Skip to content

Te haunga o te mokowhiti i roto i nga taika, nga waahi, me nga poka

He rereke nga nama ohorere i ia whenua. Ka whakamahia e tenei wharangi te 911, te nama mo te United States me Canada. He maha nga whenua e whakamahi ana i te 112, 999, tetahi atu nama ranei. Kimihia te nama mo to whenua.

Ko nga ohorere ohorere i roto i nga waahi kei raro, i raro ranei i te whenua, penei i nga waahi whaipainga, nga taika septic noho, nga rua whakawairakau ahuwhenua, nga witi me nga silo moka, nga poka wai FERmentation waina, nga puna wai, me nga uta uta kaipuke, kei roto i nga tino mate whakamate i roto i te ao ahumahi me te taiwhenua. Kaore i rite ki te ahi ka kitea, ka tiango hanga ranei, ka kitea he ruuma kua pau te hāora, kua whakakiia ki te hau paihana ranei, ka tino marino, he maamaa, he kore kino mai i te pao o waho. Ko te kaimahi, te rangatira whare ranei ka piki ki raro i te arawhata ki roto i te waahi iti iho i te 6 paiheneti te hāora, neke atu ranei i te 700 nga wahanga mo te miriona (ppm) o te hauwai sulfide (\(H_2S\)) e kore e mare, e kowaowao, e tangi ranei mo te awhina; engari, ka hinga ki roto ki te coma i muri i te kotahi, e rua nga manawa.

E ai ki nga whakatewhatewha aitua a te United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), te Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), me te United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive (HSE), ** neke atu i te 60 paiheneti o nga tangata katoa ka mate i roto i nga waahi kati kaore i whakangungua hei kaiwhakaora**, he maha nga hoa mahi, nga kaitirotiro, me nga mema o te whanau e tohe ana i te manawa o te tangata e mau ana ki raro. ratou ki waho. Ko te oranga i te waahi mokowhiti me tino ako: kaua rawa e uru ki roto i te keehe kore hau, kare ano i whakamatauria ki te ngana ki te whakaora kaore i parea, te karanga i nga roopu whakaora rawa morearea, ka akiaki i te hau hou ki roto i te waahi mai i waho, me te mahi i te tango miihini kore-urunga mena kei te noho he raina ora o mua.

Mahia tenei inaianei

Mena ka kitea e koe he tangata kua kore e mohio, kua topa, kua kore e aro ki roto i te poka, tank, rua, puhera, silo, mokowhiti ranei, whai tonu i enei mahi e ono:

  1. Kati, kaua hoki e piki ki roto i nga ahuatanga katoa: Kaua rawa e takahi i te paepae, ka piki ranei ki raro i te arawhata ki roto i te waahi kua hinga te tangata, ahakoa he tamaiti, he hoa wahine ranei. Ko te pupuri i to manawa ka kore koe e whakamarumaru: ko te nui o te hauwai sulfide, te ru makariri ranei ka puta te ahua o te manawa, me te whakapau kaha o te tinana ka pau to hāora toto i roto i nga hēkona, ka waiho kia rua nga patunga kei raro.
  2. Waea wawe ki te tuku ohorere ka tuku korero mo te "Whakaora Hangarau Mokowhiti": Waea atu ki to rohe tau ohorere (911 i te United States me Canada, 112 puta noa i te Kotahitanga o Europi, 999 i te United Kingdom). Me kii atu ki te Kaituku: "Kei a matou tetahi tangata kua kore e mohio kei roto i tetahi waahi kua whakapaehia he hau paitini, he koretake ranei te hau; tukuna he roopu whakaora hangarau me nga taputapu Manawa Whaiaro (SCBA) me nga wini tripod."
  3. Me ngana ki te tango i te hoist kore-whakauru ANAKE mena kua herea kee te patunga ki te wini o waho: Ki te kuhu te tangata i uru ki te mau i te whitiki whakaora tinana katoa e hono ana ki te wini hiko, te ringa davit, te aho ora ranei kua mau ki waho o te pao, piu tonu te wini o waho mai i waho o te tuwhera ki te huti i te hau hou.
  4. Me noho ki runga ake i te hau o te pao, te whakatuwheratanga poka ranei: He maha nga wa ka rere whakarunga nga kohu o te hauwai sulfide, te hauhā, te mewaro, te kohu whakarewa matū ranei ki waho o te tuwhera uru. Tu ki te taha whakarunga o te pao kia rere atu nga hau i to kanohi.
  5. Whakahaua te hau hou ki roto i te waahi mai i waho mena ka pai te mahi: Mena kei te waatea he pupuhi hau-a-ahua-a-ahumahi, he powhiri rua whakawairakau ahuwhenua, he kaiwhakaako hau-kopeke ranei kei waho, me toro atu te hau hou ki te waahi. Whakatupato: Kaua rawa e whakamahi i te powhiriwhiri hiko hiko o te whare, i te puhipuhi miihini wera o roto ranei e tata ana ki te kohu, ki te puna wai, ki te puna wahie ranei kei reira te mewaro pahū (\(CH_4\)) me te kohu penehīni kei reira.
  6. Whakawetohia te hau o waho, te matū, te raina whangai miihini ranei: Ki te hono te mokowhiti ki nga raina horoi hauota, paipa propane, putunga hau fehokotaki, whakangao penehihini, kaitapa witi ranei, whakawetohia nga maru, momotuhia ranei te hiko hiko mai i te papa o waho i te wa e tatari ana mo nga kaipatu ahi.

He aha te take ka mate koe i te kopare puehu, te respirator N95, te kariri kanohi hau ranei i roto i te waahi kati

Kaua rawa e mau ki runga i te kanohi puehu N95, te haurua-mata-waastomeric respirator-kohu-kohu, he kanohi mo te momo hoia, ka uru ki te waahi kati. Ko nga respirator horoi-a-rangi ka tarai noa i nga matūriki, ka tarai ranei i nga kohu mai i te hau whai manawa; kare ratou e tuku hāora. I roto i te puna hau-haora (i raro iho i te 19.5 paiheneti te hāora) i te IDLH ranei (Te Tino Morearea ki te Ora, ki te Hauora ranei) pukoro hau paitini, ka kore he whakamarumaru ma te kopare tātari, ka ngaro to mahara ka mate rite tonu te tere o te tangata e mau ana kaore he kanohi. Ko te pehanga pai anake Raahanga Manawa Whaiaro (SCBA) ranei Respirator-Air (SAR) e mau ana i tana ake rango hau kōpeke ka taea te uru.

Rakau whakatau rauhanga mo nga wa ohorere mokowhiti

Whakamahia tenei rakau whakatau mahi ki te whakautu ki tetahi tangata kua hinga i roto i te tank, rua, silo, whare taonga ranei kaore e mate tuarua.

flowchart TD
    Start["Kua Tiango te Paruru, Kaore ranei i te urupare i roto i te Tane, Pit, Silo, Manhole ranei"] --> RuleOne["1. KAUPAPA KAUPAPA: KAUA E tomo ki te Mokowā; KAUA E Pupuri To Manawa ka Totoro ki Roto"]
    RuleOne --> Upwind["2. Nuku ki te taha Whakaraua o te Tuwheratanga o te Pao"]
    Upwind --> Call911["3. Waea 911 / 112 / 999: Tonoa Hangarau Whakaorangia mokowhiti me te HazMat me SCBA"]
    Call911 --> TetherCheck{"4. Kei te mau te tangata i te patunga i te whitiki tinana katoa e mau ana ki te wini tripod o waho?"}

    TetherCheck -->|"Ae: He winika miihini o waho kua piri"| HoistOut["Pikohia te Winch o waho mai i te Upwind ki te Hoist Victim Out; Kia mataara mo nga Snags on Ladder"]
    TetherCheck -->|"Kao: Kore i herea ki raro o te waahi"| NoEntry["Taria mo SCBA Fire Rescue; Kaua rawa e herea he taura ki to hope ake kia uru atu ai"]

    HoistOut --> MedTriage["Nekehia te Paruru ki te hau hou ake; Tirohia te Manawa; Tīmatahia nga ringa-anake CPR ki te hiahiatia"]

    NoEntry --> VentCheck{"5. Ka taea te mewaro pahū, te kohu wahie ranei?"}
    VentCheck -->|"Ae: Septic, paraka, hamuti, tank wahie ranei"| IntrinsicallySafe["KAUA E Whakamahia Nga Pa Hiko Hiko; Whakatuwherahia nga Uwhi Whakaraunga Ki te Haumaru mai i waho"]
    VentCheck -->|"Kao: witi CO2, tank hauota, whare waikura ranei"| BlowAir["Tukuna te Puka Puawai-Maori ki te Mokowhiti mai i te Matapihi ki waho"]
    IntrinsicallySafe --> Isolate["6. Maukati i waho o waho, Pumps, Augers, me te Hunga Miihini Tata"]
    BlowAir --> Isolate

Matrix morearea mokowhiti mokowhiti

E toru nga tikanga motuhake ka mate nga hau o te mokowhiti i roto i nga tikanga rereke: whakarereketanga ngawari (te whakanekehia, ka pau ranei te hāora o te rangi), te whakapoipoi matū (te whakapouritanga o te manawa pūkoro i roto i te rerenga toto me te punaha nerve), me te pahū-kapua. Ma te mohio ki te taumahatanga motuhake (ko te kiato kohu e pa ana ki te hau = 1.0) o ia hau ka whakamaarama te wahi e kaukau ai ki roto i te rakau, i te rua ranei.

Hau / Moorearea Hungarangi Kohu Kohu (Mare = 1.0) Kei Te Roopu Te Roopu Nga Puna Mokowā Whaiti Tuatahi IDLH / Paepae Whakamate Te Hongi Whakatupato me te Rore Tinana
Ko te Haora Hauora (\(O_2\) Te Paheketanga) 1.00 (Kuopapa) Puta noa i te waahi, i raro ranei / runga i runga i te neke hau Nga taika rino waikura (te waiora rino), te maara pararopi pirau, te huakita aerobic, te horoi hauota/argon Pūnoa = 20.9%; OSHA min = 19.5%; <6% = coma i roto i te 1 ki te 2 manawa, mate i roto i te 4 meneti Kaore he kakara, he kore tae, he reka noa; kare he karekau o te whakamomori na te mea kei te toha tonu te \(CO_2\)
Hydrogen Sulfide (\(H_2S\), "Karei Parakaingoa") 1.19 (Teimaha ake i te hau) Ko nga puna wai kei raro raro o nga rua, nga awaawa, nga putunga, me nga poka Ko nga taika Septic, nga waipara a te taone nui, nga rua whakawairakau kararehe, nga puna hinu/hau, ngaa ika pirau, nga waiariki 100 ppm = IDLH tonu; 500 to 700 ppm = "Knockdown" i te 1 manawa; 1,000 ppm = hopu manawa tonu Te haunga hua manu pirau i nga taumata iti (<30 ppm), engari ** ka pararutiki te nerve olfactory i te 100+ ppm**, ka kore te hau whakamate e hongi.
Mewaro (\(CH_4\), "Marsh Gas") 0.55 (Mama ake i te hau) Ka piki me te mahanga i roto i nga pukoro tuanui me nga papa o runga o nga whare hiri Te nakunaku huakita anaerobic i roto i nga parakani wai, nga taika septic, nga tuunga whenua, nga papa waro, nga repo repo, nga rua hamuti. Ka whakanekehia te \(O_2\); Pahū i waenga i te 5% (LEL) me te 15% (UEL) i te hau Karekau he kakara i roto i te ahua maori (kare i te ahua o te hau whaipainga, karekau he kakara o te mewaro parakaina); korakora pateko he pahū tutu
Waaro Hauora (\(CO_2\), "Blackdamp") 1.52 (Taimaha ake i te hau) Ka totohu ano he wai e kore e kitea ki roto i te papa raro rawa o nga puhera, nga waahi, me nga puna Te whakamaroke i nga ipu waina/pia, te witi me te witi, te rokiroki huka maroke, nga puna kowhatu, nga otaota pirau 3% = te manawa tere me te mahunga; 4% (40,000 ppm) = IDLH; > 10% = tere kore mahara me te mate Korekore; ko te nui o te kukū ka puta te koi, te ngau kino o te waikawa waro i roto i nga pongaihu me te matekai nui o te hau
Nitrogen Dioxide (\(NO_2\), "Silo Filler's Gas") 1.58 (Taimaha ake i te hau) Ka hanga he paparanga taumaha ki runga ake o te maareti ka rere ki raro i nga chute silo ki roto i nga ruma whare witi Ko te witi tapatapahi hou, te oati, me te fermenting alfalfa i roto i nga 24 haora tuatahi ki te 3 wiki i muri i te whakakī 20 ppm = IDLH; 100 ki te 150 ppm = mate whakaroa te pneumonitis matū me te edema pulmonary Te kakara o te hātea; i etahi wa ka kitea he kowhai-whero-whero, he kohu parauri ranei e rere ana i runga i te tiihi hou
Waaro Monoxide (\(CO\)) 0.97 (Mea mama ake / ranu) Ka marara noa puta noa i te ruma kapi katoa Te whakahaere i te papu wai penehīni, te kaihoroi pehanga, te miihini, te raima raima ranei i roto i te waahi, te mokowhiti, te papa raro ranei 1,200 ppm = IDLH; 3,200 ppm = coma i roto i te 10 meneti; 6,400 ppm = mate i raro i te 15 meneti Kaore he hongi, he tae, he kore-riri; ka herea ki te hemoglobin 200 nga wa kaha ake i te hāora 
GAS STRATIFICATION INSIDE AN UNVENTILATED SHAFT OR MANHOLE:
   ======= [Open Manhole Cover] =======
   |  CH4 (Methane - Density 0.55)    | <-- Lighter than air: traps under ceiling ledges
   |----------------------------------|
   |  CO  (Carbon Monoxide - 0.97)    | <-- Neutral density: hovers at standing head height
   |  O2-Depleted Air (Density 1.00)  |
   |----------------------------------|
   |  H2S (Hydrogen Sulfide - 1.19)   | <-- Heavier than air: pools at waist/floor level
   |  CO2 / NO2 (Density 1.52 - 1.58) | <-- Sinks to the very bottom of sumps and pits
   ====================================

He aha te "pupuri i to manawa" i kore: ko te ahuwhenua o te 60-orau te mate o te hunga whakaora

Ia tau, he rite tonu nga ahuatanga ka pa mai nga aitua ki runga i nga paamu, nga waahi hanga, me nga whare noho: kotahi te tangata ka piki ki roto i te rua whakawairakau, i te puna wai, i te waahi whaipainga ranei ki te horoi i te paipa kua purua, ka hinga; ka piki te tangata tuarua ki te hopu i a ratou, ka hinga ki runga; ka tomo te tuatoru ka mate ano. Ma te mohio ki nga tikanga a-tinana e hinga ai te mana o te tangata, he aha te take karekau e taea e te tangata "te pupuri manawa mo te 30 hēkona" ka ora i te whakaoranga kore.

1. He aha te hau kua pau i te hauora ka kore te rongo o te mate

Karekau he pūoko koiora ka kitea e te tangata te iti o te hāora hau (\(O_2\)) tika. Engari, ko te pokapū manawa o to roro (te medulla oblongata) ka akiaki i te hiahia ki te manawa tata katoa ma te ine i nga taumata piki ake o te carbon dioxide (\(CO_2\)) i roto i to toto toto.

  • Ki te pupuri koe i to manawa i roto i te hau noa, ka piki te \(CO_2\) i roto i ou makahukahu me te toto, ka puta te mamae mamae i roto i to uma i muri i te 45 ki te 60 hēkona.
  • Ka kuhu koe ki roto i te taika kua purea ki te ** hauota (\(N_2\))**, argon, methane ranei, he taika paera rino hiri ranei kei reira nga rino waikura (\(4Fe + 3O_2 \rightarrow 2Fe_2O_3\)) kua pau katoa te hāora i waho o te rangi, ka tohe tonu koe ki waho o te \(CO_2\). Na te mea kare te \(CO_2\) e piki ake i roto i to toto, kare koe e ngenge, karekau e kowaowao, karekau he whakaoho whakatupato.
  • Mēnā kei raro te kukū hāora ambient i raro i te 6 ōrau, mā te manawa kotahi ka rere te toenga hāora i roto i ō pūkahukahu. I te taenga atu o te toto deoxygenated ki to roro 10 ki te 15 hekona i muri mai, ka oma o turi, ka hinga koe i waenganui o te hikoi.

2. Hydrogen sulfide (\(H_2S\)) olfactory paralysis and the "knockdown" gast

Ko te Hydrogen sulfide he matū whakangao e rite ana te mahi ki te hydrogen cyanide: ka herea tika ki te ngota rino i roto i te cytochrome c oxidase enzyme i roto i to mitochondria pūtau, ka aukati tonu i te kaha o o pūtau ki te whakamahi hāora.

  1. Ko te whakaaro teka o te haumarutanga mai i te ngenge olfactory: I nga kohinga iti rawa (0.1 ki te 30 ppm), \(H_2S\) ka tino hongi ano he hua pirau. Heoi, i nga kuhanga kei runga ake i te 100 ki te 150 ppm, ka matū te hau i te pararutiki i nga pito nerve hongi i roto i te tuanui o to ihu i roto i te 2 ki te 15 hēkona. Ko te kaimahi e hongi ana i nga hua pirau ka kite i te haunga "kua ngaro" ka mahara kua mawhiti te hau i te hau, inaa, ka piki te kukū ki roto i te awhe whakamate.
  2. Ka tukuna he poma hau 1,000 ppm i runga i te whakakorikori o te kirinuku: I roto i nga rua hamuti kararehe ahuwhenua me nga taika waipara noho, ka mau te \(H_2S\) me te mewaro ki roto i nga mirumiru moroiti i raro i te kirinuku o te totoka. I te wa ka huri te kaimahi i te papu hurihanga, ka werohia te kirinuku ki te pou, ka kuhu ranei ki roto i te paru papaku i raro, ka rere te mano o nga wahanga mo te miriona \(H_2S\) ki runga ki te rohe manawa.
  3. He aha i kore ai e taea e koe te pupuri manawa i te wa e whakaora tinana ana: Ki te mau i tetahi pakeke 80 kirokaramu (175-pauna) ki runga i te arawhata rino poutū me whakapau kaha te uaua anaerobic. I roto i te 10 hēkona o te hiki i te tinana o te tangata kua mate, ka piki ake te reiti o to ngakau, ka mokowhiti noa to diaphragm mai i nga kaikawe chemoreceptor tinana carotid, te irirangitanga ranei o te \(H_2S\) i runga i ou kanohi maku ka puta te manawa whakahuri kore. Kotahi te ngohanga o te 700+ ppm \(H_2S\) ka mau tonu te mate manawa neurogenic ("whakapakoko whare patu").

Ko nga waahi ahuwhenua me nga waahi FERMENTATION: te hau hau me te kai witi

Kei roto i nga paamu, nga toa waina, nga mahi waipiro, me nga mira cider nga waahi e mau ai te manawa o te tipu me te fermentation microbial i te hau whakamate i roto i nga haora.

1. "Mai a Silo Filler's" (Nitrogen Dioxide / \(NO_2\)) vs. Carbon Dioxide (\(CO_2\))

I muri tonu i te pupuhi o te witi matomato, te oati, te sorghum, te tarutaru ranei ki roto i te pourewa tika, ka timata te FERMENTATION biochemical ki te kai i te hāora me te tuku i nga hau whakamate e rua:

  • Ngā waikura hauota (\(NO\) me te \(NO_2\)): Ko nga tipu e tupu ana i te wa o te tauraki, i roto ranei i te oneone tino wairakau ka whakaemi i te nui o te waikawa. I roto i te silo, ka huri te FERMENTATION i te hauota ki roto i te waikura nitric (\(NO\)), ka whakapa atu i te hau ki te hanga ** hauota hauota (\(NO_2\)), he hau taumaha, paitini ka eke ki runga ** i waenga i te 12 haora me te 72 haora i muri i te whakakī ka noho kino mo te 3 wiki. Na te mea he 1.58 taima te taumaha ake o te \(NO_2\) i te hau, ka tau tonu ki runga ake o te mata maataki, ka rere ki raro i te putunga tango uta ki roto i te ruuma whangai e piri ana i te turanga o te silo. Ina whakangoatia, \(NO_2\) ka memeha i roto i te makuku o ou pukahukahu ki te hanga ** waikawa nitric concentrated (\(HNO_3\))**, ka wera nga pakitara o te alveolar me te whakaemi i te wai mate (pulmonary edema) 4 ki te 24 haora i muri mai.
  • Fermentation carbon dioxide (\(CO_2\)): I roto i nga silo witi, i nga taika FERmentation waina, me nga ranu mash tun, te rewena me te manawa tipu ka whakaputa i nga pukapuka nui o te \(CO_2\). Na te mea he 1.52 wa te taumaha ake o te \(CO_2\) i te hau, ka whakakiia e ia te tank mai i te papa whakarunga ano he puna kaukau e kore e kitea. Ko te piko ki roto i te ipu waina kua kore noa iho, i te ipu witi ranei hei tango i nga toenga ka waiho to kanohi ki raro i te raina wai whakamate \(CO_2\).

2. Nga ture mo nga wa ohorere me nga wa ohorere

  1. Kaua rawa e kuhu ki roto i te pourewa i roto i nga wiki 3 tuatahi i muri i te whakaki me te kore e whakahaere tonu i te pupuhi kai miihini mo te 30 meneti i mua i te iti rawa me te mau i te kaitirotiro hau-maha, SCBA ranei.
  2. Kia katia te kuaha i waenganui i te kohanga mokowhiti me te whare witi: Aukati i nga hau taumaha \(NO_2\) me te \(CO_2\) e rere ana ki raro i te arawhata silo mai i te pokai ki roto i nga whare kararehe kua kotia hei whakapouri i nga kau me nga kaimahi ahuwhenua.
  3. Whakaweto tonutia nga kaitapa witi: Ki te mau te tangata ki roto i te ipu witi, whakawetohia ka raka tonu i te kaitapa o raro. Ko te witi e rere ana ka rite ki te onepu tere: i roto i te 4 ki te 5 hekona i muri mai i te ekenga ki runga i te koo witi e neke haere ana (ka pakaru ranei i roto i te "piriti" kowhaowao o te witi puruhekaheka), ka tanumia te kaimahi ki mua i ona turi me te neke atu i te 1,500 Newtons (325 pauna) o te kaha whakarunga kia kumea mai; i roto i te 20 hēkona, ka tino rukuhia, ka moowao.

Ko te whakaoranga kore-whakaurunga, te whakamatautau hau, me nga tikanga whakakaha hau

Ko nga kaipatu ahi ngaio me nga roopu whakaoranga ahumahi e whai ana i te OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146 me nga Ture mokowhiti HSE UK HSE 1997 i mua i te whitinga o te tangata ki te tomokanga mokowhiti. Mena kei te waahi koe i mua i te taenga mai o nga kaiutuutu ohorere, kia mohio koe me pehea te mahi o nga mana kore-urunga kia taea ai e koe te awhina haumaru mai i waho.

1. He pehea te whakamatautau a te kaitirotiro hau 4-hau i tetahi waahi i mua i te urunga

Kaua rawa e ti'aturi ki te titiro, ki te hongi, ki nga pakiwaitara tawhito ranei (pēnei i te tuku i te rama rama, i te manu ranei ki roto i te rakau, na te mea ka paopao te mura o te rama i te waipara methane-filled, septic tank ranei). Ka whakamahi nga kaiwhakaora i te ** 4-hau maminga kaitao hau** kua ata tuku iho ki runga i te ngongo tauira hei whakamatautau i te hau i te 1.2 mita (4-waewae) nga waahi poutū mai i runga ki raro (na te mea ka piki ake te mewaro mama i te wa e totohu ana te \(H_2S\) me te \(CO_2\)). Ko nga pūoko e wha ka ine i roto i te raupapa matua matua:

  1. Hauora (\(O_2\)): Me panui i waenga i te 19.5% me te 23.5% (te hau hou noa ko 20.9%). Ka whakamatauria te hāora tuatahi na te mea ka hiahiatia e nga pūoko hau whakangihuehue LEL te hauhau kia mahi, ka hoatu he panui kore-kore i roto i te rua kua pau te hāora.
  2. Karei Werawera / Kaahua (% LEL): Me panui iti iho i te 10% o te Tepe Pahū Raro (LEL) (he pai ki te 0% LEL). I runga ake i te 10% LEL, ko nga korakora pateko mai i nga kakahu waihanga, nga whao rino, nga rama rama kaore i whakatauhia ka pahū.
  3. Hydrogen Sulfide (\(H_2S\)): OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) ceiling is 20 ppm (he maha nga paerewa haumaru hou e whakatakoto ana i te paepae whakaoho i 5 ki te 10 ppm); Ko te IDLH 100 ppm.
  4. Waaro Monoxide (\(CO\)): Ko te nuinga o te waa te paepae whakaoho 25 ki te 35 ppm; Ko te IDLH 1,200 ppm.

2. Ko te whakahiatotanga o te hau miihini mai i waho

Mena ka taea e koe te uru atu ki te pupuhi hau whakangao ahumahi me te whakaheke hiko (he ngongo "katua arewhana") i a koe e tatari ana ki te tari ahi:

  • Te tuku pehanga pai (te pana i te hau hou ki roto) vs. te pehanga pehanga-raruraru: Mo te nuinga o nga rua paitini kore-hauora, kore-wera ranei, he tino pai ake te hau pehanga pai. Whakanohoia te kai pupuhi ki roto te hau ma i te iti rawa 5 mita (16 putu) ki runga i te hau o te poka (me te tino matara atu i nga taraka ahi e rere ana, tarakihana, hiku hiko ranei), whakahekehia te arai whakangawari ki raro ki roto i te 0.6 mita (2 putu) o te papa o raro kei reira te tangata e takoto ana, ka pupuhi te hau hou ki roto i te rohe manawa o raro.
  • Whakatupato morearea morearea: Mēnā he tāke waipara te waahi, he parapara horoi a te taone nui, he taika rokiroki wahie, he poka whakawairakau ranei kei reira nga mewaro kapura, waiwaro warowai ranei kei reira, kaua rawa e tuu he powhiriwhiri motuka hiko e tata ana ki te tuwhera. Ma nga paraihe motika hiko e mura ai te paramu mewaro e mawhiti ana i te wa e mawehe atu ana i te poka. Ka taea anake te whakamahi i te pneumati (te hau kapi) me nga pupuhi hiko kua tohua te pahūtanga ki runga i nga waahi muramura.

3. Nga taputapu whakaora mokowhiti me te whakataurite i te aro turuki i te rangi

Kia mohio ai koe he aha i kore ai nga taputapu noho i roto i nga waahi kati, whakatairitehia nga whakaritenga miihini e hiahiatia ana mo te urunga mokowhiti haumaru me te tango kore-urunga:

Kāwai Taputapu Whakatakotoranga Whakaora Hangarau Whaimana Te Whakakapi, te Whakakapi Whare ranei He aha i mate ai te Whakakapi Whakakapi
Tiaki manawa Pēhanga pai Ranga Manawa Whaiaro (SCBA) ranei Respirator Rererangi Rererangi-Rere me te rango mawhiti N95 kopare puehu, kohu parakore kariri haurua kanohi, he tauera maku ranei kei te waha Ko nga kopare tātari he kore hāora; i roto <19.5% \(O_2\) or >100 ppm \(H_2S\), ka ngaro te mahara o te kaimau i roto i te 1 ki te 2 manawa
Te Tiki Whakanoho me te Hoist Te whakakai-a-tinana Class III me nga mowhiti-D o te tuara/pokohiwi e hono ana ki te wini hiko hiko (5:1 te painga miihini) He taura kua herea ki te hope o te kaimahi, ka mauhia ranei e te ringa o nga tangata e rua e tu ana i te rimu poka E kore e taea e nga pakeke kaha e rua kia mate te hiki te tinana 90 kirokaramu (200 lb) poutū te tinana i roto i te kaki whaiti 60 cm (24 in) poka; ka paheke nga taura o te hope, ka whakapouri i te diaphragm
Kaitaki Hurirangi Kua whakatikahia 4-hau kaupane maminga (\(O_2\), LEL, \(H_2S\), \(CO\)) me te 10-mita (33-waewae) tauira rangahau tarai Te hongi i te tuwhera, te rapu kohu, te whakaheke ranei i te mura o te rama Ko te kore o te hāora me te \(CO\) he tino hongi; \(H_2S\) ka pararutiki te haunga i runga ake i te 100 ppm; na te mura ahi ka pupuhi te mewaro (\(CH_4\))
Kaipoi Whakahau He haumaru o roto ** te pupuhi axial-papakatanga ** me te whakahekenga whakaheke pateko-papa He mea powhiriwhiri pouaka mo te whare, he korehau toa, he pupuhi rau ranei ka tuu tata ki te tuwhera Ko nga motuka AC kua paraihia me nga miihini penehi ka maka tonu i nga korakora hiko e mura ana te mewaro, te kohu whakarewa ranei

Nga waahi o te whare me nga waahi whaipainga: nga waahi ngoki, nga puna maroke, me nga kaikoeke

He maha nga wa e whakahawea ana nga rangatira o nga kaainga me nga kaikirimana noho ki nga waahi kati kei runga i nga rawa motuhake. Kare koe e hiahia kia eke koe ki runga i te paamu ahumahi, i te tipu matū ranei kia tutaki ai koe ki tetahi kohanga mate-hauora mate:

  1. Taika waipara noho me nga ruuma papu: Kaua rawa e whakapikoa to mahunga me to pakihiwi ki roto i te rire tirotiro taika waipara e tuwhera ana ki te wetewete i tetahi tātari waipara, ki te whakakapi ranei i te whakawhiti waka. Ahakoa te mahi mai i te hope ki runga i roto i te koeko riser raima ka kite koe i nga pupuhi whakamate o te \(H_2S\) me te mahanga mewaro mai i te mata wai. Whakamahia nga pou toronga ringa-roa mai i runga katoa i te karaehe ka tu ki runga hau.
  2. Ko nga rua mita wai, nga whariki irigation, me nga peeke poka wai: Ko nga raima o raro o te whenua me nga pouaka whaipainga kaata katia ka kati mo nga marama ka kohia te hauhaha taikaha (\(CO_2\)) mai i te manawa pakiaka o te oneone me nga rau pirau, ka waikura nga paipa rino me te tango i te hāora mai i te hau mau. Tuwhera tonu nga tapoi o nga whaanui ka tukua kia whakawhiti-whakawhiti (whakapuhia ranei te hau hou ki roto i te rua mo te 15 meneti) i mua i te taenga atu ki roto ranei.
  3. Nga mokowā ngokingoki kore hau i te wa e whakamahia ana te whakarewa, te miihini ranei: Ma te whakamahi i nga hiri parewai i runga i te hinu, te papa polyurethane, nga raima paipa PVC, me te whakahaere i tetahi papu wai penehīni kawe i roto i te mokowhiti noho ka huri te papa o raro ki te ruma matū IDLH tonu. Ka totohu te kohu waiwaro taumaha ki te papa mokowhiti, ka nekehia te hāora, ka pahū inamata ka pao te rama o te oumu, ka pao te reera papua.

Te awhina tuatahi me te whakamatautau hauora i muri i te tangohanga o te patunga

I te wa ka tangohia e nga kaiwhakaora hangarau i roto i te SCBA, i te winika hiko hiko o waho ranei te tangata kua paopao ki te hau hou, me tere tonu te wawaotanga hauora i te wa e noho haumaru ai nga kaiwhakaora mai i te tuarua-kore-hau.

  1. Kia tupato ki te \(H_2S\) tuarua ka pekehia mai i nga kakahu me nga makahukahu: Ko te tangata kua toia mai i te rua whakawairakau nui, ka rukuhia ki roto i te paru wai kukū ki te hauwai sulfide rewa, kei roto i o ratou ngongo te toenga \(H_2S\) hau. Kawea te patunga ki roto tuwhera, ki runga hau o waho tonu. Ko nga kaiwhakaora i roto i nga waahi waka turoro kua pa ki te paihana i te tango i te \(H_2S\) i te hau mai i nga kakahu makuku o te patunga. Tangohia nga kakahu o waho kua poke i te hau hou i te wa e tu ana ki runga hau.
  2. Whakamahia te CPR Ringa-anake ranei, he Peeke-Valve-Mask (kaua rawa he waha-ki-waha): Mena karekau te tangata i paopao, kare i te manawa noa, me timata tonu te koopeke o te pouaka i te tere o te 100 ki te 120 nga kopeketanga ia meneti ki te hohonutanga o te 5 ki te 6 henimita (2 ki te 2.4 inihi) Kaua e mahi tika mai i te waha-ki-waha te manawa whakaora ki runga i te patunga i whakaorangia mai i te hauwai sulfide, te cyanide, te rua whakarewa matū ranei, na te mea ka taea e te hau whakahaa mai i nga ngongo o te tangata kua paopaohia koe; whakamahia he kopare pute me te maataki tātari kotahi-ara, he Peeke-Valve-Mask (BVM) ranei e hono ana ki te 100 paihēneti hāora tāpiri.
  3. Me tirotirohia e te hōhipera mo te whakaroa o te edema pulmonary: Ahakoa ka hoki mai te mohio o te morehu mokowhiti i roto i te hau hou me te kii kei te pai ia, ko te tangata e pa ana ki te hauwai sulfide (\(H_2S\)), hauota hauota (\(NO_2\) silo hau), haukini, hypoxia kino ranei me haria ki te tari whawhati tata ma te waka tūroro. Ko nga matū irirangi ka puta he kino kino ki nga capillaries pūkahukahu e kitea pinepine ana 6 ki te 48 haora i muri mai he edema pulmonary kore-cardiogenic e whakararu ana i te ora (he wai e waipuke ana ki nga pūkahukahu).

Ko te tango i te awhina tuatahi me te akoranga CPR mai i te Whero Whero, St John Ambulance, tetahi kaiwhakarato whaimana ranei o te rohe ka whakareri koe ki te mahi i nga kopere o te pouaka kounga teitei me te whakahaere i nga aitua ohorere i te wa ka kawea mai e nga kaiwhakaora hangarau tetahi patunga ki te haumaru.

Pātai auau

Why can't I just hold my breath for 30 seconds, climb down a ladder, and pull an unconscious person out of a tank?

Over 60 percent of all people killed in confined spaces are would-be rescuers who tried that exact plan. Lifting an limp adult up a vertical ladder requires extreme physical exertion that rapidly consumes your blood oxygen and triggers an involuntary diaphragm gasp reflex within seconds, and high concentrations of gases like hydrogen sulfide or cold water immersion cause an instant involuntary inhalation that knocks you unconscious in a single breath.

Will an N95 mask or a cartridge gas mask protect me inside a septic tank, silo, or manhole?

No, an air-purifying filter mask or cartridge respirator will never protect you inside an oxygen-deficient confined space and will result in rapid death. Filter respirators only remove particles or specific low-level chemical vapors from air that already contains normal oxygen; they cannot create oxygen in a tank depleted by rust or fermentation, nor can they block high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide or carbon monoxide.

If hydrogen sulfide smells like rotten eggs, why didn't the victim smell it and climb out?

While hydrogen sulfide smells strongly like rotten eggs at very low concentrations (below 30 parts per million), concentrations above 100 to 150 ppm chemically paralyze the human olfactory nerve inside the nose within seconds. At lethal concentrations of 500 to 1,000 ppm, the gas seems completely odorless and causes immediate loss of consciousness ("knockdown") on the very first breath.

How can an empty, clean steel water tank or ship compartment have zero oxygen inside?

When an unpainted or damp steel tank is sealed shut for weeks or months, the natural process of iron rusting (oxidation) chemically binds atmospheric oxygen molecules to the steel walls ($4Fe + 3O_2 \rightarrow 2Fe_2O_3$). This silent chemical reaction can strip a clean steel vault down to less than 4 percent oxygen without producing any smell, smoke, or visible warning sign.

What is Silo Filler's Disease and when is an agricultural silo most dangerous?

Silo Filler's Disease is acute chemical pneumonia caused by inhaling nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$) gas produced by fermenting fresh silage (such as chopped corn, oats, or alfalfa). Nitrogen dioxide production peaks between 12 hours and 3 days after filling a silo and remains hazardous for up to 3 weeks; because the gas is heavier than air, it pools on top of the silage and flows down the ladder chute into attached barn rooms.

Why is it dangerous to perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation on someone pulled from a sewer or manure pit?

A victim rescued from a sewer, septic tank, or manure pit has high concentrations of toxic hydrogen sulfide gas trapped inside their lungs and dissolved in the sludge on their clothing. Performing direct mouth-to-mouth breathing forces you to inhale the poison gas exhausting from their airway; instead, move the victim to fresh upwind air, remove wet contaminated clothing, and perform Hands-Only chest compressions until paramedics arrive with oxygen masks.

Kua tirohia nga puna

  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH / CDC, United States): Te Aukati i nga Matenga Mahi i roto i nga Mokowhiti Taputapu (Publication No. 86-110), Tono mo te Awhina ki te aukati i nga mate o nga Kaimahi Paamu i roto i nga rua whakawairakau, me te Aratohu Pukoro mo nga Whakamate Matū.
  • Te Whakahaere Haumaru me te Hauora Mahi (OSHA, United States): 29 CFR 1910.146 Whakaae-E hiahiatia ana nga Mokowhiti Paerewa Paerewa me te Hydrogen Sulfide / Nga Pepa Meka Whakamatau Atmospheric.
  • Kaiwhakahaere Hauora me te Haumaru (HSE, United Kingdom): Te Mahi Haumaru i roto i nga Mokowā Taputapu: Nga Ture mo nga Mokowhiti Kua Whakaaetia 1997 Waehere Whakaaetanga me te Arataki (L101) me te Whakakorea Haumaru i te Slurry i runga i nga Paamu.
  • National Fire Protection Association (NFPA, United States): NFPA 1006 Standard for Technical Rescue Personnel Professional Qualifications and NFPA 350 Guide for Safe Confined Space Entry and Work.
  • Pokapū Kanata mo te Hauora me te Haumaru Mahi (CCOHS, Kanata): Nga Mokowhiti Mokowhiti Mokowhiti, Hydrogen Sulfide, me nga Aratohu Aukati Hau Hiko.

Nga kaiarahi e pa ana