda, anyi tshiamu tshia PEX tshienza mu tshiapu.

Ma sillcocks a matuku etu aa adi ne tshiamu tshia mudimu tshidi tshipangisha mâyi bua kupingana panyima, tshidibu babikila ne: tshintu tshidi tshipangisha mâyi bua kupatuka mu luya (anti-siphon cap), tshidi pa mutu pa tshiamu tshia kuela mâyi tshia pambelu. Padi mayi apita kumpala mu tshienzedi, tshiamu tshia plastique tshipepele tshidi tshibandila pa diaphragme wa EPDM, tshikanga mabulu a mu lupepele ne tshilombola mayi kupitshila mu tshina tshia mayi. Padi bukole bua mulongo bupueka too ne ku zero, diske dia pa mutu didi dipueka ku bukole budi bukokela bintu panshi, diunzulula miaba idi luya lua mu lupepele bua kutshibula tshipepele tshionso tshia siphonage ne kulekela mâyi adi munda mua tshibombi tshia sillcock apatuka bimpe.

Fizike wa dinyanguka dia mashika: dikanga dia mayi ne ntatu ya tshijengu¶

Dibutuka dia tshiamu tshia sillcock tshidi katshiyi ne mashika kadiena dienzeka ku diambuluisha dia mabue a mashika adi atuta ku bimanu bia milonda bu mudi tshintu tshikole to. Mudimu wa ditapulula dia mabue a mashika udi ulombodibua kudi dikolesha dia bukole bua mâyi mu mayi a mu mâyi adibu bakuate, udi ulombodibua kudi mikenji ya thermodynamique ya dishintuluka dia tshitupa ne mekanike wa bintu.

Padi mayi a mu mayi afika ku 0 degre Celsius (32 degre Fahrenheit) ne alua neje wa kristale wa hexagonal, bunene buawu budi buvula kumbukila ku 1.000 cube centimètres ku grame too ne ku 1.090 cube centimètres ku grame, divulangana dia pabuipi ne 9.0 pa lukama. Mu ndongoluelu wa milonda miunzulula, divulangana dia bungi edi didi dipingaja mayi a mu mayi mu njila ya diabanya dia mu tshimenga anyi mu bisuku bia divulangana kakuyi dibandisha dia bukole bua njila.

Padi tshiamu tshia mu budimi tshishala tshilamakaja ku tshina tshia pambelu, mayi adi akuata munda mua tshibombi tshidi tshitangile kuulu. Bu mudi tshiamu tshia pambelu tshia tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshibuela mu lupepele lua mu muvu wa mashika, mayi adi munda mua tshiamu tshia nzembu ne ku ndekelu kua tshibombi adi akola kumpala, ne adi enza tshibuikidiji tshia neje tshidi katshiyi mua kupitshila. Mu tshikondo atshi, tshibasa tshia munda tshidi tshishala tshikanga, tshienza nzubu wa hydraulique mukanga bimpe pankatshi pa tshibuikidiji tshia mashika tshidi tshienda tshikola ne tshibasa tshia panyima.

Padi mashika apita munda mu tshibombi tshia mukuba, mayi makuabu adi akola, adiunda ne bia pa lukama 9. Bu mudi mayi i tshintu tshidi katshiyi mua kufina, divulangana dia bunene edi didi dipatula tshienzedi tshikole tshia hydrostatique munda mua tshibombi tshidi tshienda tshikepela tshia mayi a mu mâyi adibu bakuate. Bilondeshile makebulula a mu laboratware a American Water Works Association ne laboratware ya mateta a malu a nzubu, bukole bua mayi budi munda mua tshiamu tshia mashika budi buenda buvula lukasa, bupita 280 000 kilopascals (40 000 pounds ku inch kare).

Bukole bua tshiamu budi bufumina ku tshimanu tshia tshiamu tshia cylindrique budi buleja kudi equation wa bukole bua Barlow hoop: sigma = (P * D) / (2 * t). Mu formule ewu, sigma udi uleja bukole bua tshijengu mu megapascals, P udi uleja bukole bua hydrostatique bua munda mu megapascals, D udi uleja diamètre wa pambelu wa tshintu (15.9 millimeters / 0.625 inches bua 0.5-inch nominal tube), ne t udi uleja bunene bua tshimanu tshia pipe (15.9 millimeters / 0.625 inches). 0.040 inches bua tshiamu tshia mitaku tshia L).

Padi bukole bua munda bufika ku 70,000 kilopascals (10,150 pounds ku square inch), bukole bua tshijengu budi bupita 550 megapascals (79,800 pounds per square inch), bipita bukole bua ndekelu bua mukuba muenza. Tshibombi tshia mukuba tshidi tshituadija kunyanguka mu mushindu wa plastique, tshienda tshikepela bilondeshile ntete yatshi ya bule too ne padi tshiamu tshipatuka mu tshitupa tshia 25 millimètres too ne ku 75 millimètres (1 too ne ku 3 inches) mu bule. Padi tshimanu tshia mulonda tshipatuka, bukole bua munda budi bupueka, ne mayi adi mashale adi akola, akanga tshitupa tshidi tshinyanguke ne tshilamba tshia neje tshidi tshisokoka dinyanguka dia nzubu too ne mu muvu wa printemps.

Dikokangana dia mu muvu wa printemps: diteta dia tshikebelu ne dijadika dia dipatuka dia bintu¶

Njiwu minene ya tshiamu tshia mashika tshidi katshiyi ne mashika ntshia se: bamfumu ba nzubu kabatu bamanye ne: tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshipanduluke too ne padi mâyi manyanguke bikole. Bu mudi tshibasa tshia valve tshidi ku mutu kua tshitupa tshidi tshitapuluke, tshina tshia mâyi tshidi mua kuikala katshiyi tshinyanguka munkatshi mua ngondo ya bungi mu muvu wa printemps katshiyi tshipatuka mâyi to. Dîba didibu bashintulula tshianza tshia pambelu mu mushindu udi kawuyi ulonda dîba, mâyi adi ne bukole adi apita pa tshibasa tshia valve mu tshibombi, apatuka mu tshitupa tshia bule buludiludi mu tshina tshia tshimanu.

Diteta dia tshianza tshinene tshia pambelu¶

Kumpala kua kuenza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia pambelu bua musangu wa kumpala mu muvu wa printemps, anyi dîba dionso didibu balekele tshiamu tshia mâyi tshilamakaja mu tshikondo tshia mashika, enza tshikebelu tshia bukole bua tshianza bua kujadika bujalame bua tshibombi.

Umbusha milonda yonso, bintu bidi bitapulula, ne bintu bidi bilamakaja ku tshibombi tshia pompi, ushiye mionji ya tshiamu tshia mitaku kayiyi ne tshintu. Kudimuna tshianza tshia pompi mu luseke lua dîba pabuipi ne musangu umua mujima bua kutuadija dienda dia mayi. Teka tshianza tshieba tshikole pa tshibuelelu tshia tshijengu tshia tshina tshia mayi, ufina ne bukole bua bungi bua kukanga mayi onso.

Shi tshibombi tshia sillcock tshikale tshimpe, bukole bua mayi a mu tshimenga bua 400 kilopascals (58 pounds per inch carré) nebuenzeje bukole bua bungi ku tshianza tshiebe tshinene, nebikupangishe bua kulama tshimanyishilu etshi mu tusunsa tupite pa tukese, ne mayi adi apueka bikole pa dikoba diebe. Shi tshibombi tshia sillcock tshitapuluke munda mua tshina tshia tshimanu, neupete mushindu wa kukuata tshianza tshiebe tshinene pa mutu pa tshibombi kakuyi tshintu tshidi mua kukupangisha, bipangisha mâyi bua kupatuka mu tshibombi tshijima. Mâyi adi enda mu njila wa bukole bukese, adi ambuka ku tshianza tshiebe tshinene ne apatuka mu tshibombi tshipanduluke buludiludi mu tshimanu tshiebe tshia munda.

Shi udi mua kuimanyika mayi ne tshianza tshiebe tshinene, kanga tshianza tshia pompi diakamue. Teleja bimpa ku tshiibi tshia pambelu: wewa mumvue mutoyi wa tshiona anyi wa lubilu kunyima kua tshimanu udi wimana padibu bakanga tshianza, tshibombi tshia sillcock tshidi tshitapuluka ne tshiuwule tente ne tshibuikidiji tshia nzubu.

Dilama dia lukasa dia munda ne ditapulula dia mayi¶

Padibu bajadike ne: sillcock mmutapuluke, kuimanyika dibuela dia mâyi mu tshimanu kudi kulomba bua kutapulula njila wa mâyi. Bu mudi dipatuka dia mâyi dienzeka pankatshi pa tshibasa tshia valve wa munda ne tshiamu tshia pambelu, kukanga tshianza tshia pambelu kudi kuimanyika dipuekesha dia mâyi. Ino, shi dinyanguka dia mashika dinyangakaja kabidi tshibasa tshia munda tshia valve anyi dikosa mionji ya mutshi, dikanga dia tshianza kadiakupangisha dipatuka dia mayi to.

Keba tshiamu tshia munda tshidi tshifila tshiamu tshia pambelu. Mu nzubu idi milongolola bimpe, mikenji ya nzubu idi ilomba bua kuikala ne tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi tshidi munda mua muaba udibu bafuimisha bua kutapulula tshiamu tshionso tshia pambelu. Londa njila wa kunyima kumbukila muaba udi tshiamu tshia nzembu tshibuela mu tshimanu tshia munda. Keba tshiamu tshia mitaku tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku anyi tshiamu tshia kuimanyika natshi tshidi mu nzubu wa muinshi mua buloba, mu muaba wa kubuela, anyi panyima pa tshimanu tshia plastique mu nzubu mujika.

Kunyungulula tshianza tshia munda tshia ball valve 90 degrees too ne paditshi tshitangile ku pipe, anyi kunyunguluka tshianza tshia stop-and-waste mu luseke lua dîba too ne paditshi tshikole. Shi tshiamu tshia munda tshidi tshiamu tshia kuimanyika ne tshia kujimija, teka tshibombi tshikese muinshi mua tshilamba tshikese tshidi ne nshinga tshidi ku luseke lua mubidi wa tshiamu. Ubulule tshibuikidiji tshia mashi tshidi tshienda tshitangile ku luseke lua dîba bua kupatula mayi onso adi mashale adi mu tshina tshidi pankatshi pa tshiamu tshia munda ne tshiamu tshia sillcock. Bikala mayi atungunuka ne kupatuka mu tshiibi tshia mashi tshiunzulula kayi wimana, tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi mâyi tshia munda tshidi tshinyanguke munda, tshidi tshilomba bua kutshiteka pa nkayatshi diakamue ku tshiamu tshinene tshia mâyi tshia mu nzubu mujima.

Shi kakuyi tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi munda, kanga tshiamu tshinene tshia mudimu wa mayi mu nzubu mujima diakamue. Kangula tshina tshia mayi mashika a mu nzubu ku tshibandilu tshia panshi bua kupatula luya lua mu tshina kule ne tshimanu tshia pambelu. Kokupingajila mayi a mu nzubu mujima too ne padibu basungula tshiamu tshia kukanga nabi mâyi tshidi tshinyanguke ku diambuluisha dia tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi mâyi, tshiamu tshia kuela nabi mâyi anyi tshiamu tshia kupingana natshi tshijima.

Dipatula dia mayi mu tshina tshia tshimanu ne mikenji ya diyumija dia nzubu¶

Mâyi adi apatuka mu tshina tshia tshimanu tshia pambelu adi anyanga nzubu ne muaba udibu basombele bikole. Bimanu bia pambelu bidi ne tshiamu tshia kraft-faced fibreglass batt insulation, mineral wool, anyi blown-in cellulose, tshinyunguluka kudi bimanu bia mabaya, oriented strand board (OSB) sheathing, ne gypsum interior drywall. Padibu bamane kuwuja, tshintu tshidi tshikuba mâyi tshidi tshipueka panshi munda mua tshimanu tshia tshimanu, tshilama mâyi ku tshimanu tshia kuinshi ne tshienza muaba wa dibuela dia bikunyibua mu mêba 48.

Kubuela mu tshina tshia tshimanu tshidi ne mâyi¶

Kulongolola tshina tshia tshimanu kudi kulomba kuenza njila ya kubuela munda. Kutetshi nansha kakese bua kuyumisha tshina tshia tshimanu tshidi tshiuwule tente ku diambuluisha dia tusoso tukese tua dikola, bualu tshiamu tshia fibre de verre tshidi tshikuate katshiakuuma pa muaba watshi ne netshibole tshibumba tshia nzubu.

Teka tshimanu tshia munda tshia dryman panyima ne kuinshi kua muaba wa tshiibi tshia pambelu. Ingidija tshiamu tshia kupima natshi luya tshidi katshiyi tshinyanga bua kuenza karte ka mikalu ya dienda dia luya mu tshimanu tshiume. Tangila tshimanu tshidi ne mâyi ne crayon, weja tshitupa tshia 150-millimetre (6-inch) tshia tshimanu tshiume pambelu pa muaba udi ne mâyi.

Teka bunene bua dikosa dia tshiamu tshia mudimu tshia bungi anyi tshia drywall ku 12,7 millimeters (0,5 inches) bua kuepuka dikosa dia nkamba ya Romex ya nzembu misokoka, ya njila ya mâyi, anyi ya plastique ya dipatula dia bintu bia bukoya idi munda mua tshimanu. Kosa tshibuelelu tshia tshikebelu tshia tshijengu tshidi ne bunene bua 300 millimètres mu butshiama ne 600 millimètres mu butshiama (12 inches mu butshiama ne 24 inches mu bule) buludiludi muinshi mua tshibuelelu tshia tshiamu tshia sillcock. Lama tshimanu tshia drywall tshikosa bimpe bua kuikalatshi bu tshilejilu tshia dilongolola dia tshimanu pashishe.

Buela mu tshina tshia tshimanu tshiunzulula muvuale bilamba bia nitrile bia bujitu ne tshiamu tshia kupuyakana tshia N95 anyi P100. Kuata bipese bia tshiamu tshia nzembu ne ubikoka bionso mu tshina tshia bintu, wela bintu bidi bipueka diakamue mu mifuku ya 6-mil ya polyethylene ya disukula ya bena mudimu. Batts ba fibre de verre muwule tente badi bajimija tshiamu tshiabu tshia mudimu ne tshiamu tshia binder, bienza bua kabiyi mua kupingana ku R-value wabu; ela tshintu tshidi tshikuba mâyi bua kashidi. Tshiamu tshia cellulose tshiuwule tente tshidi ne tshia kuikala tshikosolola anyi tshipatula mu tshiamu tshia luya too ne ku tshitekelu tshia kuinshi.

Bipatshila bia kuyumija ne bia kuenza nabi kazubu bia psychrométrie¶

Diuma dia bintu bimpa didi dilomba lupepele lua mashinyi ne diumusha dia luya. Ingidija tshiamu tshia kupima natshi luya tshia mutshi tshidi ne biamu bia tshimanu tshia muinshi mua buloba bua kupima luya (MC) lua tshilamba tshia pambelu tshia OSB, biamu bia tshimanu tshia 2x4 anyi 2x6, ne tshiamu tshia kuinshi. Mabaya a munda adi kaayi manyanguke adi atamba kuikala ne luya pankatshi pa 8 ne 12 pa lukama. Misangu ya bungi, dienza dia bintu biuwule tente ditu dipita pa 30 pa lukama lua luya, bileja bungi bua bintu bidi mu tshiamu tshia mitaku muaba udi mâyi a mu mâyi akuata miaba ya mabaya.

Teka tshiamu tshia centrifuge anyi tshia axial air mover kumpala kua tshibuelelu tshia drywall, wela tshiamu tshia nzembu muulu mu angle wa 45-degree bua kuela kapepe ka lubilu lukole mu tshina tshia stud tshiunzulula. Teka tshiamu tshia mudimu tshia Low-Grain Refrigerant (LGR) munkatshi mua nzubu bua kukoka luya lua luya mu lupepele. Lama luya lua mu nzubu pankatshi pa 21 degrés Celsius ne 27 degrés Celsius (70 degrés Fahrenheit ne 80 degrés Fahrenheit) bua kubandisha luya lua mayi a mu nzubu.

Tungunuka ne kuyumisha bintu too ne padi mabaya onso a nzubu, mabeji a kuinshi, ne tshilamba tshia pambelu bipueka muinshi mua 15 pa lukama lua luya, ne tshipatshila tshia 12 pa lukama. Kuteka bintu bipiabipia bia kukuba nabi nzubu anyi kuela tshimanu tshiume padi luya lua mitshi lupita pa 16 pa lukama, bualu kukanga luya ludi munda mua tshimanu tshia pambelu kudi kufikisha ku dibola dia mitshi ya muinshi mua buloba ne ku dibutuka dia bikunyibua bifiike (Stachybotrys chartarum).

Mikenji ya dipingaja ne ya dilongolola dia sillcocks idi kayiyi ne mashika¶

Kumbusha tshiamu tshia mashika tshidi katshiyi ne mashika tshidi tshipanduluke ne kuteka tshikuabu tshidi tshilongolola kudi kulomba dipima dia bungi, dilongolola dia njila wa milonda, ne geometrie wa tshina tshia mâyi bua kuepuka dikosoloka dia mashika mu matuku atshilualua.

Disungula dia bunene ne bule bua tshibombi¶

Kusungula bule bua tshibombi tshiakane kudi kulomba bua kudikuba ku mashika. Pima bunene bua tshimanu kumbukila ku tshibumba tshia pambelu too ne ku tshimanu tshia munda, ne usakidile bunene bua bimanu bionso bia munda anyi bia panshi. Tshibombi tshia sillcock tshidi ne tshia kuikala tshile tshikumbane bua kuteka tshibasa tshia valve wa munda mutantshi wa 50 millimètres (2 inches) munda mua nzubu udi ne kapia ne udi ne luya lua bungi.

Shi 200-millimetre (8-inch) sillcock uvua muteka kumpala mu tshimanu tshia 2x6 ne tshilamba tshia pambelu tshinene, tshibasa tshia valve tshidi mua kuikala tshiikisha munda mua tshimanu tshia pambelu tshidi katshiyi ne kapia muaba udi luya lua mu muvu wa mashika lupueka muinshi mua mashika. Mu tshikondu etshi, bandisha tshilejelu tshia 250-millimetre anyi 300-millimetre (10-inch anyi 12-inch) bua tshibasa tshia valve tshibuele mu tshibumba tshia ku tshiibi tshia muinshi mua buloba tshidi ne kapia anyi mu tshitupa tshia muinshi mua buloba tshidi ne kapia.

Kuteka njila muakane wa dipueka dia mâyi panshi¶

Tshilema tshitambe bunene tshia diteka tshidi tshikebesha dinyanguka dia sillcock udi kayi ne mashika ntshia kuela valve kunyima mutangile munda mua nzubu. Padi tshiamu tshia sillcock tshienda tshipingana panyima, mayi adi munda mua tshibombi kaena mua kupatuka ku bukole budi bukokela bintu panshi padi tshianza tshia pambelu tshikanga to. Mâyi adi masokoka adi ashala munda mua tshibombi nansha mudi tshiamu tshia mu budimi tshikosolola, tshikola tshikole ne tshitapulula tshibombi mu tshikondo tshia mashika a kumpala a mu muvu wa mashika.

Mikenji ya dilongolola dia mayi idi ilomba bua kuteka tshiamu tshia mashika tshidi katshiyi ne mashika ne tshibandilu tshidi tshipueka tshitangile pambelu tshia milimetre 6 ku milimetre 300 (0,25 inches ku dikasa). Ma sillcock a bungi a mushinga adi ne tshiamu tshia pambelu tshidi tshienza bu tshintu tshidi tshienza bua tshibandilu etshi tshipuekele paditshi tshiteka pabuipi ne tshilamba tshia pambelu tshidi tshiimane.

Shi tshimanu tshia pambelu tshidi ne nseke, bu mudi tshilamba tshia ku tshiibi tshia mu nseke anyi tshia sedre tshidi tshinyunguluka, udi ne tshia kuteka tshiamu tshia ku tshimanu tshidi tshilengeja kunyima kua tshilamba tshia sillcock. Funda ne kukosa tshibumba tshia mabaya anyi tshia bintu bia bungi bua kukandamena tshitupa tshia ku luseke lua tshiadi, uleja mpala wa tshibandilu udi mupepele udi ujadika ne: tshibombi tshia sillcock tshidi tshipueka panshi tshitangile ku peluze. Lama tshilamba tshia pambelu ku tshimanu tshia nzubu ku diambuluisha dia biamu bibidi bia 50-millimetre (2-inch) #10 bia mutshi wa tshiamu tshia mitaku.

Mishindu ya kulamakaja milonda: nshinga, tshiamu, ne tshiamu tshia kuela¶

Biamu bia sillcocks bidi kabiyi ne mashika bidi ne mishindu mishilangane ya dibuela bua kusambakena ne tupoyi tua diabanya tua mu nzubu tudiku:

1. Threaded Connections: Ku ndekelu kua munda mua sillcock kudi 12.7-millimeter (0.5-inch) male iron pipe pipe. Lungila nshinga ya balume ne nshinga itanu miule tente ya nshinga ya PTFE ya bukole bua bungi ne wela tshitupa tshikese tshia tshiamu tshia kusangisha natshi milonda ya mâyi. Ela tshiamu tshia sillcock mu tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku anyi tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshidi tshilamakaja ku tshimanu. Ingidija bipese bibidi paudi ukolesha: tshipese tshimue pa sillcock hex flats ne tshipese tshikuabu pa female fitting bua kuepuka dinyanguka dia njila wa munda.
2. Biamu bia tshiamu tshia mitaku: Paudi usuika tshibuelelu tshia sillcock, udi ne bua kumbusha tshitupa tshia munda tshidi tshienza mudimu kumpala kua kuela kapia ne torshe. Kapia kadi kafuma ku propane anyi MAPP gaz torch udi upitshila mu tshibombi kadi kalengeja tshiamu tshia bibb tshia tshiamu tshia caoutchouc, tshiosha O-rings ya munda, ne tshinyanga valve wa plastique. Sunguluja tshintu tshia pambelu tshia kuela bintu, umbusha tshiamu tshia mutshi, ne utshipatule tshionso mu tshibombi kumpala kua kuela tshiamu tshia kubueja natshi bintu. Padi tshitupa etshi tshijika bimpe, bueja kabidi tshitupa tshia mutshi ne ukoleshe tshintu tshia kuela nabi bintu.
3. Malu a kuela bua kulamakaja: Bua kuenza mudimu ne lukasa, kakuyi torshe, sungula tshiamu tshia kuela natshi bintu tshidi ne tshibuelelu tshia kuela nabi bintu tshia mu tshiapu anyi ela tshiamu tshipi tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshidi ne tshiamu tshia kuela nabi bintu tshidi tshijadika kudi ASSE 1061. Sukula ne umbusha tshiamu tshia mitaku, tshia CPVC anyi tshia PEX tshidi tshibuela, ela tshimanyinu pa bunene bua dibueja, ne uteke tshintu tshia kukumbaja natshi bikole too ne paditshi tshiteka ku tshiibi tshia mashinyi.

Mikenji ya buloba bujima ya malu a mayi ne mikenji ya bukubi bua mashika¶

Mikenji ya malu a mayi idi iteka mikenji mikole idi itangila dilamakaja dia tupompa tua pambelu, dikuba dia dipingana dia mâyi, ne dikuba dia mashika bua kukuba makanda a mubidi a bantu ne bintu bia nzubu.

États-Unis: Mikenji ya buloba bujima ya dilongolola dia mayi (IPC) ne Mikenji ya buloba bujima ya nzubu ya kusombela (IRC)¶

Muinshi mua meyi a buloba bujima a dilama dia mayi (IPC) ne meyi a buloba bujima a nzubu ya kusombela (IRC): - Tshitupa tshia 305.4 tshia IPC tshidi tshilomba ne: milonda ya mâyi idi mu bimanu bia pambelu idi ne bua kuikala mikubibue ku mashika, bilomba ne: miaba idi mâyi apatukila pambelu ikale mienza ne mashika mu miaba idi mashika. - Tshitupa tshia 608.16.4.2 tshia IPC tshidi tshilomba bua dilamakaja dia milonda dikale dikuba ku dinyanguka dia mâyi kudi tshiamu tshia dikosa natshi luya tshidi tshilonda ASSE 1019 anyi ASSE 1052. - Tshitupa tshia IRC P2903.9.5 tshidi tshilomba ne: tshiamu tshionso tshia pambelu tshikale ne tshiamu tshia munda tshidi ne tshibuelelu tshia mâyi bua kupatula mâyi mu muvu wa mashika. - Mukenji wa Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) Tshitupa tshia 603.5.7 udi kabidi ulomba bua kuikala ne tshiamu tshia ku tshimanu tshidi katshiyi tshibuela mashika ne biamu bia kukosolola nabi mâyi bidi bipatuka nkayabi.

Canada: Mikenji ya ditunga dia Canada (NPC)¶

Muinshi mua mikenji ya ditunga dia Canada (NPC): - Tshitupa tshia 2.6.2.1 tshia NPC tshidi tshilomba ne: milonda yonso ya mâyi ne bintu bionso bidibu bateka mu miaba idi ne mashika bidi ne bua kuikala bikuba ku dinyanguka dia mashika ku diambuluisha dia buondoke bukumbane bua dijika, dikuba dia kapia, anyi diteka munda mua tshilamba tshia munda tshidi ne kapia. - Tshitupa tshia NPC 2.6.2.7 tshidi tshilomba bukubi bua dipingana dia mayi pa bibb yonso wa hose ne pambelu pa tshina tshia mayi, tshidi tshilomba biamu bidi bilondeshila CSA B64.2 (Vacuum Breakers) anyi CSA B64.2.1 (Hose Connection Vacuum Breakers with Dual Check). - Mikenji ya mu tshimenga tshia Canada idi ilomba ne: biamu bionso bia pambelu bidibu bateka mu nzubu ya dîku dimue ne ya mêku a bungi bidi ne bua kuikala ne bintu bidi kabiyi bibuela mu mashika bidi ne bintu bidi bipangisha mâyi bua kupingana panyima adi akumbaja mikenji ya CSA B125.

Royaume-Uni: Mikenji ya difila dia mayi 1999¶

Mu Royaume-Uni, mapompi a pambelu a mu budimi adi alonda mikenji ya 1999: - Tshitupa 2 tshia 15 tshidi tshilomba ne: bintu bia pambelu bidi ne mâyi bidi ne bua kukuba ku mashika ku diambuluisha dia tshiamu tshia munda tshidi ne tshiamu tshia kupatula natshi mâyi tshidi munda mua nzubu. - Mukenji wa bena Grande-Bretagne BS 1010-2 udi uleja malu adibu balomba bua mapompi a pambelu, adi alomba bua kuikala ne tshiamu tshia kuela natshi mâyi misangu ibidi pa mulonda wa mâyi bua kupangisha dipingana dia mâyi adi kaayi a kunua mu njila wa mu nzubu. - Balombodi ba malu a mayi badi baleja ne: mapompi a pambelu adi ne bua kuikala pa nkayawu ne kupatula mâyi ku diambuluisha dia tshiamu tshia munda kumpala kua mashika a muinshi mua zero mu muvu wa mashika.

Nkonko itubu bela misangu ya bungi¶

Meme mubulule tshiamu tshia mu budimi mu muvu wa mashika, tshintu tshidi katshiyi ne mashika tshidi mua kutshibuka anyi?¶

Eyowa, tshiamu tshia mashika tshidi katshiyi ne mashika tshidi mua kupanduluka nansha mudibu bumbushe tshiamu tshia kuowa natshi mâyi bikalabu bateke tshiamu tshia kuowa natshi mâyi ne tshibandilu tshitangile munda mua nzubu, tshipangisha mâyi adi mashale bua kupatuka ku diambuluisha dia bukole budi bukokela bintu panshi. Kabidi, kushiya biamu bia tshiamu tshia mitaku bidi bikuata lukasa, biamu bia kukosolola nabi mâyi, biamu bia plastique, anyi mifuku ya dilengeja idi mikole pa mutu pa tshibombi tshidi tshilamakaja mâyi munda mua tshibombi tshidi tshitangile kuulu, tshipangisha kapepe ka muulu bua kubuela mu tshiamu tshia dikosolola natshi mâyi ne tshienza bua se: mayi a mashika ikale a muomumue.

Ndi mua kulongolola tshibombi tshia mukuba tshidi tshitapuluka pa tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku ne tshintu tshia kuela nabi bintu anyi ne tshilamba tshidi katshiyi tshibuela mâyi anyi?¶

Tòo, kuena mua kulongolola tshitupa tshia mashika tshidi tshitapuluka pa tshibombi tshia sillcock ku diambuluisha dia solde, epoxy putty, silicone tape, anyi compression sleeves, bualu biamu bia mayi bia mu nzubu bidi bienza mudimu ne bukole budi pankatshi pa 350 ne 550 kilopascals (50 ne 80 pounds ku inch kare). Kuela tshiamu tshia mitaku tshidi tshinyanguke tshidi tshinyanguke bikole ne tshimanu tshidi tshienda tshikepela kudi kuenza tshintu tshidi katshiyi tshia kueyemena tshidi mua kutshibuka bikole mu tshikondo tshia bukole bua mu tshimenga, ne kuela mâyi mu tshina tshiebe tshia tshimanu. Tshiamu tshia sillcock tshidi tshipanduluke tshidi ne tshia kumbushibua ne kupingana pa muaba watshi ne tshiamu tshipiatshipia tshijima tshijadika kudi tshiapu.

Bua tshinyi tshiamu tshianyi tshia tshiamu tshia nzembu tshiakapatuka pikalatshi ne tshibuikidiji tshia tshiamu tshia nzembu?¶

Bibuikidiji bia foam (bibb hoods) kabiena bipatula kapia to; badi anu bakuata luya ludi lufumina munda mua nzubu kupitshila mu tshiamu tshia mitaku. Shi tshiamu tshia mu budimi anyi tshiamu tshia kukosolola natshi bintu tshidi tshishala tshilamakaja muinshi mua tshibuikidiji, mayi adi munda mua tshibombi adi akola nansha biobi bikale ne tshilamba tshia foam padi luya lua pambelu lushala muinshi mua mashika munkatshi mua mêba mapite pa 12. Kabidi, pikala tshiamu tshia nzembu tshienda tshipingana panyima anyi nzubu wa munda kayi ne kapia, tshibuikidiji tshia pambelu tshidi tshifila bukubi bua kapia ku mashika a muinshi mua zero.

Nkuasa wa valve wa sillcock udi ne tshia kuikala mutantshi kayi munda mua tshimanu?¶

Tshibasa tshia munda tshia tshiamu tshia mashika tshidi katshiyi ne mashika tshidi ne bua kuikala mutantshi wa milimetre 50 (2 inches) mu muaba wa nzubu udi ne kapia ne udi ne luya lukole, kupita tshimanu tshia pambelu ne tshimanu tshia munda. Shi tshibasa tshia valve tshidi munda mua tshimanu tshia pambelu tshidi katshiyi tshilengejibua pankatshi pa tshilamba tshia fibre de verre ne tshilamba tshia pambelu, lupepele lua mashika lua mu muvu wa mashika nelutekeshe tshibasa tshia tshiamu muinshi mua mashika, bienza bua tshisumbu tshia mashinyi a munda tshikale mashika ne tshipanduluke nansha padibu bumbusha tshiamu tshia mashika.

Dianyisha dia diambuluisha dia kumpala¶

Kulongolola bilema bia mu tshimanu ne kupingana pa muaba wa tshiamu tshia mashika kudi kulomba kukosa tshimanu tshiume, kumbusha tshiamu tshia fibre de verre, kuenza mudimu ne biamu bia kukosa nabi milonda ya mukuba, ne kuenza mudimu ne miendu ya kapia anyi biamu bia mudimu bia nzembu mu miaba mikese. Njiwu idi yenzeka mu tshikondo tshia njiwu ya tshiamu tshia mitaku itu misangu ya bungi ifikisha ku ditapa dia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku, mputa ya mêsu idi ifumina ku bipese bia drywall bidi bienda bibuuka, mputa ya kapia idi ifumina ku miendu ya disuika dia bintu, ne disama dia mupuya dikole didi difumina ku dienza mudimu ne mionji ya fibre de verre. Bamfumu ba nzubu, bena mudimu ba dilongolola, ne batangidi ba nzubu badi ne tshia kuikala ne mikanda ya dianyisha mu diambuluisha dia kumpala dia bantu bakole, dikolesha dia mioyo ne mikolo (CPR), ne dienza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia defibrillateur externe automatique (AED). Malongesha a pa tshibidilu adibu bafila kudi malongolodi bu mudi Croix-Rouge wa mu Amerike, St John Ambulance, anyi bafidi ba tulasa tua malu a luondapu lua lukasa lukasa adi afila dilongesha dia mudimu dia mushindu wa kulama mashi adi apatuka bikole, disukula dia mputa, dilengeja dia mputa, ne mushindu wa kulama babedi bimpe too ne padi bena mudimu ba luondapu lua lukasa lukasa balua.

Miaba mifumina¶

• Société américaine des enjenyeurs de plomberie (ASPE). Mukanda wa mudimu wa dienza dia mayi, Volime 2: Mashinyi a mayi mashika ne bukubi bua mashika.
• Tshipangu tshia mikenji ya buloba bujima (ICC). 2024 Mukenji wa buloba bujima wa malu a mayi (IPC), tshitupa tshia 305 (Dikuba dia milonda) ne tshitupa tshia 608 (Dikuba dia dipingana dia mâyi).
• Tshipangu tshia mikenji ya buloba bujima (ICC). 2024 Code International Residential Code (IRC), Section P2903 (Water Supply System).
• Tshisumbu tshia matunga masanga tshia bena mudimu ba mudimu wa dilongolola dia mayi ne a biamu (IAPMO). 2024 Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC), Chapter 6: Water Supply and Distribution.
• Tshisumbu tshia bena Amerike tshia malu a bukezuke (ASSE). ASSE Standard 1019: Wall Hydrants, Freezeless, Automatic Draining Type.
• Tshisumbu tshia mikenji ya mu Canada (CSA). CSA B64 Series: Backflow Preventors ne Vacuum Breakers.
• Tshibambalu tshia malu a mikenji tshia mu Grande-Bretagne (BSI). BS EN 13959: Anti-Pollution Check Valves.

Malu adi apetangana¶

• Dilongolola dia tshimpitshimpi ne ditapulula dia milonda ya mayi minyanguke
• Tshiamu tshinene tshia kukanga natshi mayi tshidi tshilamakaja anyi tshinyanguke tshia tshiibi tshia tshiibi
• Dipanga dia tshiamu tshia muinshi mua tshina tshia mâyi ne dipuekesha dia bukole bua bungi
• Dilongolola dia bikunyibua ne mishindu ya kuyumija nzubu kunyima kua dinyanguka dia mayi
• Milonda ya mashika Dikuba dia tshimpitshimpi ne dikuba dia mashika