He ahanoa ke i roto i te karu, he karuke i te kiri, me te awhina tuatahi a te kaiarai hiko¶

Ko te kopa tangata maramara te kiko o roto i te mata o te tinana, ka tukuna e te tata ki te 7,000 nga pito nerve nociceptive mo ia mita mita tapawha ma te peka ophthalmic o te nerve trigeminal (cranial nerve V1). Na te mea he 300 ki te 600 te nui ake o tenei uaua o te nerve i to te kiri o te tangata, ahakoa he maramara moroiti o te kiri o te hau, he rakuraku maikuku, he torutoru hēkona ranei o te puaretanga o te pewa whakahiato ultraviolet kare he maru ka puta te mamae o te tinana ke, te mokemoke o te kamo (blepharospasm), me te haehae nui.

I taua wa ano, ka taea e nga mahi miihini tere tere penei i te patu whakarewa ki te whakarewa, te whakamahi i te miihini koki hurihuri, te mahi kuti aho ranei ka taea te puhipuhi i tetahi kaupapa konganuku iti na roto i te kiore, i te sclera ranei ki roto o te poi kanohi me te ngawari o te mamae tuatahi. Ma te mohio me pehea te tirotiro mo te pakaru o te ao tuwhera, te tinana ke ranei i mua i te pa atu ki nga kamo, me pehea te whakahuri i te kamo o runga ki te tango i tetahi matūriki huna e mau ana i roto i te sulcus o raro, me te aha e mau ai te hunga ka mau i te arotahi me te mate mate o te kainga he mea tino nui ki te tiaki i te kanohi.

Mahia tenei inaianei¶

1. Me kii atu ki te tangata kia mutu te mirimiri i ona kanohi ka noho ki roto i te waahi maramara. Ma te mirimiri i te kanohi kei roto he matūriki koi o te karaehe, whakarewa, waikura, silica ranei ka huri hohonu atu te kongakonga puta noa i te epithelium kirikiri ngawari penei i te kirikiri, me te pehi i te poi kanohi kua werohia ka puta te wai o roto o te kanohi me te iris.
2. Tirotirohia te kanohi i raro i te marama ngawari mo te "Open Globe" me nga haki whero tere tere ranei i mua i te ngana ki te horoi, ki te kumea ranei i nga kamo. Mena i puta te whara i te wa e patu ana i te konganuku, te huri, te whao, te tata ranei ki te pahūtanga, OR ki te kite koe i te ahua roimata, he piupiu ranei te tauira, he toto kei te mata o mua o te kanohi, he gelatin, he gelatin ranei. he mea kua mau ki roto i te kaokao marama, KAUA e parai te kanohi, KAUA hoki e pa ki nga kamo.
3. Waea atu ki to nama whawhati tata, haere tonu ranei ki te tari whawhati tata me te tiaki kanohi mo nga whara e whakapaehia ana, te patu whakarewa tere-tere, te ngaro ranei o te tirohanga. Waea 911 i te United States me Kanata, 112 puta noa i te Kotahitanga o Europi, 999 i te United Kingdom, 000 i Ahitereiria, tirohia te raarangi o tau ohorere. Tiakina te kanohi kua werohia, kua pakaru ranei ki te dome whakamarumaru maataki (pērā i te parepare kanohi Fox whakarewa, te raro ranei o te kapu pepa kua mau ki te rae me te paparinga) me te kore e werohia te kakano ki te poi kanohi.
4. Tangohia nga arotahi whakapiri ANAKE mena ko te whara he kowhatu puehu tere iti, he karawarawa, he uira UV ranei ka paheke ngawari te arotahi. Kaua rawa e waiho he arotahi whakapiri ki roto i te kanohi kua weriweri, i te iritarita ranei, na te mea ka rewa te huakita Pseudomonas aeruginosa i raro i te arotahi i roto i te kiore i roto i te 24 haora. Ki te mau te arotahi, tatari kia whakamakuku mariretia te kanohi ki te tote parakore kia maanu noa.
5. Pukuhia te puehu o te tere iti, nga kamo, te onepu, te otaota otaota ranei i roto i te kanohi ma te whakamahi i te wai tote parakore, te wai paopao maamaa ranei. Whakapirihia te mahunga o te tangata ki te taha me te kanohi i whara e anga ana whakararo kia rere te wai mai i te kokonga o roto (tata ki te piriti o te ihu) ka arai ki waho o te kanohi mai i te ihu.
6. Kia kati nga kanohi e rua, kia okioki mo te whakapae he abrasion te koo, he uira ranei a te welder ultraviolet (photokeratitis), KAUA rawa e maka nga toenga matemate ki roto i te kanohi i te kainga. Na te mea ka neke ngatahi nga kanohi e rua (conjugate gaze), ka okioki me nga kanohi e rua ka kati ata ki roto i te ruma pouri ka kore te kamo o runga e waruhia i runga i te koha o te kiri. Kaua rawa e pa ki te whakapiri i nga karu karu, kaua rawa e whakamahi i nga topata whakamarumaru (proparacaine, tetracaine ranei) ki te kainga.

Rakau whakatau ohorere mo nga tinana kee me nga whara o te mata¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Acute Eye Pain, Foreign Body Sensation, or Flash Burn"]
    StopRub["Instruct Patient: DO NOT RUB OR PRESS ON THE EYE"]
    HighVel{"High-Velocity Mechanism OR Open Globe Signs?<br/>(Hammering metal, grinding, teardrop pupil, hyphema, embedded corneal shard)"}
    ShieldGlobe["OPEN GLOBE / INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODY PROTOCOL<br/>1. DO NOT flush, DO NOT evert lid, DO NOT apply pressure<br/>2. Tape a rigid paper cup or Fox eye shield over bony orbit<br/>3. Keep patient seated at 30 to 45 degrees (nothing by mouth)<br/>4. Transport immediately to Emergency Ophthalmology + Orbital CT"]
    UVCheck{"History of Unshielded UV Exposure 6 to 12 Hours Ago?<br/>(Arc welding, snow/glacier reflection, tanning bed, germicidal UVC lamp)"}
    UVCare["ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOKERATITIS (WELDER'S FLASH / SNOW BLINDNESS)<br/>1. Move to dark room and remove contact lenses immediately<br/>2. Apply cool damp cloth over gently closed eyelids<br/>3. Instill preservative-free artificial tears or lubricating ointment<br/>4. Seek medical evaluation for cycloplegic drops and oral analgesia"]
    LooseFB["Low-Velocity Loose Foreign Body or Surface Scratch<br/>(Windblown dust, sand, eyelash, sawdust, fingernail, tree branch)"]
    Irrigate["Gentle Ocular Irrigation Protocol<br/>1. Tilt head so injured eye is lowest (flush inner-to-outer corner)<br/>2. Irrigate with sterile normal saline or lukewarm tap water<br/>3. Remove contact lens once lubricated"]
    CheckClear{"Did Irrigation Remove the Particle?"}
    EvertLid["Inspect & Evert Upper Eyelid (Subtarsal Sulcus)<br/>1. Ask patient to look down while gently pulling upper lashes forward/up<br/>2. Sweep visible loose speck off inner lid with wet cotton swab<br/>3. NEVER touch or scrape a speck stuck on the clear cornea"]
    PostAbrasion["Corneal Abrasion & Rust Ring Screening<br/>1. Do NOT apply a tight pressure eye patch<br/>2. Urgent clinic visit for fluorescein staining & rust ring removal<br/>3. Mandatory antipseudomonal antibiotic drops if contact lens wearer"]

    Start --> StopRub
    StopRub --> HighVel
    HighVel -->|Yes: High-Velocity or Globe Rupture| ShieldGlobe
    HighVel -->|No: Low-Velocity Surface Issue| UVCheck
    UVCheck -->|Yes: Bilateral Delayed Pain & Photophobia| UVCare
    UVCheck -->|No: Unilateral Grit or Scratch| LooseFB
    LooseFB --> Irrigate
    Irrigate --> CheckClear
    CheckClear -->|No: Still Feels Under Upper Lid| EvertLid
    CheckClear -->|Yes: Particle Flushed Out| PostAbrasion
    EvertLid --> PostAbrasion

Te whakatairite i nga tinana ke o te mata, te abrasion o te koo, me te wera uira ultraviolet¶

Na te mea ko te tinana ke i mau, ko te toenga o te kiri o te kiri, ko te mate whewhe moata, me te mura o te uira ultraviolet, ka uru katoa ki te tohu toru o te mamae-tinana ke, te haehae (epiphora), me te maarama marama (photophobia), ma te wehewehe i a raatau ma te raarangi waahi, te taha taha, me te ahua o te tinana e arahi ana i te maimoatanga haumaru.

Hipanga 1: Te Tirohanga mo te Kapoata Tuwhera, Intraocular Foreign Body ranei¶

I mua i to ringihia he wai ki roto i te kanohi whara, toia ranei i te kamo, me noho koe 15 hēkona ki te whakatau he ** wharanga o te ao (open globe)**, he tereo teitei intraocular tinana ke (IOFB) ranei. Ma te huri i te kamo, ka pehi ranei ki te kakahu ki runga i te poi kanohi kua pakaru, ka kotitia te whakakatakata me te kiko uveal i roto i te werohanga, ka ngaro tonu te kanohi.

Ko nga haki whero e 7 o te Tuwhera Globe or Intraocular Foreign Body¶

Kaua klzzh:0002 e whakamakuku, kaua e KORE**ango i tetahi mea e puta mai ana, kaua hoki e pa ki nga kamo mena he tetahi o enei e whai ake nei:

1. Mahinga tere-tere: I hama te tangata i te konganuku i runga i te whakarewa, i te whao makariri, i te mahi i te miihini tere tere, i te wira waea, i te wiriwiri, i te kuti tarutaru ranei, i kitea ranei ki te pupuhi, ki te pupuhi pu ranei.
2. He kohungahunga teitei, te ahua o te roimata, te korikori ranei: Ka werohia te koronea, limbus ranei (te taitapa e tutaki ai te kaokao marama ki te sclera ma), ka rere te wai whakakataka ki waho, ka purua e te iris tae te kohao mai i roto, ka kumea te tauira porowhita ki roto i te ahua roimata tohu e tika ana te pito ki te waahi o te perforation.
3. He pirepire pouri, he opupu ranei kei runga i te kaokao, i te sclera ranei: He rite te ahua o te iris, te kiko choroidal ranei ki te kakano karepe iti parauri pouri, kakano karepe pango ranei kei te mata o te kanohi. Kaua rawa e pohehe he wahi paru tenei, kaua hoki e ngana ki te muru.
4. Hyphema (te kohi toto i roto i te ruma o mua o te kanohi): Ka kitea te toto whero kanapa, whero-pango pouri ranei e takoto ana i mua o te iris tae, e tohu ana i te wharanga o roto o te kanohi.
5. He "bullous" 360-tohu toto conjunctiva: Ina poihau katoa te ma o te kanohi ki te whakaheke toto iti whero pouri huri noa i te kiore, he maha nga wa ka huna e ia te pakaru o te scleral i raro.
6. Te tiango, te hangarite ranei o te ruma o mua: Ka titiro ki te kanohi kua whara mai i te taha me te whakatairite ki te kanohi karekau i whara, ka kitea ko te mokowhiti i waenga i te koronea marama me te iris tae he tino papa (ka pa ki te iris) he hohonu ranei.
7. Ka kitea he kongakonga kua mau ki runga i te kaokao maamaa: Ki te mau tonu tetahi wahi konganuku, karaehe, rakau ranei ki roto i te kikorangi marama o te kiore i runga i te iris, i te tauira ranei, kaua e ngana ki te horoi, ki te parai ranei.

Me pehea te whakamarumaru i tetahi Open Globe whakapae i te mara¶

Mena kei roto tetahi o nga haki whero e 7 i runga ake nei: * Whakaahua he parepare kanohi maataki: Whakamahia he konumohe whai konumohe poka noa Te whakangungu rakau pokiha ka tapahia ranei te raro 4 henimita (1.5 inihi) mai i te pepa, kapu inu pahuka ranei. * Tapehia te awhi ki nga koiwi kanohi a tawhio noa: Whakanohoia te awhi o te whakangungu rakau, kapu pepa ranei kia tau ki runga ** hiwi rae (supraorbital rim) ki runga me te paparinga (zygomatic arch) kei raro**, ka piko katoa ki runga i te kanohi kaore e pa ki nga kamo, poi kanohi ranei. Whakapaia ki nga takai riipene e rere hauroki mai i te rae ki te paparinga. * KAUA rawa kia waiho he papa kakano ki raro i te whakangungu rakau: Ko te whakakii i te kakano kua takai ki raro i te parepare kanohi ka huri hei whakakakahu pehanga ka peehi ki runga i te poi kanohi kua pakaru. * Whakanohoia te manawanui ki te 30-ki-45-tohu, te marino, me te NPO (kaore he mea ma te waha): Aukati i te ruaki, te maremare, te piko ranei, i te mea ka piki te kaha o Valsalva i te pehanga intraocular. Kia noho nohopuku te manawanui mena ka hiahiatia te mate whawhati tata mo te whakatikatika i te ao.

Hipanga 2: Te tango haumaru i te tinana ke¶

Ina whakatauhia e koe na te matūriki tere iti te whara (pērā i te puehu hau, te onepu, te otaota, te kamo, te pepeke ranei) karekau he tohu o te kuhu ki te ao, ka taea e koe te horoi i te mata o te mata.

Hangarau A: Ko te irrigation ocular irrigation¶

1. Whakanohoia te turoro me te kanohi whara e anga atu ana ki raro: Me noho te tangata, me takoto ranei, ka whakatitaha i tona mahunga ki te taha kia iti iho te kanohi i whara i te kanohi kore. Whakanohoia he tauera takai ki runga i to ratou temepara, ka mau ranei i te peihana whatukuhu i raro i o ratou paparinga.
2. Kia mau nga kamo ki te taha o nga awhi orbital: Ma te whakamahi i to koromatua me to maihao tohu, kia ata mau te kamo o runga ki runga ki te hiwi rae rae me te kamo whakararo ki te paparinga. Kaua rawa e pehi i o maihao ki te whatu ngohe tonu.
3. Riihia he tote tote maataki, he totika totika (0.9% konutai pūhaumāota), he horoi kanohi parakore mo te arumoni, he wai tap maamaa ranei: Puritia te pounamu, kapu ranei 2 ki te 5 henimita (1 ki te 2 inihi) ki runga ake i te ** kokonga o roto o te kanohi (medial canthus)** tata ki te piriti o te ihu, kia rere te wai ki waho o te mata o te ihu, kia rere te taha o te mata o te ihu me te rere o te wai i te taha o te ihu. katahi).
4. Me huri te kanohi o te manawanui ki nga taha katoa i te wa e rere ana: Tonoa te tangata kia titiro whakarunga, whakararo, maui, matau i te wa e rere ana te wai kia tae hohonu te wai ki roto i te pukoro conjunctival o runga me raro.

Hangarau B: Te tirotiro i te taupoki o raro me te whakakakahu i te kamo o runga¶

Ki te kore e horoia te matūriki ki waho, ka rongo tonu te tangata i te karawarawa koi i raro i te taupoki o runga i nga wa katoa e kimo ana ia, tata tonu ka noho te matūriki ki roto i te subtarsal sulcus, he awaawa whakapae papaku kei te 2 mirimita (0.08 inihi) i roto i te mata o roto o te pereti taratara o runga.

1. Tirohia te pukoro kamo o raro (inferior fornix) i te tuatahi: Tonoa te manawanui ki te titiro whakarunga ki te tuanui ka toia te kiri kamo whakararo ki te paparinga. Ki te kite koe i tetahi kowhatu e tau ana ki te papa o roto mawhero (palpebral conjunctiva), whakapaa marietia ki te pito o te ūkui miro ma kua makuku ki te tote parakore kia piri ki te miro maku ka hiki ake.
2. Whakahurihia te kamo o runga ma te whakamahi i te tikanga o te miro-swab fulcrum:
3. Taahiraa 1: Tu ki mua i te tuuroro e noho ana ka ako atu ki a ratou kia titiro tonu ki raro i o ratou waewae me te pupuri tonu i o ratou mahunga. Ma te titiro ki raro ka whakangawari i te uaua levator palpebrae superioris, e tika ana kia huri i te pereti tarsal pakari.
4. Step 2: Kia mau ki nga kamo o runga i waenga i te koromatua me te maihao taupū o tetahi ringa ka toia te taupoki o runga whakamua (mai i te poi kanohi) ki raro.
5. Taahiraa 3: Ma to ringa kee, tuuhia te rakau, te rakau kirihou ranei o te kaitao miro ki te taha o te kiri o waho o te kamo o runga ki te riu o runga (tata ki te 1 henimita / 0.4 inihi ki runga ake i te raina whiu, ki te pito o runga o te pereti taratara mau).
6. Taahiraa 4: Patohia ki raro i runga i te rakau tono hei hinge i te wa e kumea ana nga kamomata ** whakarunga, whakamuri** ki runga i te rakau. Ka takai te pereti taratara maro ki roto-waho, ka kitea te sulcus o raro mawhero.
7. Step 5: Puritia nga whiu ki te rae me to koromatua i te wa e titiro whakararo tonu ana te manawanui. Ki te kite koe i te kopa, te puehu, te kakano ranei e noho ana i runga i te kamo o roto o te kamo, pania marietia ma te whakamahi i te makuku miro kua makuku ki te tote.
8. Taahiraa 6: Hei whakahoki i te kamo ki tona turanga, tuku noa nga kamo ka tono ki te turoro kia ** titiro ake ki te tuanui me te kimo kotahi**. Ka hoki marie te taupoki ki tona waahi.

Ko te mate o te korou, nga mowhiti waikura, me te kino o te arotahi¶

Ahakoa i muri i te rere pai o te tinana ke, i muri mai ranei i te rakuraku tika mai i te maikuku o te peepi, i te manga rakau, i te tapa pepa, i te paraihe whakapaipai ranei, he maha tonu te ahua o te turoro me te mea kei te mau tonu tetahi mea ki te kanohi**. Ka puta mai tenei ahua o te tinana ke na te mea ka parai te kamo o runga ki nga pito o te mata o te aapara kao i ia kimomata.

He pehea te whakaora i nga mate o te kao me te aha e hiahia ai nga mowhiti waikura ki te taote¶

Ko te paparanga papapapa o te korou (te stratified squamous corneal epithelium) he tere tere te whakahou: ko nga pūtau epithelial basal hauora e karapoti ana i te karawarawa ka papatahi, ka paheke i te kiriuhi o raro ka rite ki te amoeba, ka pa ki te mitosis ki te whakaara ano i te nuinga o nga abrasions iti i roto i te 24 ki te 48 haora me te kore e waiho i raro i te paparanga maru me te maaka. kihai i ngoto.

Heoi ano, e rua nga ahuatanga motuhake o te tinana ke e aukati ana i te whakaora noa me te tono tiaki kanohi ngaio mo te ra kotahi:

1. Ko nga tinana o waho o te koo me nga Ringa Waikura: Ina uru mai te marumaru moroiti wera o te rino, te rino ranei mai i te whakapaipai o te motuka, te rotor parai, te wira huri ranei ki roto i te kaokao, ka timata nga electrolyte kiriata roimata ki te whakahaora i te rino i roto i te 2 ki te 6 haora, ka hanga he porowhita-karaka-parauri ** ferrous rustal ka uru ki roto i te piira matū a tawhio noa. Ahakoa ka taka atu te kowhatu whakarewa o te pokapū, ka mahi te mowhiti waikura paitini hei tinana ke e aukati ana i te katinga o te epithelial, e whakaohooho ana i te kuhutanga o nga pūtau toto ma (iridocyclitis), ka waiho he nawe kitea puatakore tonu ki runga i te tauira mena mena ka whakamoea e te taote te kanohi i raro i te karu karu rama katahi ka muru marie i te paraihe iti o te waiora****Al.
2. Ko te mate paraka me te otaota (Te mate keratitis fungal): Ko nga karawarawa na nga manga rakau, nga ngira paina, nga tataramoa o te rohi, te maru whenua, nga kakau ahuwhenua ranei ka werohia nga harore kawa (Fusarium me Aspergillus) ranei Acanthamoeba ki te koha o te koo. Kaua rawa nga mate o te kiri o te tipu e whiwhi i nga pata pūtaiaki me te aro turuki i te ophthalmologic.

He aha te take ka kore e whakamahia e matou nga papanga kanohi pehanga ki runga i nga kiri o te kiri¶

Mo nga tekau tau, ko nga akoranga awhina tuatahi me nga tari whawhati tata ki te rīpene i te pepa kakano kua takai ki runga i te kanohi kua marara kia kore ai e neke te kamo. Ko nga whakamatautau ophthalmology whakahaere matapōkeretia o naianei (tae atu ki nga arotake nahanaha a Cochrane) kua whakatauhia kaore i te taunakitia te paahitanga o te pehanga o te kiri o te kiri, ka kino pea:

• Karekau ** e tere ake te reiti whakaora epithelial, ka whakaiti ranei i te mamae o nga abrasion iti-ki-te-wari (< 10 mirimita tapawha).
• Ko te papanga mahana, pouri, kati ka piki ake te pāmahana o te mata o te mata, ka tapahia te whakawhiti roimata o te hāora, ka hanga he incubator e whakatairanga ana i te tere o te tipu huakita.
• Ka tino whakaraeraehia te whakapiri i te kaikawe arotahi, i te rakuraku otaota pararopi ranei, na te mea ka nui ake te mate o te Pseudomonas, whewhe kiri harore ranei.
• Ko te whakamau i te papanga kanohi ka whakakore i te tirohanga hohonu o te karu (stereopsis), ka nui ake te tupono o te takahanga, te taka, te tukinga waka ranei.

Engari ki te papaki kikii, me okioki pai te manawanui ki roto i te ruuma maramara me nga kanohi e rua kia kati marie, mau mohiti pouri takai huri noa i te wa e hikoi ana, me te whakamahi i te ophthalmic antibiotic ointment (pērā i te hinu erythromycin mo te hunga ka mau i te arotahi-kore) hei urunga wai matotoru i waenga i te kamo.

Te whawhati tata: Pseudomonas aeruginosa¶

Mena ka mau te tangata e mau ana i nga arotahi whakapiri ngawari, maataki ranei, ka tupu te mate o te kao, te karawarawa o te tinana ke, te kanohi mamae whero ranei:

• Tangohia tonutia te arotahi whakapiri ka tuu ki roto i tana pouaka rokiroki (mauria te arotahi me te pouaka ki te taote kanohi mena ka hiahiatia nga ahurea microbiological).
• Ko te tuku paturopi antipseudomonal e tika ana: Ko te kakahu o te arotahi ka whakarereke i te kiriata roimata me te mahanga Pseudomonas aeruginosa, he huakita Gram-kino kino e huna ana i te elastase me te alkaline protease enzyme e kaha ana ki te whakarewa me te poka i te kiri tangata i roto i te 24 ki te 48 haora. Ko te hinu o te kanohi erythromycin paerewa e **kaore e hipoki i te Pseudomonas; Ko te hunga e mau ana i te arotahi me te abrasion o te koo me tohuhia he antipseudomonal fluoroquinolone eye drops (pēnei i te moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin ranei) tobramycin ranei e te taote, kaua rawa e pania o ratou kanohi, me tirotiro ano i roto i te 24 haora.
• Kaua e haere tonu ki te mau i nga arotahi whakapiri kia whakauhia e te taote kua ora katoa te epithelial corneal, a kua maha nga ra i kore ai e mate te mate.

Te uira me te matapo hukarere o te Kaiwhaiwhai (Ultraviolet Photokeratitis)¶

Ko Ultraviolet photokeratitis (e kiia nei ko te uira o te welder's flash, arc eye, or snow blindness) he weranga iraruke kino o te epithelial corneal superficial me te conjunctiva i puta mai i te pa ki nga hihi ultraviolet poto-roa ngaru, te tuatahi UVB (280 ki te 315 U VC) (280 ki te 315 nanometer) nanometera).

Nga puna noa o te UV photokeratitis¶

• Waiwhana pewa ahumahi (MIG, TIG, rakau, me te tapahi plasma): Ma te titiro ki te pewa whakahiato kore maru mai i te 2 ki te 5 mita (6 ki te 16 putu) te tawhiti mo te kohinga katoa 5 ki te 30 hēkona kaore he whakapouri-aunoa, he whakamarumaru ranei 10-ki-14 potae fehokotakinga ka nui te wera o te hihi UVC/UVB ki te wera. Ko te hunga e noho tata ana e mahi ana me te kore he mohiti whakamarumaru polycarbonate aukati-UV ka wera i te taha-taha.
• Matapo o te hukarere (Te teitei me nga taiao polar): Ka whakaata te hukarere hou ki te 80 ki te 85 paihēneti o te radiation UV ambient ki runga ake i te whenua, i ia 1,000 mita (3,280 waewae) o te teitei ka piki ake te kaha o te UV ma te 10 ki te 12 ōrau.
• Ko nga moenga o roto o roto, ko nga rama kohu-nui-nui (HID) kua pakaru, kohu-kohu, me nga topuku whakamakuku UVC: Ko nga rama whakamarumaru UVC kaore i maru ka puta he photokeratitis bilateral i roto i nga meneti.

He aha te uira a te welder e whakaoho ana i te patunga i waenganui po¶

He mahi matū-whakaahua te rauropi Ultraviolet kaua ki te werawera. I te mea ka ngohia nga whakaahua UVB me te UVC e nga pūtau squamous o waho o te epithelium corneal, ka whakaawehia e ratou nga dimer DNA thymine me te apoptosis pūtau. I roto i te mahi fehokotaki'anga, i te haerenga retireti ranei, ka rongo te tangata he tino noa. Neke atu i te 6-ki-12-haora te roa, ka mate nga pūtau epithelial papapae kua pakaru, ka memeha atu i roto i nga mano tini ira tohu puta noa i te kiore (superficial punctate keratitis), ka kitea nga pito nerve subepithelial mata. No reira, ka oho te manawanui i waenganui i te Po me te 4:00 i te ata i roto i te mamae nui, te wera o te rua, te ahua kua kiki nga kanohi e rua ki te onepu wera, kaore e taea te whakatuwhera i o ratou kamo tetere i te marama (photophobia me te blepharospasm), me te nui o te roimata wai.

Te awhina tuatahi me te whakahaere hauora mo te uira a te kaipatu¶

1. Nekehia te tangata ki roto i te ruma pouri katahi ka kati nga kanohi e rua: Ma te atarua nga rama katoa me te okioki me te kati nga kanohi e rua ka mutu te mokowhiti o te pupillary me te aukati i nga kamo kia kore e mirimiri ki runga i nga koha o te koo mata.
2. Tangohia nga arotahi whakapiri tonu: Horoihia ki te tote parakore, ki nga roimata horihori ranei kia tere te paheke o nga arotahi kia kore e pakaru te epithelium.
3. Hoatu he kopeke matao, makuku ki runga i nga kamo kati: Whakatakotoria he kakahu horoi ma te wai whakamatao ki runga i nga kanohi kati e rua mo te 15 ki te 20 meneti i te wa kotahi. Kaua rawa e tuu tika te tio ki runga i nga kamo.
4. Whakauruhia nga roimata hangarua kore-kore, whakahinuhinu ranei i te hinu ophthalmic i nga wa maha: Whakamahinga kotahi nga topata roimata horihori kore-kore-kore ranei te hinu whakahinuhinu whakahinuhinu mo te po ka whakamahia ia 1 ki te 2 haora ki te koti i nga pito nerve. Kaua **kaore e whakamahi i nga pata vasoconstrictor me nga rongoa kaainga kore-parakore (pērā i te poro rīwai mata, te waiu u, te peke tii ranei).
5. Rapuhia te tiaki hauora mo te whakawera waha, te hinu paturopi, me te awhina cycloplegic: Ka pokea e te taote te kiri ki te waikano fluorescein hei whakakore i nga korakora whakarewa kua mau, me te whakahau i nga NSAID-waha, acetaminophen/paracetamol ranei, whakahinuhia te hinu paturopi kotahi, me te whakaheke i etahi wa. Tata tonu nga tohu ka mutu i roto i te 24 ki te 72 haora karekau he ngaronga matakite.

Ko nga mahi awhina tuatahi hei tiaki i to tirohanga i muri i te wharanga o te kanohi, engari kaore e whakakapi i te aromatawai hauora ngaio, whakangungu-a-ringa ranei. Whakaarohia te tango i tetahi akoranga awhina tuatahi kua whakamanahia i roto i to hapori Ripeka Whero Whero, Whero Whero ranei, St John Ambulance, tetahi kaiwhakarato haumaru mahi ranei, ka mau tonu i nga mohiti haumaru polycarbonate takai i te ANSI Z87.1 / EN 166 i te wa e mahi ana me nga taputapu, te rama UV ranei.

Pātai auau¶

Kua tirohia nga puna¶

• American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO, United States): Preferred Practice Pattern and Clinical Guidance on Corneal Abrasion, Ocular Foreign Bodies, Open Globe Injuries, and Bacterial Keratitis.
• The College of Optometrists (United Kingdom): Clinical Management Guidelines: Corneal Abrasion, Foreign Body, Microbial Keratitis, and Photokeratitis (Arc Eye).
• National Health Service (NHS, United Kingdom) & Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust: Eye Injuries, Foreign Bodies, and Welder's Flash Emergency Patient Guidance.
• Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (International): Patching for Corneal Abrasion (Turner & Rabiu) and Interventions for Corneal Rust Rings.
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH / CDC, United States): Eye Safety for Emergency Response and Industrial Ultraviolet Radiation (Welding Arc) Protection.
• World Health Organization (WHO, International): Primary Eye Care Manual: Assessment and Emergency Management of Ocular Trauma.

Nga kaiarahi e pa ana¶

• Eye injuries and chemical eye burns
• Severe burns and chemical flushing
• Chili pepper and capsaicin burns in the eyes
• Head injuries and concussion signs
• Te wero me te whakapumau i nga mea ke
• Nga nama ohorere me te tuku ki te ao