Hailstorm: Gargantuan Hail Exceeding 10 cm, Windshield Shattering While Driving, Skylight Penetration, and Interior Hallway Sheltering¶

Su amee taw ak ngalaw lu am doole buy wëréelu, mu am doole ju ëpp 130 ba 180 kilometre ci waxtu (80 ba 110 mph), mën na tëye xeer yuy màgg ci biir zone niir yu am fase yu wuute (-10 C to -30 C / 14 F to -22 F) until they reach giant (5 to 10 centimeters / 2 to 4 inches, hen-egg to softball size) or gargantuan (exceeding 10 to 20 centimeters / 4 to 8 inches, grapefruit to volleyball size) dimensions before plummeting to the earth. Under World Meteorological Organization (WMO), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, United States), and Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) ballistic measurements, a 10-centimeter (4-inch, softball-sized) hailstone weighs approximately 350 to 500 grams (0.8 to 1.1 pounds) and strikes the ground at a terminal velocity of 135 to 170 kilometers per hour (85 to 105 mph / 38 to 48 meters per second), delivering 250 to 500+ joules of kinetic impact energy (more than 3 to 5 times the kinetic energy of a professional 160-km/h / 100-mph MLB fastball, and matching the impact of a solid masonry brick dropped from a 10-story building). When a gargantuan hail core strikes a highway or neighborhood, three acute life-safety emergencies occur simultaneously: (1) Catastrophic Vehicle Glass Blowout, where tempered side windows, rear windshields, and panoramic glass sunroofs explode into thousands of cubes inside the passenger cabin while the laminated front windshield fractures and caves inward, spraying occupants' eyes and faces with high-velocity glass spalls; (2) Residential Skylight, Tile, and Plywood Roof Deck Penetration, where 10-to-15-centimeter hailstones punch straight through acrylic/glass skylights, asphalt shingles, clay tiles, and even aged 11-millimeter (7/16-inch) OSB/plywood roof sheathing into top-floor living rooms; and (3) Lethal Blunt-Force Cranial Trauma to Pedestrians and Outdoor Workers, where a single direct hit to an unprotected human skull causes depressed skull fractures, intracranial hemorrhage, or death. If your smartphone sounds a Wireless Emergency Alert siren for a "DESTRUCTIVE" Severe Thunderstorm Warning (hail >= 2.75 inches / 7 cm, baseball size or larger) or Tornado Warning, get off highways into a covered concrete parking garage or move indoors to a lowest-floor windowless interior hallway away from skylights, and call your local nimero paj mu jamp (911 ci Etats Unis ak Canada, 112 ci biir Mbootaayu Orop, 999 in the United Kingdom) for severe head or eye injuries. For related storm, glass, and trauma guidance, consult our sibling guides on hail storms, tornadoes, thunderstorms and lightning, palanteer bu yàqu, ak head injuries.

Understanding the terminal velocity and kinetic energy scaling of large hail, why you must never stop under a highway overpass during a supercell hailstorm, how to position your vehicle and body when automotive glass shatters around you, and why top-floor rooms beneath skylights are high-danger zones saves lives across the North American Great Plains and Midwest, the Foothills of the Rockies (Calgary and Colorado's "Hail Alley"), northern Italy and Central Europe, northern Argentina, South Africa, and eastern Australia.

Defal lii leegi¶

1. Move immediately to a lowest-floor, windowless interior hallway, bathroom, or basement, and stay completely out of rooms with skylights, cathedral ceilings, or windward windows, when a "CONSIDERABLE" (1.75 in / 4.4 cm golf-ball) or "DESTRUCTIVE" (2.75+ in / 7+ cm baseball/softball) hail warning is issued. Close all interior curtains, blinds, and window shutters before the hail arrives to catch flying glass shards, then retreat to the lowest floor so a 10-centimeter hailstone punching through a skylight or roof deck cannot strike your head.
2. If you are driving when a giant hailstorm approaches, exit the highway immediately and pull under a reinforced concrete parking garage, gas station canopy, or car-wash bay; NEVER stop underneath a highway overpass. Stopping under a highway bridge overpass blocks interstate traffic lanes in blinding rain/hail (causing fatal high-speed rear-end semi-truck collisions) and places you in a wind-tunnel Venturi chute where supercell tornadoes (which develop right next to the giant hail core) frequently track.
3. If caught on an open road with zero overhead cover when giant hail (> 5 cm / 2 in) begins slamming into your vehicle, pull completely off the pavement onto the shoulder, angle the front nose of your car INTO the wind, close the solid interior sunshade under your sunroof, and turn your back to the windows.
4. Why Angle the Front Windshield Into the Wind: Your car's front windshield is made of laminated safety glass (two layers of glass bonded to a tough polyvinyl butyral / PVB plastic interlayer) mounted at an aerodynamic 30-to-45-degree slope that deflects hailstones, whereas your side windows, rear window, and sunroof are made of single-pane tempered glass that shatters instantaneously into thousands of pieces when struck squarely by baseball- or softball-sized hail.
5. Body Position Inside the Car: Recline your seat or lie down across the seats/floorboards below the level of the side window glass, pull a heavy jacket, blanket, coat, or removable rubber floor mat over your head, face, and eyes, and close your eyes so microscopic glass dust ("spall") flaking off the inside of the flexing front windshield does not blind you.
6. If caught outdoors on foot in the open with no building and no vehicle when large hail hits, protect your skull and cervical spine at all costs. A 10-centimeter (4-inch) hailstone hitting at 150 km/h (350+ joules) exceeds the fracture threshold of the bare human cranium. Put on any helmet (bicycle, motorcycle, climbing, construction hard hat) immediately, or hold a hard-shell backpack, briefcase, wooden board, cooler lid, or folded thick jacket/saddle over the crown of your head and neck, duck under dense evergreen tree branches or beside a low masonry wall (only if lightning is not striking the lone tree and winds are not toppling it), and curl into a tight fetal ball on your knees with your face tucked down.
7. If hailstones shatter a window or punch through a skylight in your home, DO NOT try to tape or board up the glass while hail is still falling. A second 150-km/h hailstone striking the pane while your hands and face are at the window will cause severe facial lacerations and arterial wrist bleeding. Abandon the room, close the solid bedroom/hallway door behind you to contain the flying glass and wind-driven rain, and wait until the storm core has completely passed.
8. After the hail stops, inspect your roof-mounted furnace/water-heater exhaust flues, gas meter, and downed power lines before re-occupying damaged rooms, and seek emergency eye or head trauma care if injured. Dial 911 ci Etats Unis ak Canada, 112 ci Europe yépp, 999 in the United Kingdom, or check nimero paj mu jamp.

Ballistic Physics and Supercell Meteorology: How Hail Grows Past 10 cm (4 Inches) and Why Kinetic Energy Scales with the 4^th Power of Diameter¶

Ngir xam lu waral ñu joge ci glaas golf-ball (4.4 cm) to softball hail (10 cm) or record-class gargantuan hail (15 to 20 cm, such as the 20.3 cm / 8.0-inch, 0.88-kg Vivian, South Dakota hailstone, the 19.0 cm / 7.5-inch Azzano Decimo, Italy hailstone, and the 18+ cm Villa Carlos Paz, Argentina hailstone) turns an expensive property-damage nuisance into a lethal ballistic bombardment, examine the physics of terminal velocity and kinetic energy:

1. Why Kinetic Energy Multiplies 30-Fold When Hail Diameter Doubles¶

For a roughly spherical hailstone of diameter D and ice density rho_ice (approx. 850 to 900 kg/m3) falling through air: 1. Mass (m) scales with the CUBE of diameter (D * D * D): Doubling a hailstone's diameter from 5 cm (2 in) ngir 10 cm (4 in) multiplies its mass and weight by 8-fold (from 55 grams up to 440 grams / nearly 1 pound). 2. Terminal Velocity (Vt) scales with the SQUARE ROOT of diameter (sqrt(D)): Ndax pull gravitational (bu méngoo ak diametre cube) moo gëna gaaw màgg drag aerodynamique (bu méngoo ak section transversale bi ci kaare), xeer yu gëna mag ñooy gëna gaaw ci daanu (Vt = sqrt((4 * g * rho_ice * D) / (3 * rho_air * Cd))), di gaaw ci 100 km/h (62 mph) ngir xeer bu 5 cm ba 150 to 175 km/h (93 to 110 mph) ngir xeer wu 10 ba 12 cm. 3. Energie kinetik (KE = 0.5 * m * Vt * Vt) balans ak ñeenteelu doole bu diametre: - Boole escalier masse ak cube diametre ak escalier carré gaawaay ak diametre dafay tekki energie kinetik buy yokk ak ñeenteelu dooley diametru glaas: - Yokkateg dayo glaas ci 2.5 cm (1 inch, dayo quarter: 3.5 Joules) ba 10 cm (4 inches, dayo softball: 380+ Joules), yokkute 4 yoon ci diametre, yokk energie impact lu ëpp 100 yoon.

Tablo buy méngale: Dayo ofisel bu glaas, gaawaayu terminal, energie kinetik, ak duggug jumtukaay¶

(Dañu ko dajale ci NOAA / Serwiisu Jaawu bu Réew mi NWS, TORRO Escale bu am dooley taw ak glaas, ak Daaray assurance ngir kaaraange liggéey ak kër IBHS Test impact)

Protocolu mucc jéego ci jéego: Dawal ci tali, skylight ci kër, ak moytu doxkat yi¶

Scenario 1: Dañu jàpp muy dawal ci kaw otoroute bi taw bu metti (7 to 15 cm) Greve¶

Sooy dawal ba noppi nga gis benn supercell bu ñuul bu wert ci sa kanam, déggal "BANG" bu njëkk bu bal golf "xeer announcer" di dóor sa kaw weñ, wala nga jot Àrtu ci taw bu metti buy yaxx (baseball+ hail): 1. Seetug genn ci saasi (balaa Hits yu mag yi): - Seetal bepp canopy bu dëgër bu mëna dawal ci kaw: garage bu am niveau yu bari ci beton, canopy buy jaar ci bànk, bay bu ñuy raxasee oto, wala canopy bu ñuy raxasee gaaraasu serwiis (di xëcc ci bay biy wàcci ci canopy bi suko defee glaas bi ngelaw li di dawal du dóor sa weer ci wet gi). - Li waral nga MUSAA taxaw ci suufu Overpass: 1. When 4 or 5 drivers stop side-by-side underneath an interstate bridge to protect their paint from hail, they completely block all travel lanes and the breakdown shoulder. Seconds later, semi-trucks and cars traveling at 110 km/h in blinding whiteout rain slam into the back of the parked queue, causing fatal chain-reaction crashes. 2. If a tornado accompanies the supercell hail core, wind speeds accelerate underneath the bridge girders while channeling flying glass, sheet metal, and hailstones straight under the bridge. 2. If No Shelter Exists and You Must Ride Out Giant Hail Inside Your Vehicle: - Pull Completely Off the Roadway: Pull onto a wide paved shoulder, rest-area lot, or flat firm grass verge well clear of moving traffic lanes and away from large dead trees that could blow down, and turn on your 4-way hazard flashers. - Point the Car's Front Nose Directly Into the Wind (30-to-45-Degree Deflection): Hail almost never falls straight down; supercell outflow winds drive hailstones at a 30-to-60-degree angle. If your car sits broadside or tail-to-the-wind, 150-km/h hailstones slam perpendicularly into your flat tempered side windows or rear window, blowing them out on the first hit. Pointing your hood into the wind forces the hailstones to strike your sloped, laminated PVB front windshield at a glancing angle. - Close the Sunroof Shade & Protect All Occupants from Glass Spall: - Slide the solid interior sunroof cover shut immediately (so when the tempered sunroof glass shatters above it, the fabric/composite board catches the bulk of the falling glass cubes). - Unbuckle only after the car is parked and shifted into Park with the parking brake set in a safe off-road spot, or recline your seat fully backward. - Turn your back to the windows, duck below the metal door sill line, cover your head, neck, and eyes with a thick coat, blanket, pillow, or removable rubber floor mat, and throw a heavy blanket over any infant/toddler car seat. - Keep your eyes closed until the hail stops so microscopic glass spalls shooting off the flexing inner layer of the front windshield do not embed in your corneas.

Scenario 2: Sheltering Inside a Home, Apartment, or Office Building¶

When hail reaches 10 centimeters (4 inches, softball size) or larger, standard top-floor rooms are no longer guaranteed safe from roof penetration: 1. Abandon All Rooms Beneath Skylights, Solariums, and Glass Atriums Immediately: - Standard residential double-pane glass skylights and aged acrylic/polycarbonate dome skylights shatter under 5-to-7-centimeter (2-to-2.75-inch) hail, raining heavy shards of plate glass AND 500-gram hailstones straight down onto kitchen islands, beds, and living room sofas 3 to 5 meters below. 2. Go to the Lowest Floor (Basement or 1st Floor of a 2-Story Home) During Gargantuan Hail (>= 10 cm / 4 in): - Post-storm engineering surveys (such as after the 2010 Vivian, South Dakota 20-cm hailstorm and the 2020 Calgary and Texas 10-to-14-cm hailstorms) document that 10-to-15-centimeter hailstones traveling at 160 km/h punch clean through asphalt shingles, shatter 11-mm (7/16-inch) OSB roof decking between rafters, and crash straight through upstairs drywall ceilings into bedrooms. - Treating a DESTRUCTIVE (2.75+ inch / 7+ cm) Hail Warning like a Tornado Warning, by moving to a basement or a first-floor interior hallway/bathroom beneath an upper story, puts two structural decks between your family and the falling ice stones while also protecting you if the supercell drops an embedded tornado. 3. Never Stand Near Windward Windows: - When 80-to-110-km/h thunderstorm outflow winds drive baseball hail horizontally against the windward wall of a house, windowpanes shatter inward, propelling jagged glass triangles 3 to 5 meters across the room. Close blinds/drapes before the storm arrives, then stay in an interior hallway with the doors to perimeter rooms closed.

Scenario 3: Caught Outdoors on Foot (Hikers, Golfers, Cyclists, Outdoor Workers, and Festival Crowds)¶

In the open, a giant hailstorm is a life-threatening ballistic emergency (in historic open-air events such as the 1986 Gopalganj 1-kg hailstorm, the 1995 Mayfest hailstorm in Fort Worth, Texas, and alpine ridge hailstorms, hundreds of people suffered skull fractures and concussions within 5 minutes): 1. First 60 Seconds (When Isolated Golf-Ball "Announcer Stones" Fall): - Giant hail cores rarely start at peak density; usually, a few isolated large stones fall 30 to 90 seconds ahead of the whiteout core. Do not pause to admire or pick up the first hailstone: sprint immediately for the nearest solid roof, covered porch, culvert tunnel, or parked vehicle. 2. Improvising Ballistic Head Armor If Trapped in the Open: - Skull & Cervical Spine Priority: Your arms and legs can survive severe bruising and even fractures from 10-centimeter hail, but a direct 350-joule hit to the bare skull or C-spine can be fatal. - If you have a backpack: Do not leave it on your back while leaving your bare head exposed; slide the backpack up over the top of your head and neck like a turtle shell (putting the padded frame, hydration bladder, or sleeping pad directly over your cranium). - Other Improvised Head Shields: Use a bicycle/climbing helmet, hard-sided cooler lid, stadium seat cushion, wooden bench plank, trash can lid, spare tire, golf bag held over your head, or thick folded leather/denim jacket. - Body Posture: Never lie flat on your back looking up, and never lie flat in a drainage ditch that is rapidly filling with flash-flood water and 30 centimeters of floating hail slush (which causes rapid conductive hypothermia and drowning in children). Crouch on your knees in a tight tucked ball ("tornado crouch") on high ground beside a low wall or dense shrub hedge, resting your elbows on your knees and holding your pack/helmet shield 5 centimeters above your skull to create a crush-absorption air gap.

Emergency Triage and Sheltering Decision Tree¶

flowchart TD
    A["Àrtu ci glaas bu rëy/bu rëy:: NWS 'DAFA YÀQ' (4.4 cm / 1.75 in) wala 'DAFA YÀQ' (7+ cm / 2.75+ in) Àrtu,: asamaan bu ñuul bu wert, wala bruit buy yuuxu ci kaw"] --> B{"Fan nga nekk leegi?"}
    B -- "Ci biir kër, apartmaa wala tabax" --> C["1. Bàyyi ci saasi néeg yépp ci suufu skylights, atrium yu weer, wala kaw patio: 2. Demal ci etaas bi gëna suufe (sous-sol wala etaas bu njëkk bi ci biir koridoor/duus): (10+ cm tornado bois punches ci kaw p. Tëjal buntu biir néeg yi am palanteer; BULEEN MUSAA jéema laxas weer wi ci jamonoy glaas"]
    B -- "Dawal oto ci tali wala otoroute" --> D{"Ndax mën nga yegg ci garage beton wala canopy gasoduk ci diir bu weesuwul 1 ba 2 simili?"}
    D -- "WAAW" --> E["Delloosi lépp ci suufu garage beton, barabu raxasum oto, wala wetu canopy biy wàcci: (BUL MUSAA taxaw ci suufu pont bu mag bi)"]
    D -- "NO: Dañu jàpp ci tali bu ubbeeku" --> F["PROTOCOL SURVIVE BALLISTIQUE DU VEHICLE:: 1. Dellu ci yoon yi ci mbagg yi, nga wëlbati 4-yoon yi: 2. Angle bakkan bi ci kanam oto bi ci ngelaw li (parabrise laminé bu pente dafay def glaas: 3. Tëj biir bu dëgër bi ci saasi: niveau, wëlbatiku ci weer, muur bopp/bët & fotëy xale ak màntoo/tapis"]
    B -- "ci biti ci tànk ak Zero Tabax Cover" --> G["PROTOCOL BUY AAR KÀPPU DOXAL:: 1. Solal bépp kask wala nga dindi sa sac à dos/cooler couvercle/board CI KAW SA BOPP AK SA BAAK: 2. Sëggal ci boule bu dëgër ci kaw suuf su kawe (moytu mbënd fose yi ci kaw): 3. Topp 300 ba 500 joule"]
    C --> H{"Ndax amna ku gaañu ci bopp, weer ci bët yi, wala hypothermie?"}
    E --> H
    F --> H
    G --> H
    H -- "YES: Casualties Present" --> I["Woowal 911 / 112 / 999 ci saasi:: * Weer wu bët: BULEEN frotte bët; Taxawal koppu bu dëgër ci kaw bët bi nga dem ci ER: * Bopp bi dafa dóor: Xool ndax amna concussion / deret jiy génn ci bopp bi; Xool deret jiy nàcci ci deru bopp bi: * Ginaaw taw bu metti bi: Saytu four bi ci kaw kër gi/chauffe-eau bi ndax CO bi dafa fatt ndax glaas"]

Liggéey bu njëkk ci wàllu pajum & Saytu loraange yi ci kër ginaaw taw ak glaas¶

1. Gaañ-gaañu ci weer wu bët (bul musa fëgg bët bi)¶

Su palanteeru wet bi tempered ci oto bi kalaate wala vitre bi ci kanam buñ lamine dafa jameet ay naaj yu ndaw ci kanamu ki nekk ci biir oto bi: - BU LEEN FËR wala Fës Bët yi: Fóor bët bu am ay xeeti weer yu ndaw, dafay yóbbu xeeti silice yu ñaw yi dem ba ci stroma wala sclera corneal bi. - Flush bu woyof ak gaañ-gaañu globe buy dugg: - Sudee pëndu weer bu woyof a ngi ci kaw bët yi ak ci conjonctiva bi te amul globe laceration, nga raxas ko ndànk ak saline sterile wala ndox bu sell buñ def ci butéel, nga yëngal bopp bi suko defee ndox mi génn ci bët bi gaañuwul. - Sudee daa am xeetu weer bu gëna rëy ci biir bët bi, pupile bi dafay jaxasoo/am formu rangooñ, wala dafay ñàkk gis-gis: BULEEN fóot wala nga def benn pression ci bët bi. Bande ab bouclier de protection rigide (the bottom of a paper cup or a metal eye shield) noppalu ci yaxu jë ak lex ci kaw bët bi gaañu, muur bët bi gaañuwul itam (to prevent sympathetic consensual eye movement), nga yóbbu ko ci saasi ci bànxaasu paj mu jamp / ophtalmologue (xoolal Cordon bungee ak sangl ratchet buy duggu ci bët bi, hyphema, rupture globe, dislocation lentille, ak bouclier bët bu dëgër ak gaañ-gaañu ci bët).

2. Trauma cranial bu dëgër ak laceration ci bopp bi juddoo ci gëdd glaas¶

• Pression bu jub ci deru bopp biy nàcci: Defal pressure bu dëgër, bu jub ak pad gaze bu amul sikk fileek yëgoo ni depression spongy wala yag buy génn (depressed skull fracture), ci anam yooyu defal ab ring-pad bu woyof ci biir perimetre bi.
• Màndarga yiy wane deret jiy génn ci biir bopp: Woo 911 / 112 / 999 ci saasi su amee ku glaas bu rëy dóor ci boppam, mu ñàkk xel, waccu lu bari, bopp buy metti, jaxasoo, bët yu wuute, wax bu jaxasoo, wala nelaw ci 24 waxtu yi ci topp (xoolal head injuries).

3. Hypothermie conducteur ci "Glaas-Fog" ak 30-cm glaas yu dajaloo¶

Taw ak glaas yu metti dañuy faral di sànni 15 ba 45 santimet (6 ba 18 pouce) ci glaas bu dëgër ci yoon yi ak yoon yi ci diiru 20 simili, di wàññi tàngooru air bi ci 30 C (86 F) ba 2 C (35 F) ci di defar ay glaas yu dëgër. Ñiy yéeg tundu, dawal welo, ak dawalkat yu sol yéere ete, taw bi leen xooj, tëju ci glaas bu xóot, dañuy gaaw am hypothermie bu metti; toxu ci barab bu waw, bu tàng wala ci oto buy daw (ginaaw boo xoolee bu baax ndax tuyo bi amul glaas) nga wecci yéere yu tooy yi ak yéere yu waw.

4. Saytu kër gu am solo ginaaw glaas: Four bu toit bu daggaatoo / ndox-chauffage Exhaust Vents (Carbon Monoxide Trap)¶

Laata ngay dem nelaw ci kër gu glaas bu tollu ni baseball wala softball, xoolal bu baax kappukaayu exhaust B yi ci sa kaw kër (yiy génne gaz naturel wala propane ci sa chauffe-eau ak four). Glaas yu rëy yi dañuy faral di gëna xëcc kaw toit yi ñu tëj, di tere exhaust combustion bi génn, ba noppi di jàppale monoxyde de carbone biy ray nit (CO) ci biir kër gi su sa chauffe-eau gaz tàmbalee. Bul musa jëfandikoo aparey gaz sudee kap yi dañu dagg, te bul musa yéeg ci kaw bu tooy, bu amul ay granule ci saasi ginaaw taw ak glaas (xoolal monoxyde de carbon).

Laaj yi ñuy faral di laaj¶

Ban gaawaay la xeer glaas bu 10 santimet (4 puus, tollu ni softball) di daanu, te lu tax mu gëna am loraange glaas bu bal golf?¶

Doonte glaas bu ndaw bu tollu ci 1 santimet daanu ci 30 km/h (20 mph), gaawaay bi ak masse bi ñoom ñaar dañuy yokk bu baax su glaas bi màggee ci biir supercell updraft. Ndax balansu masse ak diametre cube ak balansu gaawaay bu mujj ak rasin kare diametre, impact energie kinetik dafay yokk ak ñeenteelu dooley diametre glaas. Xeetu glaas bu 4,4 santimet (1,75 puus, boule golf) mingi diis lu tollu ci 38 garaam, di dem ba 105 km/h ak 18 joule energie, waaye xeer bu mag bu 10 santimet (4 puus, softball) diisaayam matna 350 ba 10 pounds. suuf ci 150 ba 170 km/h (93 ba 106 mph) ak 350 ba 500+ joules energie kinetik, lu ëppu ñetti yoon energie impact bu benn fastball bu 100 mph te doy ngir dóor kaw plywood ba noppi jur fracture yu bon ci kaaŋu bopp.

Lan moo waral palanteer yi ci wet yi, palanteer yi ci ginaaw ak toit bi dañuy yàqu lëmm ci taw ak glaas, fekk palanteer bi ci kanam dafay des ci benn piyees?¶

Ci yoonu internasional biy wax ci kaaraange oto, paraasu kanam bi dañu ko defaree weer wu lamine: ñaari dàllu weer yuñ boole ak dàllu plastik polyvinyl butyral (PVB) bu dëgër, ñu fikse ko ci angle bu penku buy jàppale xeer yu glaas yi ñu baña dem. Doonte glaas bu tollu ni baseball dafa xar, plastik bi dafay tëye parabrise bi (dingam ci weer yu ndaw yi mën nañu xar ci biir). Waaye, daanaka palanteer yi ci wetu oto yépp, palanteer yi ci ginaaw, ak toit yi ci weer panoramique, dañu leen di defaree weer wu am benn layer, ñu defaree ko ngir mu daggaatoo ba nekk ay junni cube yu ndaw suñu weesee surface compression threshold bi benn impactimetre 7-to-100.

Lan moo waral gaare ci suufu otoroad bi lu jafe la su amee taw ak glaas bu metti?¶

Soo taxawee sa oto ci suufu pontu otoroute ci jamonoy taw ak glaas bu rëy, loolu mën na jur ñaari loraange yu mëna gàllankoor sa dundu. Bi ci njëkk mooy oto yi ñu gaare ci suufu benn overpass dañuy tëj yoon wi ñuy jaar ngir dem, ba noppi ñu dagg mbagg yi, ci noonu la gis-gis bi ci biir glaas bi wàccee ba jege zero, loolu waral ay semi-kamioŋ yuy ñëw ak dem bi ak dikk bi ci otoroad yi di mbëkk oto yi taxaw ci 100 km/h. Ñaareel ba mooy glaas bu rëy (> 7 ba 10 cm) dafay bawoo ci taw yu am selil yu mag yuy wëréelu ci wetu zone mesocyclone ak tornado yi; su amee tornado bu taw bu laxasu ci biir pont bi, pont bi dafay nekk tunel ngelaw luy gaawloo ngelaw li te du am benn kaaraange ci mbalit miy naaw. Deel génn ci otoroute bi bamu jeex, nga jëfandikoo garage bu am beton wala canopy gasoduk essence, wala nga yéeg ci mbagg bu yaatu bu nekk ci off-road, nga jàkkarloo ak ngelaw li.

Can gargantuan hail really punch all the way through a house roof into a bedroom?¶

Yes. Field investigations by the National Weather Service and the Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) confirm that hailstones begin shattering glass and acrylic skylights at 5 to 7 centimeters (2 to 2.75 inches), and once hailstones reach gargantuan size (10 to 20 centimeters / 4 to 8 inches, softball to volleyball size), their 350-to-1,200-joule impact energy can punch straight through asphalt shingles, shatter 11-millimeter (7/16-inch) OSB or plywood roof sheathing between the rafters, and crash through upstairs ceiling drywall into top-floor bedrooms. During a Destructive Severe Thunderstorm Warning for softball-sized hail, always shelter on the lowest floor of your home (or basement) and stay out of rooms with skylights.

Boroom yi ak tegtali ofisel¶

• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) & National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL, United States): Severe Weather 101: Hail Basics, Supercell Updraft Hail Growth, Terminal Velocity Physics, and the Vivian, South Dakota Record Hailstone Report.
• National Weather Service (NWS, United States): Impact-Based Severe Thunderstorm Warnings ("Considerable" 1.75-inch and "Destructive" 2.75-inch Hail Wireless Emergency Alert Thresholds).
• Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS, United States): Hail Impact Testing on Asphalt Shingles, Roof Decking, Skylights, and Automotive Glass; Class 4 UL 2218 / FM 4473 Impact-Resistant Roofing Standards.
• European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL) & TORRO (Tornado and Storm Research Organisation, United Kingdom): The TORRO Hailstorm Intensity Scale (H0 to H10) and Gargantuan Hail Climatology (Heymsfield et al. / Knight & Knight).
• American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) & American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP): Management of Ocular Glass Spall Injuries, Open-Globe Rigid Eye Shielding, and Blunt Cranial Trauma Triage.

Gid yu jëm ci loolu¶

• Hail storms
• Tornaado
• Taw ak melax
• Broken window
• Gaañ-gaañu ci bopp