Irẹwẹsi agọ ọkọ ofurufu, ipo àmúró, ati yiyọ kuro¶

Modern commercial aviation is the safest mode of mass transportation in history, yet in-flight emergencies such as sudden cabin depressurization, severe clear-air turbulence, forced water ditchings, and runway overruns demand immediate, automatic physical responses from passengers. When an aircraft experiences a structural breach or environmental control system failure at a cruising altitude of 10,600 to 12,200 meters (35,000 to 40,000 feet), the ambient atmospheric pressure outside the fuselage is too low to drive oxygen molecules across the human lung membrane into the bloodstream. Without supplemental oxygen, severe cerebral hypoxia incapacitates an healthy adult in 15 to 30 seconds. Similarly, during a survivable impact or runway reject, secondary head strikes against the forward seatback and post-crash cabin smoke inhalation account for the vast majority of injuries and fatalities.

Iwalaaye pajawiri ọkọ ofurufu kan da lori ṣiṣe ṣiṣe awọn ilana ẹkọ imọ-jinlẹ pato mẹta ati ẹrọ laisi iyemeji: aabo iboju boju atẹgun rẹ laarin iṣẹju-aaya 5 ti imuṣiṣẹ ṣaaju ki o to ṣe iranlọwọ fun ẹnikẹni miiran, tiipa egungun rẹ sinu ipo àmúró jamba biomechanically ti a fọwọsi lati yọkuro awọn ipalara flail Atẹle, ati yiyọ kuro ninu agọ ọkọ ofurufu laarin ferese 90-keji ti gbigbe laifọwọkan. Itọsọna okeerẹ yii ni wiwa fisiksi ti hypoxia giga-giga, ṣiṣe ẹrọ monomono atẹgun kemikali, awọn ẹrọ amuduro atunto ijoko, ibori ẹfin ati lilọ ọna opopona, fifun ati awọn kinetics ifaworanhan inflatable, ati iwalaaye itusilẹ lẹhin-silo lori ilẹ tabi omi.

Do this now¶

If an emergency occurs aboard a commercial or private aircraft, follow these six immediate life-saving steps depending on the phase of the emergency:

1. Pull down and don your nearest oxygen mask immediately if masks drop: Grab the nearest yellow cup, pull it sharply downward to pull the retaining pin from the chemical generator, place the mask tightly over your nose and mouth, and breathe normally. Always secure your own mask completely before attempting to put a mask on a child, infant, or adjacent passenger.
2. Fasten and cinch your lap belt low and tight across your hip bones: During any depressurization descent, turbulence alert, or emergency landing preparation, pull the seatbelt strap as tight as physically possible across your pelvis (iliac crest), never across your soft stomach, so your body cannot submarine forward under impact deceleration.
3. Adopt the correct brace position on the command "Brace, Brace": If a seat is directly in front of you, lean forward as far as possible, rest your forehead or chin directly against the forward seatback (or cross your wrists on the seatback and press your forehead firmly into your forearms), and plant your feet flat on the floor slightly behind your knees.
4. ** Ka iye deede ti awọn ori ila ijoko si awọn ijade meji ti o sunmọ julọ ***: Wo siwaju ati sẹhin ni bayi lati wa awọn ilẹkun ijade pajawiri meji ti o sunmọ tabi awọn hatches ti o bori, ati ni ti ara ka nọmba awọn ori ijoko laarin ila rẹ ati awọn ijade mejeeji ki o le ra si wọn nipasẹ ifọwọkan nikan ni ipon, eefin dudu hihan odo.
5. ** Fi gbogbo awọn baagi gbigbe silẹ, awọn apoeyin, awọn kọnputa agbeka, ati awọn apamọwọ lẹhin ***: Nigbati awọn atukọ ọkọ ofurufu ba paṣẹ “Yọ kuro, Yọọ kuro” tabi “Awọn beliti ijoko ti a ko fi silẹ ki o jade,” tu igbanu rẹ silẹ ki o gbe lẹsẹkẹsẹ sinu ibode pẹlu ọwọ ofo. Gbigbe ẹru ti o wa ni oke ṣe idina ọna opopona, ji awọn iṣẹju-aaya iyebiye lati awọn arinrin-ajo lẹhin rẹ, ati awọn ifaworanhan ona abayo ti afẹfẹ.
6. ** Lọ si ifaworanhan itusilẹ ki o gbe awọn mita 100 (ẹsẹ 330) si oke ***: Ni ẹnu-ọna ijade, gbe awọn apa rẹ kọja àyà rẹ, fo sinu ipo ijoko kan si ifaworanhan inflatable lai joko ni isalẹ sill ẹnu-ọna akọkọ, ati ṣiṣe ni o kere ju awọn mita 100 (ẹsẹ 330) soke kuro ni fuselage ṣaaju pipe agbegbe. pajawiri awọn nọmba (911 ni Amẹrika ati Kanada, 112 kọja European Union, 999 ni United Kingdom) ti o ba wa ni papa ọkọ ofurufu.

Igi ipinnu Imo fun ni-flight ati jamba awọn pajawiri¶

Lo igi ipinnu iṣiṣẹ yii lati ṣiṣẹ awọn iṣe iwalaaye deede ti o nilo fun idinku giga-giga, àmúró ipa, tabi yiyọ kuro ninu agọ lẹhin jamba.

flowchart TD
    Start["Ni-Flight Anomaly, Itaniji, tabi atuko Òfin"] --> Phase{"1. Iru pajawiri wo ni o nwaye?"}
    Phase -->|"Awọn iboju iparada atẹgun silẹ lati PSU"| MaskPull["Fa Iboju to sunmọ julọ Kikan si isalẹ lati Mu Sisan Kemika ṣiṣẹ"]
    Phase -->|"Murasilẹ fun Ipa tabi Aṣẹ Àmúró"| BeltTight["Cinch Seatbelt Kekere ati Gigun Kọja Awọn Egungun Pelvic; Yọ Awọn Ohun Sharp kuro ninu Awọn apo"]
    Phase -->|"Oko ofurufu Duro: Gbe Òfin"| DropBags["Fi Gbogbo Awọn apo ati Awọn foonu ti o gbe silẹ lẹhin; Tu Seatbelt silẹ"]

    MaskPull --> SelfFirst["Iboju aabo Lori Imu ati Ẹnu Rẹ Lakọkọ; Simi Deede"]
    SelfFirst --> HelpOthers["Ran Awọn ọmọde lọwọ tabi Awọn aladugbo Alailagbara; Jeki Boju-boju Titi Titi Isalẹ Awọn Mita 3,000 (Ẹsẹ 10,000)"]
    HelpOthers --> DescentBrace["Fasten Seatbelt Ni wiwọ fun Isọkalẹ Dive Pajawiri iyara"]

    BeltTight --> SeatDist{"2. Ṣe o le de ibi ijoko ti o wa niwaju rẹ?"}
    SeatDist -->|"Bẹẹni: Ipo-aje boṣewa"| HeadAgainst["Gbe Iwaju Lodi si Awọn Iwaju Rekọja lori Ijoko Iwaju; Ẹsẹ Flat Lẹhin Awọn Orunkun"]
    SeatDist -->|"Rara: Olopobobo tabi ila-giga"| ChestKnees["Bend Torso Down onto Thighs; Wrap Arms Under Knees; Tuck Chin to Chest"]

    DropBags --> SmokeCheck{"3. Is the cabin filled with dark smoke or fire?"}
    SmokeCheck -->|"Yes: Smoke banking down"| StayLow["Drop Below Smoke Layer; Count Seat Rows by Touch to Nearest Usable Exit"]
    SmokeCheck -->|"No: Clear cabin air"| MoveFast["Walk Rapidly to Nearest Exit; Look Outside Window for Fire or Debris Before Opening"]
    StayLow --> ExitType{"4. Land slide vs. Overwing vs. Water Ditching?"}
    MoveFast --> ExitType
    ExitType -->|"Door Slide (Land)"| SlideJump["Remove High Heels; Cross Arms; Jump Sitting onto Slide; Run 100 Meters (330 Feet) Upwind"]
    ExitType -->|"Overwing Hatch"| WingExit["Pull Hatch Inward, Toss Out onto Wing; Follow Black Walkway Arrows to Wing Trailing Edge Slide"]
    ExitType -->|"Water Ditching"| WaterExit["Don Life Vest Uninflated; Inflate ONLY After Clearing Doorway or Overwing Frame"]

High-altitude cabin depressurization and hypoxia physiology¶

Commercial jetliners cruise in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere at altitudes between 9,100 meters (30,000 feet) and 13,100 meters (43,000 feet), where thin air reduces aerodynamic drag and fuel consumption. Because humans cannot survive in that ambient environment, engine bleed air or electric compressors pressurize the aircraft fuselage to an equivalent cabin altitude of 1,800 to 2,400 meters (6,000 to 8,000 feet).

1. Dalton's Law, alveolar oxygen partial pressure, and reverse diffusion¶

A common misconception is that high-altitude air contains a lower percentage of oxygen. In reality, oxygen makes up roughly 21 percent of the atmosphere all the way from sea level to the edge of space. What changes drastically with altitude is barometric pressure (the total weight of air molecules pressing down).

• Sea level pressure: At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 760 millimeters of mercury (mmHg), or 1,013.25 hectopascals (hPa). This exerts sufficient partial pressure of oxygen (\(PO_2\) of roughly 100 mmHg inside the lung alveoli) to force oxygen molecules across the thin alveolar-capillary membrane and bind them to hemoglobin in your red blood cells (producing 97 to 99 percent blood oxygen saturation).
• Cruising altitude pressure: At 10,600 meters (35,000 feet), outside barometric pressure drops to just 179 mmHg (less than one-quarter of sea-level pressure). At 12,200 meters (40,000 feet), it drops to 141 mmHg.
• Reverse diffusion during rapid decompression: If a fuselage skin panel, cargo door seal, cockpit windshield, or cabin window fails catastrophically at 11,500 meters (38,000 feet), air rushes out of the cabin in 1 to 3 seconds. The pressure of oxygen inside your lungs instantly drops below the partial pressure of oxygen already dissolved in your venous blood returning from your body. Instead of your lungs absorbing oxygen from the air, oxygen actually diffuses backward out of your bloodstream and into the cabin air as you exhale. Within 12 to 15 seconds, the exact time it takes deoxygenated blood to travel from your lungs through your heart to your cerebral cortex, your brain shuts down.

2. Time of Useful Consciousness (TUC) by altitude¶

Aviation physiologists at the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) define Time of Useful Consciousness (TUC) (also called Effective Performance Time) as the maximum window between the loss of cabin pressure and the moment an individual can no longer perform simple, purposeful physical tasks (such as pulling down an oxygen mask). During a rapid or explosive decompression (where cabin air is ripped from the lungs simultaneously), TUC is cut in half compared to slow decompression.

3. Bawo ni awọn olupilẹṣẹ atẹgun kemikali ero n ṣiṣẹ (ati idi ti o fi n run sisun)¶

Nigbati giga agọ ba gun awọn mita 4,200 ti o kọja (ẹsẹ 14,000), awọn iyipada barometric gbe jade laifọwọyi ṣii awọn latches lori awọn panẹli Iṣẹ Iṣẹ Irin-ajo (PSU) ti o wa loke gbogbo laini ijoko, inu gbogbo ile-iyẹwu, ati ni awọn ibudo iranṣẹ ọkọ ofurufu, sisọ awọn iboju iparada silikoni ofeefee lori awọn okun lanyard.

1. ** Kini idi ti o fi gbọdọ ya boju-boju si isalẹ ***: Lori ọkọ ofurufu ti ara dín pupọ julọ, atẹgun ero-ọkọ ni a ṣejade lori ibeere nipasẹ olupilẹṣẹ atẹgun kemika ti o lagbara ** agolo inu panẹli oke. Lanyard kọọkan ti boju-boju kọọkan ni a so mọ PIN idaduro ti fadaka lori ẹrọ ibọn agolo. Nìkan dani ago finnifinni si oju rẹ ko ṣe nkankan. O gbọdọ ** fa boju-boju naa ni iduroṣinṣin si isalẹ si itan rẹ *** lati yọ PIN ti o ni idaduro jade, dasile PIN ti o kojọpọ orisun omi ti o lu fila percussion kan.
2. ** Iṣaṣeyọri iṣuu soda chlorate exothermic *: Lilu fila percussion ignites a ri to mojuto ti ** soda chlorate (\(NaClO_3\)) ati ** irin lulú (\(Fe\))**. Bí irin náà ṣe ń jó nínú àgò náà, ó máa ń mú kí iṣuu soda chlorate ga ju ìwọ̀n Celsius 250 (ìwọ̀n 482 Fáhrenheit), tí ń tú afẹ́fẹ́ oxygen jáde (2NaClO_3 \rightarrow 2NaCl + 3O_2$).
3. Why the bag does not inflate and why the cabin smells like smoke:
4. The green reservoir bag stays flat: The green plastic reservoir bag hanging beneath the yellow cup is an accumulator, not a bellows pump. The generator produces a steady trickle of pure oxygen (roughly 4 liters per minute) that mixes with cabin air when a one-way valve opens as you inhale. As long as you pulled the lanyard pin out, oxygen is flowing, so keep the mask strapped to your face.
5. Heat and dusty burning smell: The chemical reaction inside the ceiling panel reaches surface temperatures of 230 to 260 degrees Celsius (450 to 500 degrees Fahrenheit), scorching trace dust on the canisters and producing an acrid burning odor and faint haze. Do not mistake this normal generator odor for an in-flight cabin fire.
6. The steep emergency dive: Once triggered, a chemical oxygen generator cannot be turned off and lasts for strictly 12 to 22 minutes. Consequently, the flight crew must immediately deploy speedbrakes and pitch the aircraft nose down into an aggressive emergency descent, plunging at 1,200 to 1,800 meters per minute (4,000 to 6,000 feet per minute), to reach a breathable altitude of 3,000 meters (10,000 feet) before the canisters burn out. Stay seated with your belt tightly fastened and your mask on until the pilots announce that the aircraft is at a safe breathing altitude.

Fisiksi ti o ni ipa ati biomechanics ti ipo àmúró jamba¶

Adaparọ agidi kan sọ pe awọn ipo àmúró ọkọ ofurufu jẹ apẹrẹ lati fọ ọrun tabi tọju awọn igbasilẹ ehín. Ni otitọ, awọn idanwo sled ni kikun ati awọn iwadii jamba nipasẹ FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI), UK CAA, ati EASA jẹri pe ipo àmúró jẹ ọkan ninu awọn ilana igbala-aye to munadoko julọ ni ọkọ ofurufu.

1. Yiyokuro "iyara flail" ati "jackknifing"¶

Lakoko ibalẹ ti o le yege, iṣubu jia, tabi irin-ajo oju-ofurufu, awọn iriri fuselage lojiji siwaju ati awọn ipa ipadasẹhin inaro ti o wa lati \(6g\) si \(16g\). Ti o ba joko ni pipe nigbati ọkọ ofurufu ba kọlu idiwo kan:

1. ** Aaki ọbẹ jacknife *: Lakoko ti ibadi rẹ wa ni idaduro nipasẹ beliti ijoko, torso oke ati ori rẹ fi agbara mu siwaju ni ayika igbanu itan bi okùn. Lori awọn mita 0.5 si 0.8 (20 si 32 inches) ti aaye ṣiṣi laarin ori ti o tọ ati ijoko ti o wa ni iwaju rẹ, ori rẹ nyara ni ibatan si fireemu agọ, ti o dena iyara ipa keji ti ** 12 si 18 mita fun iṣẹju kan (27 si 40 miles fun wakati kan) nigbati agbọn rẹ ba kọlu aaye ijoko siwaju.
2. ** Iṣaju iṣaju oju ipa ***: Nipa titẹ siwaju ati gbigbe iwaju ati awọn iwaju rẹ duro ṣinṣin si ijoko iwaju rẹ * ṣaaju ipa *, o dinku ijinna flail yẹn si ** odo ***. Dipo ti isare kọja afẹfẹ ṣiṣi, ara oke rẹ dinku laisiyonu lẹgbẹẹ eto ijoko siwaju, eyiti o jẹ adaṣe pẹlu awọn isunmi-gbigba agbara.
3. ** Idena submarining ati awọn fifọ ẹsẹ **: Mimu awọn ẹsẹ rẹ gbin ni pẹlẹpẹlẹ si ilẹ diẹ * lẹhin * awọn ẽkun rẹ ṣe idilọwọ awọn didan rẹ lati tapa siwaju sinu tube ijoko irin ti o wa niwaju rẹ (eyiti o fa awọn tibias ati awọn kokosẹ, idinamọ sisilo) ati ki o dẹkun pelvis rẹ lati sisun labẹ fifọ ẹsẹ ati igbanu ikun, ti o fa awọn ipalara ikun.

2. Awọn ipo àmúró-igbesẹ-igbesẹ fun gbogbo iṣeto ijoko¶

Lo ipo biomechanical gangan ti o baamu ifilelẹ ijoko rẹ:

STANDARD ECONOMY BRACE POSITION (Side Profile):
   [Forward Seatback]
         ||  <-- Forehead resting firmly against crossed forearms on seatback
         || (O)___
         ||  \    \___  <-- Torso folded low over thighs (zero flail gap)
         ||   \_______\
         ||      ||  [Pelvis] <-- Lap belt cinched low and tight over hip bones
         ||      ||    //
   ======||======||===//===== [Cabin Floor]
                     ^^
            Feet planted flat slightly BEHIND knee line

Ọwọn ilọkuro 90-keji, ẹfin agọ, ati awọn ẹrọ ijade¶

Labẹ awọn iṣedede iwe-ẹri ọkọ oju-omi kariaye (FAA 14 CFR 25.803 ati EASA CS 25.803), gbogbo ọkọ ofurufu ti iṣowo gbọdọ ni agbara lati jade kuro ni ẹru ero-ọkọ ni kikun ninu okunkun laarin *90 iṣẹju-aaya *** ni lilo ** 50 ogorun ** ti awọn ijade pajawiri ti o wa.

1. Idi ti awọn 90-keji ofin wa: ranse si-jamba flashover fisiksi¶

Nígbà tí ọkọ̀ òfuurufú kan bá já lulẹ̀ tàbí tí ọkọ̀ òfuurufú kan bá gbéra, tó sì fọ́ tanki epo kan, kẹ́rọ́sì Jet-A tó ń jó máa ń jó lẹ́gbẹ̀ẹ́ fuselage. Awọn idanwo sisun kikun-kikun fihan pe ina adagun ita ita yo nipasẹ awọ ara aluminiomu ati awọn window akiriliki ni awọn aaya 45 si 60. Ni kete ti awọn ina n tan awọn panẹli inu ati awọn irọmu polyurethane, eefin dudu ti o ni oloro ni **hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, ati hydrogen chloride *** awọn banki ni iyara lati isalẹ aja.

Ni aijọju ** 90 si 120 iṣẹju-aaya ***, awọn gaasi ti o gbona ni aja de ọdọ awọn iwọn otutu ina-aifọwọyi ti 600 iwọn Celsius (awọn iwọn 1,100 Fahrenheit), ti nfa ** filasi agọ kan ** ninu eyiti gbogbo inu inu rẹ nwa sinu ina ni nigbakannaa. Ni gbogbo iṣẹju-aaya ti o ni idaduro ni oju-ọna nipasẹ ero-ọkọ kan ti o n gba apoti kan lati inu apoti ti o wa ni oke ti o wa ni ewu taara awọn arinrin-ajo ti o ni idẹkùn awọn ori ila lẹhin wọn.

2. Lilọ kiri èéfín ipon ati ki o tactile kana kika¶

Ti ẹfin ba wọ inu agọ lẹhin ikolu, hihan yoo lọ silẹ ni isalẹ awọn mita 0.3 (ẹsẹ 1) laarin iṣẹju-aaya, fifipamọ awọn ami ijade loke.

1. ** Duro ni isalẹ labẹ ipele ẹfin ***: Yọ igbanu ijoko rẹ silẹ ki o lọ silẹ sinu itẹ kekere tabi ra lori ọwọ ati awọn ẽkun rẹ, tọju imu ati ẹnu rẹ laarin 30 si 45 centimeters (12 si 18 inches) ti awọn ila ona abayo ilẹ-ilẹ ti o ni itanna.
2. ** Dabobo ọna atẹgun rẹ ***: Fa kola ti seeti tabi jaketi rẹ si imu ati ẹnu rẹ lati ṣe àlẹmọ awọn patikulu soot ti o gbona, ki o simi ni aijinile nipasẹ imu rẹ.
3. **Ka awọn ori ila ijoko nipasẹ ifọwọkan ***: Rọra ọwọ kan lẹgbẹẹ awọn apa apa ibo, kika ọna kọọkan ni ariwo titi iwọ o fi rilara aafo ila ijade gbooro. Ni awọn ipadanu gidi, o to ida aadọrin ninu ọgọrun ti awọn ero inu ero inu ara eniyan si ẹnu-ọna wiwọ siwaju ti wọn wọ, paapaa nigba ti hatch ti o ṣii ni awọn ori ila meji * lẹhin * wọn.

3. Ṣiṣẹ Iru III overwing window hatches lailewu¶

Ti o ba joko ni ọna ijade nla **, o gbọdọ ṣiṣẹ niyeon yẹn nigbati ọkọ ofurufu ba duro ati pe awọn atukọ paṣẹ fun yiyọ kuro:

1. ** Ṣe ayẹwo awọn ipo ita nipasẹ window ni akọkọ (awọn iṣẹju-aaya 2) ***: Wo window hatch ṣaaju ki o to fọwọkan imudani. Ti o ba ri ina, ẹfin dudu ti o nipọn, tabi omi ti o jinlẹ ni ita apakan yẹn, ** maṣe ṣi iha naa ***. Gbe awọn ọwọ mejeeji si ibi hatch, kigbe “Jade Dina mọ, Lọ Kọja / Lọ Pada”, ki o tun awọn arinrin-ajo lọ si awọn ijade lilo.
2. ** Ṣiṣii hatch kan ti o ni isunmọ la.
3. ** Awọn hatches onidiri ode oni (Boeing 737 Next generation / MAX) ***: Fa imuduro oke ti a fi silẹ si isalẹ ati sinu. Ẹsẹ pneumatic kan yi gige jade sita ati si oke laifọwọyi ni iṣẹju 1.
4. Yiyọ iru plug-iroyin (Airbus A320 ebi ati agbalagba Jeti): Yọ awọn ideri gige, fa awọn pupa imudani si inu lati unlatch awọn 15- si 20-kilogram (33- si 45-pound) window plug, gbe o kuro lori awọn sill, ati ** jabọ awọn eru niyeon ita lori awọn agọ inu agọ siwaju ninu awọn ti ko si siwaju sii exit ni ita lori awọn abiyẹ.
5. ** Jade si apakan ***: Igbesẹ nipasẹ ori fireemu-akọkọ pẹlu ẹsẹ kan, tẹ lori aaye apakan apakan ti ko ni isokuso, ki o tẹle awọ dudu ** awọn itọka itọsọna dudu ** si ** itọpa (ẹhin) eti *** ti apakan, nibiti ifaworanhan pipa-apakan gbe lọ laifọwọyi. Maṣe fo kuro ni iwaju ti o ga julọ (iwaju) eti apakan, eyiti o joko to awọn mita 4 (ẹsẹ 13) loke ilẹ ni iwaju awọn ẹrọ oko ofurufu.

4. Awọn kikọja sisilo ẹnu-ọna: n fo vs¶

Awọn ilẹkun agọ akọkọ ti ni ipese pẹlu awọn ifaworanhan ona abayo ti o ni afẹfẹ ti o ran laarin iṣẹju 3 si 6 nigbati o ṣii ni ipo ** Ologun ***.

• **Ti ifaworanhan ba kuna lati fa fifalẹ laifọwọyi ***: Wo ẹnu-ọna ẹnu-ọna ẹnu-ọna ki o fa ọwọ afikun afikun afọwọṣe pupa ti o samisi "FA TO INFLATE".
• ** Bii o ṣe le wọ ifaworanhan ni iyara giga ***: Maṣe joko ni ẹnu-ọna ẹnu-ọna ni akọkọ, eyiti o ge iyara gbigbe kuro ni idaji. Kọja awọn apá rẹ kọja àyà rẹ ati ** fo ni taara si ipo iduro kan **, ibalẹ lori awọn ẹhin rẹ ati ẹhin oke lori ite oke ti ifaworanhan naa.
• **Dimu ọmọ kekere kan tabi ọmọ kekere ***: Gbe ọmọ naa ni ṣinṣin ni àyà rẹ pẹlu awọn apa mejeeji ni titiipa ni ayika wọn, ki o si fo sori ifaworanhan ni iduro ijoko.

Iwalaaye omi inu omi: awọn aṣọ ẹwu-aye, awọn ẹgẹ ifaworanhan jade, ati ifaworanhan-rafts¶

Ibalẹ ti a fi agbara mu ti iṣakoso lori omi (ditching) ṣafihan awọn eewu apaniyan alailẹgbẹ meji lẹhin ipa: ** afikun aṣọ awọleke igbesi aye ti tọjọ ninu agọ *** ati ** mọnamọna-omi tutu / hypothermia ***.

1. Awọn Cardinal Ofin ti omi ditching: kò inflate aye re aṣọ awọleke inu awọn agọ¶

Aṣọ aṣọ awọleke ti o ni ifunfun ofeefee rẹ ti wa ni gbigbe sinu apo kekere labẹ pan ijoko rẹ (ninu ọrọ-aje) tabi inu console aarin / yara isinmi ẹsẹ (ni iṣowo ati kilasi akọkọ). Lakoko igbaradi ditching:

1. Fa apo kekere naa jade, ya a si, yọ aṣọ awọleke ofeefee si ori rẹ pẹlu awọn tubes ti owo-owo ti nkọju si siwaju, fi ipari si okun webi dudu ni ẹgbẹ-ikun rẹ, di agekuru ni iwaju, ki o fa okun ẹgbẹ-ikun ṣinṣin.
2. **Maṣe fa awọn iyipada pupa pupa inu ọkọ ofurufu ***: Ti fuselage ruptures ati awọn iṣan omi ni kiakia sinu agọ, fifa pupa $ ọrọ{CO}_2$ awọn iyipada ti o wa ninu agọ naa yoo sọ ọ di koki eniyan. Iwọn kilo 16 (iwọn 35) agbara fifun ti oke ti iyẹwu iyẹwu meji ti inflated ti fi ori rẹ pin ati sẹhin ni agbara lodi si awọn apoti ẹru oke bi ipele omi ti n dide. Nitoripe ko ṣee ṣe nipa ti ara lati we * sisalẹ * labẹ omi lakoko ti o wọ aṣọ awọleke aye ti o fẹfẹ, iwọ yoo wa ni idẹkùn lodisi aja ile ti ko lagbara lati besomi si isalẹ lati de ẹnu-ọna ti o wa labẹ omi tabi fireemu hatch ti o bori.
3. ** Nigbawo lati fa awọn yiyi pupa ***: Duro titi gbogbo ara rẹ yoo fi wa ni ita ita gbangba ẹnu-ọna (tabi duro ni ita lori dada apakan lakoko ijade apọju) ṣaaju ki o to fa awọn taabu afikun pupa ni didan si isalẹ. Ti o ba jẹ pe \(\text{CO}_2\) silinda kuna lati fa ọkan tabi awọn iyẹwu mejeeji, fẹ sinu awọn tubes afikun roba pupa ni ẹgbẹ mejeeji ti kola rẹ. (Akiyesi: Fun awọn ọmọde ati awọn ọmọde ti o wa labẹ ọdun 4, o le fa * iyẹwu kan * ti aṣọ awọleke wọn sinu agọ nikan ti agọ ko ba ni iṣan omi ti o ga ju ipele ẹgbẹ-ikun lọ, tabi gbe soke lẹsẹkẹsẹ nigbati wọn ba de ẹnu-ọna).

2. Lilo ifaworanhan-rafts ati iwalaaye omi tutu¶

• Slide-raft boarding: On wide-body and overwater-equipped narrow-body aircraft, the main door evacuation slides are multi-chamber slide-rafts. Do not jump into the ocean water if a slide-raft is deployed; step directly from the cabin doorsill onto the floating slide-raft without getting wet. Staying dry reduces body heat loss by a factor of 25 compared to immersing yourself in cold seawater.
• Detaching the slide-raft from a sinking fuselage: Once all survivors are aboard the raft, pull the fabric flap near the doorway attachment bar (the girt bar), pull the release handle, or use the tethered floating mooring knife attached to the raft collar to sever the mooring line so the sinking fuselage does not drag the raft underwater.
• Cold-water HELP and Huddle positions: If you are forced into cold water without a raft, keep your clothing and shoes on (they trap a boundary layer of water next to your skin). Pull your knees up to your chest and cross your arms in the Heat Escape Lessening Posture (HELP), or interlock arms tightly in a circle (Huddle) with other survivors around the floating illumination beacon on your life vests until rescue helicopters or vessels arrive.

Post-evacuation ground safety and medical triage¶

Ni kete ti ẹsẹ rẹ ba kọlu tarmac, koríko, tabi erupẹ ni isalẹ ti ifaworanhan sisilo, o tun wa ninu agbegbe eewu apaniyan ti ina ọkọ ofurufu lẹhin ijamba.

1. Clear the bottom of the slide immediately: Roll forward onto your feet and sprint away from the base of the slide within 1 second so the next passenger sliding down at 6 meters per second (13 miles per hour) does not slam their heels into your spine or head.
2. Run at least 100 meters (330 feet) upwind: Look at the direction smoke is blowing from the aircraft and run upwind (into the wind) and uphill if fuel is flowing across the ground. Modern jetliners carry tens of thousands of liters of Jet-A kerosene inside their wings and center fuselage tanks; an exploding fuel tank or burning composite carbon-fiber wing releases toxic clouds of microscopic carbon fibers and hydrofluoric/hydrocyanic gases downwind.
3. Never re-enter the fuselage for any reason: Never climb back up a slide or through a wing rupture to retrieve a pet carrier, passport, medication, or missing companion once smoke is visible. Report missing seat numbers immediately to arriving Airport Rescue and Firefighting (ARFF) crews.
4. Check for masked spinal fractures and smoke inhalation: Adrenaline completely masks severe injuries during the first 15 minutes after a crash. Have every survivor sit down at the upwind assembly point. Anyone who inhaled cabin smoke, even just two or three breaths of black soot, must receive high-flow 100 percent oxygen and emergency hospital evaluation for cyanide toxicity and delayed pulmonary edema, which can cause lethal airway swelling 6 to 24 hours after exposure.

Taking a hands-on first aid and CPR course from the Red Cross, St John Ambulance, or a local accredited provider equips you with the practical skills to control severe bleeding, treat burns, and perform resuscitation on injured passengers while awaiting emergency responders.

Frequently asked questions¶

Sources checked¶

• Federal Aviation Administration (FAA, United States): Advisory Circular AC 121-24D Passenger Safety Information Briefing and Briefing Cards, Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) Brace for Impact Biomechanics, and 14 CFR 25.803 Emergency Evacuation.
• National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB, United States): Special Investigation Report on Emergency Evacuation of Commercial Airplanes and Survival Factors in Post-Crash Cabin Fires.
• Civil Aviation Authority (CAA, United Kingdom): CAP 789 Requirements and Guidance Material for Operators: Passenger Brace Positions and Cabin Safety Procedures.
• European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA, European Union): CS-25 Certification Specifications for Large Aeroplanes and Cabin Safety Information Bulletins on High-Altitude Decompression.
• Transport Canada (Canada): TP 12295 Flight Attendant Manual Standard: Decompression, Hypoxia Time of Useful Consciousness, and Ditching Survival.
• International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO, International): Doc 10086 Manual on Information and Instructions for Passenger Safety.

Jẹmọ awọn itọsọna¶

• Carbon monoxide and smoke inhalation first aid
• Crowd crush ati stampede iwalaaye
• Burns and scalds first aid
• Head injuries and concussion triage
• Hypothermia and cold-water exposure
• Emergency numbers directory