Loaʻa i ka uila ma kahi kuamoʻo i ʻike ʻia a i ʻole ka wai hāmama¶

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana ma luna o ka lāʻau ma ke kuamoʻo mauna alpine a i ʻole ma waho o ke kai hāmama a i ʻole ke kai kūʻono kahakai ke kūkulu ʻia ka hekili cumulonimbus ma luna o ke poʻo, ʻo ia kekahi o nā pilikia ulia pōpilikia ma waho. Ma ka ʻāina mauna kiʻekiʻe a ma luna o ka wai palahalaha, ʻo ʻoe ka wahi kiʻekiʻe loa a i ʻole ka mea hoʻokele no nā haneli mau mika ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao, a hiki i nā kahawai piʻi maikaʻi ke piʻi aʻe mai kou poʻo, nā pou hele wāwae, a i ʻole ke kia waʻa kekona ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻi ʻia ʻana o ka 30,000-ampere o ke ao a i ka honua. ʻO ke ola ʻana i kahi ulia pōpilikia e pono ai ka ʻike koke ʻana i nā hōʻailona hōʻailona electrostatic, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kiʻekiʻe ma luna o nā kuamoʻo a me nā kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka lāʻau like ʻole a i ʻole ka ʻāina haʻahaʻa, e hoʻokaʻawale i kāu hui ma kahi o 15 a 30 mau mika (50 a 100 kapuaʻi) i mea e hiki ai i kahi mea ola ke hana. CPR, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kou mau wāwae mai ka uila ʻanuʻu o ka honua, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokele i nā moku wai hāmama ke hiki i kahakai.

E hana i kēia i kēia manawa¶

1. E hoʻokuʻu koke i nā piko, nā kuamoʻo, a me ka wai hāmama inā kani ka hekili i loko o 30 kekona o ka uila (a i ʻole inā kū ka lauoho i ka hopena). E helu i nā kekona ma waena o ka uila uila a me kona ʻōpuʻu hekili: 30 kekona a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi ʻo ia hoʻi ka hahau ʻana i loko o 10 mau mile (6 mau mile) a hiki i ka pahu aʻe ke pā pololei ma luna. Inā kū kou lauoho i ka hopena, ʻeleʻele kou ʻili, haʻi a haʻalulu paha nā mea metala (ke ahi a St. Elmo), a i ʻole ke kani ʻana o nā pōhaku, e hoʻokumu ʻia ana kahi kahawai i luna ma kou kino a he mau kekona ka mamao o ka hahau ʻana: e hoʻokuʻu koke i nā mea metala a pau, e holo a holo 30 a 60 mau mika (100 a 200 kapuaʻi) i lalo i ka piko, a me 15 kekona inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka 15 kekona. paʻa huʻihue a i ʻole ʻeke.
2. ** E hoʻokahe i nā pūʻolo metala, nā kia hele wāwae alumini, nā koi hau, nā koʻi piʻi, a me nā koʻi lawaiʻa ma kahi o 30 mau mika (100 kapuaʻi) ka mamao. nā alakaʻi a hoʻoulu i nā kuni hoʻopili ʻekolu-degere a me nā ʻeha pahū inā loaʻa kahi hahau ma kahi kokoke.
3. ** E hohola i kāu hui ma kahi o 15 a 30 mau mika (50 a 100 kapuaʻi) kaʻawale.** E ʻā ana ke au o ka honua i waho ma kahi pōʻai make a hiki i ka 20 a 30 mau mika (65 a 100 kapuaʻi) mai kahi kiko. Inā ʻehā poʻohiwi a i ʻole nā ​​kayak e hoʻopili i ka poʻohiwi a me ka poʻohiwi, hoʻokahi hahau e hoʻouna i nā ʻehā āpau i ka manawa like a i ʻole ka hopu ʻana i ka hanu me ka ʻole o ka mea i ʻike e hana i ka hanu hoʻopakele a i ʻole CPR.
4. Mai hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma lalo o kahi lāʻau kaʻawale, i loko o kahi pōhaku pāpaʻu e kau ana, a i ʻole ma ke alo o ka pali kū pololei. ʻO nā ana pāpaʻu a me nā mea e kau ana ma lalo o 3 mika (10 kapuaʻi) ka hohonu me ka liʻiliʻi ma lalo o 1.5 mika (5 kapuaʻi) o ke poʻo a me ka ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa e hana ma ke ʻano he mau awāwa e lele pono ai ka uila mai ka hale pōhaku ma kou poʻo a me kou umauma a i ka papahele. E noho ma kahi o 1.5 a 2 mika (5 a 6.5 kapuaʻi) ka mamao mai nā paia pōhaku kū.
5. E hoʻopaʻa i ke kapuaʻi wāwae haʻahaʻa "Lightning Crouch" ma luna o kāu papa moe ʻūhā, wili kaula, a i ʻole ka pahu pahu ʻole. E kuʻi haʻahaʻa ma nā pōlele o kou mau wāwae me kou kuʻekuʻe wāwae e pili ana, nā lima ma luna o kou mau pepeiao, ke poʻo i nā kuli, a me nā ʻāpana kino ʻē aʻe (nā lima, nā kuli, a i ʻole nā ​​kuʻekuʻe) e pili ana i ka lepo. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kou mau kuʻekuʻe wāwae a hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hōʻemi i ka ʻokoʻa o ka volta (step potential) ma kou mau wāwae a hana i kahi ala pōkole mai kekahi wāwae a i kekahi ma mua o kou puʻuwai.
6. Hana koke i ka CPR a hoʻopakele i ka hanu ʻana i ka poʻe i hōʻeha ʻia a hoʻomaka i kahi SOS. ʻO ke kanaka i paʻi ʻia e ka uila ʻaʻole paʻa i ka uila uila a he 100% palekana ke hoʻopā koke. Hoʻopi ka uila i ka puʻuwai a hoʻopale i ke kikowaena hanu i loko o ka lolo; hoʻomaka CPR e ho'ā koke i kāu beacon SOS satellite (Garmin inReach, Zoleo, Apple Emergency SOS, a i ʻole PLB), a kāhea aku i kāu wahi. helu pilikia (911 ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kanada, 112 ma waena o ʻEulopa, 999 ma United Kingdom, 000 ma Australia).

flowchart TD
    A["Kūkulu ʻia ka hekili ma luna o ke kualono mauna a i ʻole ka wai hāmama"] --> B{"Aia nā hōʻailona electrostatic? (Ka lauoho kū i luna, ke kani ʻana o ka metala, ka ʻili ʻili)"}
    B -->|"ʻAe (Hoʻomaka ka hahau ʻana i kekona)"| C["E hoʻokuʻu koke i nā pou metala/koʻi/ʻauʻau, e ʻōkuʻu ma kahi o 30 m mai ka piko inā hiki, e kūlou ma luna o ka ʻūhā/puke me nā kuʻekuʻe wāwae."]
    B -->|"ʻAʻole, akā aia ka flash-to-bang ma lalo o 30 kekona (< 10 km / 6 mi)"| D{"Aia ʻoe i ke kaiapuni hea?"}
    D -->|"Alpine Ridgeline / Ma luna o Treeline"| E["E iho i ka ʻaoʻao liʻiliʻi ma waho o ka piko a i ka nahele ākea a i ʻole ke kīʻaha ākea; kaʻawale pūʻulu ma 15 a 30 m (50 a 100 kapuaʻi)"]
    D -->|"Maka Pōhaku / Piʻi Pitch Nui / Via Ferrata"| F["Wehe i nā kaula kila inā hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka palekana; e neʻe 1.5 m (5 ft) mai nā māwae pulu; e hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ke kaula dynamic nylon"]
    D -->|"Wai Wehe (Kayak, Waʻa, Waʻa Liʻiliʻi, SUP)"| G{"Hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻea i kahakai i loko o 5 a 10 mau minuke?"}
    G -->|"ʻAe"| H["E hoe ikaika i uka, e huki i ka moku 30 m (100 ft) i uka mai ka lihi o ka wai a me nā kumu lāʻau kiʻekiʻe kahakai, e kūlou me ka pulupulu like ʻole."]
    G -->|"ʻAʻole (Loa i ka wai hāmama)"| I["Hoʻokuʻu i nā koʻokoʻo lawaiʻa/hoe palahalaha, hoʻokaʻawale i nā waʻa ma 30 m (100 ft), e noho a kūlou haʻahaʻa i waena o ka hull ma luna o ka PFD maloʻo/foam, e noho i waho o ka wai."]
    C --> J{"Ua pa anei kekahi i ka uila?"}
    E --> J
    F --> J
    H --> J
    I --> J
    J -->|"ʻAe"| K["Reverse Triage: E hana koke i ka CPR a me ka hanu hoʻopakele lōʻihi ma luna o nā mea hanu ʻole; kaomi Satellite SOS / Kāhea 911/112/999"]

Māhele 1: Ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hana 5 o ka ʻeha uila ma ka ʻāina kua¶

ʻO ka 3% a i ka 5% wale nō o nā pōʻino uila o ka wao nahele i hoʻokumu ʻia e kahi ʻōpuʻu uila pololei. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka 95% ʻē aʻe o nā hana hōʻeha e wehewehe i kēlā me kēia lula ola ma ke kua'āina:

Phase 2: Surviving an alpine ridge, summit, or technical rock climb¶

In high-altitude mountain ranges (such as the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada, European Alps, Andes, or Australian Alps), summer heating builds convective cumulonimbus clouds rapidly between 11:00 AM and 4:00 PM. Backcountry mountaineers call the rule "Summits by Noon, Down by One", meaning you should be turning around and descending from exposed alpine terrain before midday if towering cumulus (cumulus congestus) clouds begin building vertically like cauliflower towers or developing a flat anvil top.

Step-by-step alpine ridgeline escape protocol¶

Step 1: Identify the safest immediate micro-terrain¶

When thunder rumbles or lightning flashes while you are above treeline (in the alpine zone), look around you and rank your descent options:

1. Best Option (Subalpine Dense Uniform Forest): Descend below treeline into a dense stand of trees of uniform, shorter height located in a valley, basin, or depression. Avoid the single tallest giant tree in the stand; position yourself evenly spaced among groups of smaller trees.
2. Second Best Option (Broad Bowl, Talus Basin, or Leeward Slope 30 to 60 Meters Below the Crest): If treeline is 2 hours below you, you do not have to reach trees to drastically reduce your strike probability. Simply descending 30 to 60 meters (100 to 200 feet) vertically down the slope off the sharp ridge crest or summit pyramid takes you out of the primary upward-streamer zone, because the ridge crest above you acts as a partial Cone of Protection.
3. ** Ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka "45-Degree Cone of Protection":** ʻO ka pali kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka piko mauna e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i kahi ʻāpana o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pilikia o ka hahau pololei ʻana i waho ma kahi ʻano 45-degree angle mai kona piko, *inā ʻoe e noho mamao loa mai ke kumu o ka ʻaoʻao pōhaku (ma ka liʻiliʻi 1.5 a hiki i 3 mau mika a i waho) nā au o ka ʻili pōhaku, a noho i loko o 10 a 15 mau mika (33 a 50 kapuaʻi) o ke kumu kahi e pale mau ai ka cone iā ʻoe.

========================================================================
THE 45-DEGREE CONE OF PROTECTION AGAINST A ROCK FACE
========================================================================
      /|  <-- Peak / Tall Cliff (Do NOT stand on top)
     / |
    /  |  DANGER ZONE: Within 1.5 m (5 ft) of wall (Side Flash)
   /   |
  /  * |  <-- SAFEST ZONE: 2 to 6 m (6.5 to 20 ft) away from base
 /_____|      of a tall vertical wall (at least 10 m / 33 ft high),
              crouching on an insulating pad away from water gullies.
========================================================================

1. E ʻalo i ka Micro-Terrain make ma ka iho ʻana:
2. **Mai iho i lalo i kahi awāwa pulu, kahawai, couloir, a i ʻole māwae piha wai. ʻO nā awāwa o ka uwila ma lalo pono o nā awāwa pulu a me nā māwae pōhaku e like me ka uwea keleawe. E noho ma nā iwi ʻaoʻao maloʻo a i ʻole nā ​​haʻahaʻa talus ma waena o nā awāwa.
3. **Mai hoʻopaʻa i loko o ka hale kiaʻi ahi kahiko, ʻaoʻao hāmama, a i ʻole ka hale pōhaku ʻole.

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 2: E hoʻokō i ka "Lightning Crouch" ma ka insulating gear¶

If electrostatic signs appear or strikes are hitting the mountain around you and you must stop moving:

1. E hoʻolei i lalo i ka ʻūhā maloʻo: Huki i kāu ** paʻa moe pahu paʻa (e like me ka Therm-a-Rest Z Lite), kahi kaula piʻi naylon maloʻo, a i ʻole kāu ʻeke ʻeke (WALE inā ʻaʻohe o loko/waho e noho ai, a i ʻole ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka alumini e noho i waho)** a waiho ma kahi maloʻo. ʻOi aku ka mānoanoa o ka ea maloʻo/puʻuha ma waena o nā kapuaʻi o kou mau kāmaʻa a me ka pōhaku pulu, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kūʻē ʻana o ka uila i ke au o ka honua.
2. Squat a i ʻole e noho paʻa: E kaulike ma nā pōpō o kou mau wāwae ma luna o ka pā me kou kuʻekuʻe wāwae a me nā kuʻekuʻe wāwae i hui pū ʻia. Inā ʻaʻole hiki i ka luhi ʻana o ka ʻiʻo ke kuʻekuʻe no 20 mau minuke, e noho paʻa ma luna o kahi paʻa mānoanoa i pelu ʻia a me ka pahu pahu ʻole me kou mau kuli i huki ʻia i kou umauma a kau pū kou mau wāwae ma ka pā, ʻaʻole e hoʻokuʻu i kou mau wāwae, nā lima, a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāʻī e pā i ka lepo ma waho o ka pā.
3. Mai moe palahalaha ma ka honua: E moe ana i lalo a i lalo paha he alahaka uila 1.8-mika (6-kapuai) ma ka ili o ka honua, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka holo pololei ʻana o ke au i loko o 25 mika ma kou puʻuwai a me kou lolo.
4. Paʻa i kou noʻonoʻo: E hoʻopaʻa i kou mau lima ma kou mau pepeiao e pale i ka haki ʻana o ka membrane tympanic (pepeiao) mai nā hawewe hekili kikoʻī, a pani i kou mau maka no ka pale ʻana i ka makapō uila no ka manawa pōkole (photokeratitis) mai nā uila UV nui.

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 3: Hoʻāʻo kūikawā no nā mea hoʻohana ʻo Via Ferrata¶

Ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hapalua o ka pā pōhaku 300 mika (1,000 kapuaʻi) a ʻoki ʻia paha i loko o ke kaula kila via ferrata i ka wā e pā mai ai ka ʻino e pono ai ka hana hoʻoholo:

• Ma kahi Via Ferrata (Ala Hao) a i ʻole Alanui Cable (e laʻa., Half Dome, Dolomites): ʻO ke kaula kila mau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i lalo i kahi kuamoʻo he lāʻau uila maoli ia e hana ana i ka hahau ʻana i 500 mika ka mamao ma ka piko pololei ma kēlā me kēia piʻi i ʻoki ʻia i ke kaula. Inā hiki iā ʻoe ke holo i waho o ke ala uwea ma ke ala ākea ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai o ka ʻino, ** wehe i ke kaula kila**, e neʻe ma kahi o 2 mika (6.5 kapuaʻi) ka mamao mai ke kaula a me nā ala hao, a heleuma iā ʻoe iho i kahi pū pōhaku maoli a i ʻole ka maʻa nylon non-cable i hiki ʻole i ka nalu haʻalulu ke hoʻokuʻu iā ʻoe mai ke ala.
• Ma kahi Piʻi Pōhaku Nui: Inā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke lele i ka honua ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hahau ʻana, e hoʻokumu i kahi paʻi pahū ma ka ʻaʻa maloʻo ākea loa i loaʻa (e pale i nā kapuahi pulu a me nā kihi dihedral kahi e kahe ai ka wai). Mai kū ʻole ma kahi ʻaʻa haiki: ʻo ka ʻāʻī ʻana o ka lepo ke kumu i ka ʻokiʻoki ʻana i ka ʻiʻo tetanic i hoʻokuʻu ʻole ʻia e hoʻomaka i kahi piʻi ʻole mai ka pali. E hoʻopaʻa pōkole iā ʻoe iho me kāu kaila piʻi naylon maloʻo (ʻo ka nailona maloʻo he insulator uila; ʻo ke kaula pulu e holo i kēia manawa, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ke kaula kila), e hoʻoneʻe i kāu kāmela metala/nati he 3 mika ka mamao i kahi heleuma kaʻawale inā hiki, a e noho ma kāu ʻeke a i ʻole ka huelo kaula kaula maloʻo ma kahi o 1.5 mika (5 mau kapuaʻi) ka mamao mai ka pā pōhaku nui.

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 4: Pono ʻoe e noho i loko o kahi hale lole backpacking i ka wā o ka ʻino uila?¶

A backpacking tent offers ZERO protection from lightning. In fact, aluminum or carbon-fiber tent poles act as miniature lightning rods on an exposed campsite, and pitched inside a tent, hikers usually lie flat on the floor with their heads and feet inches from the grounded metal pole tips.

• If your tent is pitched in an exposed alpine basin above treeline or on a ridge and a severe lightning storm moves directly overhead, put on your rain gear, grab your foam sleeping pad, exit the tent, move at least 15 meters (50 feet) away from the tent into a low depression, and assume the lightning crouch on your pad.
• If your tent is already pitched properly deep inside a dense, uniform forest below treeline, away from the tallest isolated trees and away from water, the surrounding forest canopy provides far taller upward-streamer paths than your 1.2-meter (4-foot) tent, but you should still sit upright on your foam sleeping pad in the center of the tent floor (away from the metal poles and tent walls) rather than lying flat head-to-pole until the active core passes.

Māhele 3: Ke ola nei i ka uila ma ka wai hāmama (Kayak, waʻa, SUP, a me nā waʻa liʻiliʻi)¶

He pōʻino ka wai hāmama e like me ka puʻu alpine. No ka palahalaha loa o ka loko, kawa, a me ka moana paha, o ka hoe waapa e noho ana ma ka waapa, e ku ana ma ka papa hoe (SUP), a i ole e noho ana iloko o ka waapa alumina hamama, oia ke kii kiekie loa no na kilomika a puni, a o ko lakou kino haahaa e hoomaha ana iniha mai ka wai kahe nui.

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 1: ʻO ka 5-Minute Shore Sprint vs. Open-Water Hunker Hoʻoholo¶

As soon as you see darkening cumulus clouds, feel a sudden gust front (outflow boundary drop in temperature), or hear distant thunder:

• If shore is within 5 to 10 minutes of hard paddling/motoring: Head straight for the nearest land immediately, even if it is an unplanned beach or private dock. Once you hit shore, do not linger at the water's edge (lightning strikes at the waterline travel along the wet sand and water surface). Haul your boat 30 meters (100 feet) inland, walk past the first tall shoreline trees into lower uniform brush or an enclosed building/vehicle, and crouch on your life jacket (PFD).
• If you are caught more than 10 minutes from shore and lightning is already striking the water: Do not exhaust yourself paddling upright in the middle of an active strike zone. Transition immediately to the Open-Water Survival Protocol.

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 2: Open-Water Survival Protocol ma ka ʻano moku¶

Phase 4: Wilderness medical triage after a lightning strike ("Reverse Triage")¶

In standard wilderness trauma (such as a rockfall or avalanche with limited rescuers), medics focus on victims who are screaming or bleeding and deprioritize victims with no pulse or respirations. In a lightning strike mass-casualty incident, you must apply the exact opposite rule: REVERSE TRIAGE.

Why "Reverse Triage" saves lives in lightning strikes¶

1. If a lightning victim is conscious, moaning, or breathing on their own, they have already survived the immediate lethal electrical phase. While they may have painful burns, ruptured eardrums, or temporary paralysis of their legs, they will almost certainly survive without immediate resuscitation.
2. If a lightning victim appears completely "dead" (no breathing, no pulse, fixed and dilated pupils, mottled cyanotic skin), they can frequently be brought back to full life if CPR and rescue breathing are started within 60 seconds.
3. Why Prolonged Rescue Breathing is critical: A lightning bolt delivers a massive instantaneous direct-current (DC) countershock that depolarizes the entire myocardium (heart muscle) at once, acting like a massive defibrillator, while simultaneously stunning the medullary respiratory center in the brainstem. Very often, the victim's natural cardiac pacemaker (the sinoatrial node) restarts the heartbeat on its own within seconds, but the victim's brainstem remains paralyzed and cannot trigger a breath for 10 to 30 minutes. If nobody breathes for that victim, their blood oxygen plummets and their heart stops a second time from hypoxia (secondary hypoxic cardiac arrest), which is fatal.

Step-by-step post-strike wilderness resuscitation¶

1. Assess scene safety and move ONLY if necessary: Touching the victim is 100% safe immediately. If the victim was struck on an exposed ridge crest and lightning is still actively striking overhead, two rescuers can rapidly drag the victim 15 to 30 meters (50 to 100 feet) down off the crest while another rescuer delivers breaths, or crouch low while performing compressions.
2. Open the airway and check for breathing and carotid pulse for no more than 10 seconds:
3. If there is NO pulse and NO breathing: Begin full CPR immediately at a rate of 100 to 120 chest compressions per minute to a depth of 5 to 6 centimeters (2 to 2.4 inches) in adults, alternating 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths. Unlike urban sudden cardiac arrest where hands-only CPR is sometimes used, rescue breaths are mandatory in lightning arrest because respiratory paralysis is the primary killer.
4. If the victim HAS a carotid pulse but is NOT breathing: Perform Rescue Breathing at a rate of 1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds (10 to 12 breaths per minute), watching the chest rise with each breath and re-checking the carotid pulse every 2 minutes. Continue rescue breathing for 30 to 60+ minutes if necessary until the brainstem recovers and spontaneous breathing resumes.
5. Do not be fooled by "Fixed and Dilated Pupils" or cold legs: Lightning causes autonomic nervous system dysfunction that routinely makes one or both pupils temporarily fixed and dilated (which normally indicates brain death in other traumas) and causes keraunoparalysis, a temporary vasospasm and neurological stunning of the lower extremities that makes the victim's legs look pale, cold, blue, pulseless, and completely paralyzed. Keraunoparalysis typically resolves on its own within 2 to 24 hours; never assume a victim is dead or has a permanent severed spine based on fixed pupils or cold, paralyzed legs after a lightning strike.
6. Check for spinal trauma, burns, and hypothermia:
7. Because lightning causes violent muscle contractions or throws hikers onto rocks, maintain manual cervical spine stabilization if the victim fell or struck their head (see ʻEha iwi kuamoʻo).
8. Look for entry/exit thermal burns (often near metal zippers, belt buckles, watches, necklace chains, or the soles of the feet) and feather-like reddish skin markings (Lichtenberg figures, which are pathognomonic of lightning strike and fade within 24 to 48 hours). Cool active smoldering clothing and cover true thermal burns with clean dry dressings (see Burns).
9. Wrap the victim in dry insulation and a hypothermia wrap immediately (see ʻO ka hypothermia a me ke anu). Every lightning strike victim requires hospital evaluation with a 12-lead ECG and blood tests for rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown).

Nīnau pinepine¶

Nānā ʻia nā kumu¶

• Wilderness Medical Society (WMS) (United States / International): Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Lightning Injuries (Davis et al., Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, covering the 5 injury mechanisms, terrain selection, lightning position, reverse triage, and keraunoparalysis).
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) / National Weather Service (NWS) (United States): Backcountry Lightning Risk Reduction Guidelines and Boating Lightning Safety Protocols (30/30 rule, flash-to-bang calculation, and upward streamer warning signs).
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (United States): Lightning Strike Victim Triage and Medical Management (safety of touching strike victims immediately, cardiac vs. respiratory arrest physiology, and prolonged rescue breathing).
• American Heart Association (AHA) (United States) & European Resuscitation Council (ERC) (European Union): Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care: Special Circumstances of Resuscitation (Electrocution and Lightning Strike).
• National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) Wilderness Medicine (United States): Backcountry Lightning Protocol (group separation distances of 15 to 30 meters, foam pad insulation, tent precautions, and 45-degree cone of protection caveats).
• United States Coast Guard (USCG) & BoatUS Foundation (United States): Open-Water Small Craft and Sailboat Lightning Protection and Survival Procedures.
• British Mountaineering Council (BMC) (United Kingdom) & Alpine Club of Canada (ACC) (Canada): Alpine Ridges, Via Ferrata, and Technical Climbing Lightning Evacuation Guidance.

Nā alakaʻi pili¶

• Ka hekili a me ka uila
• CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation)
• Haʻalulu uila
• Burns
• Piʻi pōhaku a me nā pōʻino pōhaku
• Kahuli waapa a ola wai anuanu
• Nā helu pilikia ma ka ʻāina