Te whakahekenga o te kaa waka rererangi, te tuunga awhi, me te whakatahi¶

Ko te waka rererangi arumoni o naianei te huarahi haumaru rawa atu mo te kawe papatipu i roto i te hitori, engari ko nga wa ohorere i roto i te rererangi penei i te paheketanga o te kaa kaaina ohorere, te ngaru o te rangi-marama, te kaha o te wai wai, me te rere o te huarahi e hiahia ana kia tere tonu te whakautu a-tinana mai i nga kaihihi. I te wa e pakaru ana te hanganga, te ngoikore ranei o te punaha whakahaere taiao i te teitei o te 10,600 ki te 12,200 mita (35,000 ki te 40,000 putu), he iti rawa te pehanga hau o waho o te waka ki te kawe i nga ngota ngota hāora puta noa i te kiriuhi huhu tangata ki roto i te toto. Ki te kore he hauora taapiri, ka kore e taea e te hypoxia cerebral te kaha te pakeke hauora i roto i te 15 ki te 30 hēkona. Waihoki, i te wa o te paahitanga ka ora, ka paopao ranei i te huarahi rere, ka pa te upoko tuarua ki te tuara o mua me te kaa kaa kaa ka puhipuhi te nui o nga whara me nga mate.

Ko te ora i te ohorere rererangi ka whakawhirinaki ki te whakahaere i nga tikanga motuhake e toru o te tinana me te miihini me te kore e whakaroa: te whakamau i to kanohi hāora i roto i te 5 hēkona o te tukunga i mua i te awhina i tetahi atu, maukati i to anga ki roto i te tuunga tukinga kua whakamanahia e te biomechanically ki te whakakore i nga whara o te whiu tuarua, me te wehe i te whare rererangi i roto i te matapihi o te 90-hekona e pa ana ki te peeke. Ko tenei aratohu matawhānui e hipoki ana i te ahupūngao o te hypoxia teitei, te mahi whakangao hāora matū, nga miihini whirihoranga nohoanga, te paoa auahi me te whakatere aroa, te ngaru me te whakapoipoi kinetics kiriata, me te oranga i muri i te whakatahitanga i runga i te whenua, i te wai ranei.

Mahia tenei inaianei¶

Mena ka puta he ohorere i runga i te waka rererangi arumoni, i te waka rererangi motuhake ranei, whai i enei e ono nga mahi whakaora ora tonu i runga i te wahanga o te ohorere:

1. Toia ki raro, ka mau tonu i to kanohi hāora tata ki te taka te kanohi kanohi: Hopukia te kapu kowhai tata, toia ki raro kia toia te titi pupuri mai i te kaihanga matū, pania te kanohi kanohi ki runga i to ihu me to waha, ka manawa noa. Kia mau tonu to kanohi kanohi i mua i te ngana ki te tuu i te kanohi kanohi ki runga i te tamaiti, i te kohungahunga, i te kaihihi tata ranei.
2. Whakamaua, kia mau te whitiki o tou huha kia iti, kia mau ki runga i ou koiwi hope: I nga wa e heke ana te heke, te matohi ohooho, me te whakarite mo te tauranga ohorere, toia te whitiki whitiki kia mau tonu ki to pelvis (iliac crest), kaua rawa e puta i to puku ngohe, kia kore ai to tinana e rere whakamua i raro i te paheketanga o te paheketanga.
3. Whakaritea te tuunga awhi tika i runga i te whakahau "Awhi, Awhi": Mena kei mua i a koe he nohoanga, me anga whakamua ki mua ka taea, whakapumau to rae, kauae ranei ki te tuara o mua (whakawhitia ranei o ringaringa ki runga i te tuuru ka pehia to rae ki roto i o ringaringa), ka whakatohia o waewae ki runga i te papa i muri tata i ou turi.
4. ** Tatauhia te tau tika o nga rarangi nohoanga ki o putanga e rua e tata ana**: Titiro whakamua me te whakamuri i naianei ki te kimi i nga kuaha puta ohorere tata e rua, nga pao runga ake ranei, me te tatau tinana te maha o nga turanga mahunga o te nohoanga i waenga i to rarangi me nga putanga e rua kia taea ai e koe te ngoki ki a ratou ma te pa anake i roto i te auahi pango matotoru, kore-kitea.
5. Waihohia nga peke kawe katoa, peketua, rorohiko rorohiko, me nga putea kei muri: Ina whakahau te kaihopu rererangi "Whakaputaina, Whakatere" ranei "Wewetehia nga whitiki nohoanga ka puta ki waho," ka tuku i to whitiki ka neke tonu ki roto i te aroa me nga ringaringa kau. Ko te kapo i nga tueke o runga ka aukati i te aroa, ka tahae hekona utu nui mai i nga kaihihi i muri i a koe, ka werohia nga kiriata mawhiti.
6. ** Peke atu ki runga i te paheketanga whakahiato ka neke 100 mita (330 putu) ki runga i te hau**: I te paepae putanga, whitihia o ringa ki runga i to uma, peke ki runga i te tuunga e noho ana ki runga i te paheketanga pupuhi me te kore e noho ki runga i te anga o te kuaha i te tuatahi, ka oma neke atu i te 100 mita (330 putu) matara atu i te waka o te rohe i mua i te waea atu. tau ohorere (911 i Amerika me Kanata, 112 puta noa i te Kotahitanga o Europi, 999 i te United Kingdom) mena kei waho i te taunga rererangi.

Tactical decision tree for in-flight and crash emergencies¶

Whakamahia tenei rakau whakatau whakahaere ki te mahi i nga mahi ora tonu e hiahiatia ana mo te whakahekenga teitei, te whakamarutanga o te paanga, te whakatahitanga whare i muri i te tukinga.

flowchart TD
    Start["Korekoretanga i roto i te Rererangi, Whakaoho, Whakahau Kaihoko ranei"] --> Phase{"1. What type of emergency is occurring?"}
    Phase -->|"Oxygen masks drop from PSU"| MaskPull["Pull Nearest Mask Sharply Downward to Activate Chemical Flow"]
    Phase -->|"Prepare for Impact or Brace Command"| BeltTight["Cinch Seatbelt Low and Tight Across Pelvic Bones; Remove Sharp Objects from Pockets"]
    Phase -->|"Waka Rererangi: Whakarere Whakahau"| DropBags["Waiho nga Peeke Kawea Katoa me nga Waea kei muri; Tukua te whitiki nohoanga"]

    MaskPull --> SelfFirst["Whakaorangia te kanohi ki runga i to ihu me to waha i te tuatahi; Manawa noa"]
    SelfFirst --> HelpOthers["Awhina i nga tamariki, i nga hoa tata haunga ranei; Kia mau te kanohi ki raro i te 3,000 mita (10,000 Pue)"]
    HelpOthers --> DescentBrace["Fasten Seatbelt Tightly for Rapid Emergency Dive Descent"]

    BeltTight --> SeatDist{"2. Can you reach the seatback in front of you?"}
    SeatDist -->|"Yes: Standard economy pitch"| HeadAgainst["Place Forehead Against Crossed Forearms on Forward Seatback; Feet Flat Behind Knees"]
    SeatDist -->|"No: Bulkhead or high-pitch row"| ChestKnees["Bend Torso Down onto Thighs; Wrap Arms Under Knees; Tuck Chin to Chest"]

    DropBags --> SmokeCheck{"3. Is the cabin filled with dark smoke or fire?"}
    SmokeCheck -->|"Yes: Smoke banking down"| StayLow["Drop Below Smoke Layer; Count Seat Rows by Touch to Nearest Usable Exit"]
    SmokeCheck -->|"No: Clear cabin air"| MoveFast["Walk Rapidly to Nearest Exit; Look Outside Window for Fire or Debris Before Opening"]
    StayLow --> ExitType{"4. Land slide vs. Overwing vs. Water Ditching?"}
    MoveFast --> ExitType
    ExitType -->|"Door Slide (Land)"| SlideJump["Tango Rekereke teitei; Ripeka Arms; Peke Noho ki runga Kiriata; Rere 100 Metera (330 Puawai) Runga Mata"]
    ExitType -->|"Pao runga"| WingExit["Toia Pao ki Roto, Toia ki waho ki te Pakau; Whaia nga Pere Hikoi Pango ki te Wing Trailing Edge Slide"]
    ExitType -->|"Te Whakaheke Wai"| WaterExit["Don Life Vest Uninflated; Inflate ONLY After Clearing Doorway or Overwing Frame"]

Te whakahekenga o te kaaina teitei me te tinana hypoxia¶

Ka rere nga waka rererangi tauhokohoko ki te paparangi o runga me te stratosphere o raro i te teitei i waenga i te 9,100 mita (30,000 putu) me te 13,100 mita (43,000 putu), kei reira te hau angiangi e whakaiti ana i te toia aerodynamic me te kai wahie. No te mea kare e taea e te tangata te ora i roto i taua taiao, ka pehia e te miihini te hau, te miihini hiko ranei, ka pehia te papa o te waka rererangi ki te teitei o te 1,800 ki te 2,400 mita (6,000 ki te 8,000 waewae).

1. Te Ture a Dalton, te pehanga o te hauora alveolar, me te whakamaoritanga whakamuri¶

Ko te pohehe noa he iti ake te paheketanga o te hau o te hau teitei. I roto i te meka, ko te hāora kei te 21 paihēneti o te kōhauhau mai i te taumata o te moana ki te pito o te ātea. Ko te mea tino rerekee me te teitei ko phanga barometric (te taumaha katoa o nga ngota ngota hau e pehi ana ki raro).

• Te pehanga o te moana: I te taumata o te moana, ko te 760 millimeters o te mercury (mmHg), te 1,013.25 hectopascals (hPa) te pehanga hau. He nui te pehanga o te hāora (\(PO_2\) tata ki te 100 mmHg i roto i te pūkahukahu alveoli) ki te akiaki i nga ngota ngota hāora puta noa i te kiriuhi angiangi alveolar-capillary ka herea ki te hemoglobin i roto i o toto toto whero (e hua ana te 97 ki te 99 ōrau o te hauhā toto).
• Te pehanga teitei o te moana: I te 10,600 mita (35,000 putu), ka heke te pehanga barometric o waho ki te 179 mmHg (iti iho i te hauwha o te pehanga taumata moana). I te 12,200 mita (40,000 waewae), ka heke ki te 141 mmHg.
• Whakamuri whakamuri i te wa o te whakaheke tere: Ki te rahua kino te papa kiri whariki, te hiri kuaha utanga, te whakamarumaru o te waka, te matapihi pouaka ranei i te 11,500 mita (38,000 waewae), ka rere te hau ki waho o te whare i roto i te 1 ki te 3 hēkona. Ko te pehanga o te hāora i roto i ō pūkahukahu ka heke tonu ki raro i te pēhanga wāhanga o te hāora kua memeha kē i roto i ō toto uaua e hoki mai ana i tō tinana. Engari i te tango i te hāora mai i te hau, ka huri whakamuri te hāora i roto i to toto ka uru ki roto i te hau i a koe e whakaha ana. I roto i te 12 ki te 15 hēkona, ko te wa tika e haere ai te toto deoxygenated mai i o ngongo ma roto i to ngakau ki to uho roro, ka kati to roro.

2. Wā o te Maharahara Whaihua (TUC) ma te teitei¶

Aviation physiologists at the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) define Time of Useful Consciousness (TUC) (also called Effective Performance Time) as the maximum window between the loss of cabin pressure and the moment an individual can no longer perform simple, purposeful physical tasks (such as pulling down an oxygen mask). During a rapid or explosive decompression (where cabin air is ripped from the lungs simultaneously), TUC is cut in half compared to slow decompression.

3. How passenger chemical oxygen generators work (and why you smell burning)¶

When cabin altitude climbs past 4,200 meters (14,000 feet), barometric switches automatically pop open the latches on the overhead Passenger Service Unit (PSU) panels above every seat row, inside every lavatory, and at flight attendant stations, dropping yellow silicone cup masks on lanyard cords.

1. Why you must yank the mask downward: On most narrow-body aircraft, passenger oxygen is produced on demand by a solid chemical oxygen generator canister inside the overhead panel. Each mask lanyard is tied to a metallic retaining pin on the canister firing mechanism. Simply holding the dangling cup to your face does nothing. You must pull the mask firmly downward toward your lap to yank the retaining pin out, releasing a spring-loaded firing pin that strikes a percussion cap.
2. The sodium chlorate exothermic reaction: Striking the percussion cap ignites a solid core of sodium chlorate (\(NaClO_3\)) and iron powder (\(Fe\)). As the iron burns inside the canister, it heats the sodium chlorate above 250 degrees Celsius (482 degrees Fahrenheit), releasing pure gaseous oxygen (\(2NaClO_3 \rightarrow 2NaCl + 3O_2\)).
3. Why the bag does not inflate and why the cabin smells like smoke:
4. The green reservoir bag stays flat: The green plastic reservoir bag hanging beneath the yellow cup is an accumulator, not a bellows pump. The generator produces a steady trickle of pure oxygen (roughly 4 liters per minute) that mixes with cabin air when a one-way valve opens as you inhale. As long as you pulled the lanyard pin out, oxygen is flowing, so keep the mask strapped to your face.
5. Heat and dusty burning smell: The chemical reaction inside the ceiling panel reaches surface temperatures of 230 to 260 degrees Celsius (450 to 500 degrees Fahrenheit), scorching trace dust on the canisters and producing an acrid burning odor and faint haze. Do not mistake this normal generator odor for an in-flight cabin fire.
6. The steep emergency dive: Once triggered, a chemical oxygen generator cannot be turned off and lasts for strictly 12 to 22 minutes. Consequently, the flight crew must immediately deploy speedbrakes and pitch the aircraft nose down into an aggressive emergency descent, plunging at 1,200 to 1,800 meters per minute (4,000 to 6,000 feet per minute), to reach a breathable altitude of 3,000 meters (10,000 feet) before the canisters burn out. Stay seated with your belt tightly fastened and your mask on until the pilots announce that the aircraft is at a safe breathing altitude.

Te ahupūngao pānga me te hangarau koiora o te tūnga awhi tukinga¶

E kii ana tetahi korero pakiwaitara ko nga tuunga awhi waka rererangi i hangaia hei wawahi i nga kaki, hei pupuri ranei i nga rekoata niho. I roto i te meka, ko nga whakamatautau taraiwa me nga tirotiro tukinga a te FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI), te UK CAA, me te EASA e whakaatu ana ko te tuunga awhi tetahi o nga tikanga whakaora ora tino whai hua i roto i te rererangi.

1. Te whakakore i te "flail velocity" me te "jackknifing"¶

I te wa o te taunga kaha, ka hinga nga taputapu, te haerenga huarahi ranei, ka wheako te waka rererangi i nga mana whakaheke whakamua me te poutū mai i te \(6g\) ki te \(16g\). Mena kei te noho tika koe ina pa ana te waka rererangi ki tetahi arai:

1. The jackknife flail arc: I te wa e mauhia ana to pelvis e te whitiki nohoanga, ka anga whakamua to uwha o runga me to mahunga ki mua huri noa i te whitiki huha ano he whiu. Neke atu i te 0.5 ki te 0.8 mita (20 ki te 32 inihi) o te waahi tuwhera i waenga i to mahunga tika me te tuuru kei mua i a koe, ka tere haere to mahunga ki te anga o te kaa, ka eke ki te tere paanga tuarua o 12 ki te 18 mita ia hekona (27 ki te 40 maero ia haora) ina pa ana to angaanga ki te anga nohoanga whakamua.
2. I mua i te utaina o te mata paanga: Ma te piko ki mua me te whakanoho i to rae me to ringa ki runga i te tuuru kei mua i a koe *i mua i te paahitanga, ka whakaitihia e koe te tawhiti ki te kore. Engari i te tere tere puta noa i te hau tuwhera, ka tere haere to tinana o runga ki te taha o te hanganga nohoanga o mua, he mea hanga ki nga inihi pakaru-a-ringa.
3. Te aukati i te pakaru o te moana me te whati waewae: Ma te pupuri i o waewae kia paku ki runga i te papa kei muri o ou turi ka aukati i to hiwi ki te whana whakamua ki roto i te ngongo nohoanga whakarewa kei mua i a koe (e whati ana te tibias me nga ponawaewae, e kore ai e puta) me te aukati i to pelvis kia kore e paheke i raro i te whitiki tuuru") ("e whara kino ai i raro i te whitiki o raro") whatiwhati.

2. Nga tuunga awhi-a-taahiraa mo ia whirihoranga nohoanga¶

Whakamahia te tuunga hangarau koiora e rite ana ki to tahora nohoanga:

STANDARD ECONOMY BRACE POSITION (Side Profile):
   [Forward Seatback]
         ||  <-- Forehead resting firmly against crossed forearms on seatback
         || (O)___
         ||  \    \___  <-- Torso folded low over thighs (zero flail gap)
         ||   \_______\
         ||      ||  [Pelvis] <-- Lap belt cinched low and tight over hip bones
         ||      ||    //
   ======||======||===//===== [Cabin Floor]

            Feet planted flat slightly BEHIND knee line

Ko te paerewa 90-hekona o te rerenga, te auahi o te whare, me nga miihini puta¶

I raro i nga paerewa tohu tohu rererangi o te ao (FAA 14 CFR 25.803 me EASA CS 25.803), me kaha nga waka rererangi arumoni ki te whakatahi i te kawenga o nga kaihihi i roto i te pouri i roto i te 90 hēkona ma te whakamahi 50 ōrau noa o nga putanga ohorere e waatea ana.

1. He aha te take i noho ai te ture 90-tuarua: te ahupūngao i muri i te tukinga¶

Ka tuki, ka whakakorehia ranei e te waka rererangi te rere, ka pakaru te taika wahie, ka mura te hinuhinu Jet-A ki te taha o te waka. Ko nga whakamatautau weranga-a-tinana e whakaatu ana ka rewa te ahi puna o waho i te kiri konumohe me nga matapihi kiriaku i roto i te 45 ki te 60 hēkona. Kia mura te mura o roto me nga urunga polyurethane, ka heke tere te paoa pango paitini i roto i te hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, me te hydrogen chloride i te tuanui.

Tata ki te 90 ki te 120 hēkona, ka eke nga hau wera nui i te tuanui ki te wera-aunoa o te 600 nga nekehanga Celsius (1,100 nga nekehanga Fahrenheit), ka puta he kaahuri kaapene ka puta te katoa o roto ki te ahi i te wa kotahi. Ia hekona e whakaroa ana i roto i te aroa e te kaihihihi e tiki ana i tetahi awheawhe mai i te ipu i runga ka whakararu tika i nga kaihihi ka mau nga rarangi i muri ia ratou.

2. Te whakatere i te auahi mototoru me te tatau rarangi whawha¶

Mena ka uru te auahi ki roto i te whare i muri i te paanga, ka heke iho te tirohanga ki raro i te 0.3 mita (1 putu) i roto i nga hēkona, e huna ana i nga tohu putanga o runga.

1. Me noho iti ki raro i te apa auahi: Wewetehia to whitiki nohoanga ka taka ki roto i te piko iti, ka ngoki ranei i runga i ou ringa me ou turi, kia mau to ihu me to waha i roto i te 30 ki te 45 henemita (12 ki te 18 inihi) o nga papa mawhiti ara-papa.
2. Tiakihia to ararererangi: Toia te kara o to koti, to koti ranei ki runga i to ihu me to waha ki te tarai i nga matūriki o te werawera, me te manawa o to ihu.
3. Tatauhia nga rarangi nohoanga ma te pa: Reretia tetahi ringa ki runga i nga tuunga ringa o te aroa, tatauhia ia rarangi kia rongo koe i te whanui atu o te aputa rarangi putanga. I roto i nga tukinga tuturu, tae atu ki te 70 paiheneti o nga kaihihi e kuhu ana ki te kuaha o mua i uru ai ratou, ahakoa he rua rarangi e rua nga rarangi kei muri i te pao kei muri.

3. Momo Mahi III e pao ana nga matapihi ma te haumaru¶

Mena kei te noho koe i roto i te rarangi putanga kei runga ake, me whakahaere e koe taua pao ina mutu te waka rererangi me te whakahau a nga kauhoe kia puta:

1. Whakaarohia nga ahuatanga o waho ma te matapihi tuatahi (2 hēkona): Tirohia te matapihi pao i mua i te pa ki te kakau. Ki te kite koe i te mura, te paowa pango matotoru, te wai hohonu ranei kei waho o taua parirau, kaua e whakatuwheratia taua pao. Tuhia nga ringa e rua ki runga i te pao, karanga "Putatu Kua Araia, Haere Whakawhiti / Hoki Whakamuri", ka huri i nga kaihihi ki nga putanga ka taea.
2. Te whakatuwhera i te pao iri me te pao mono ka taea te tango:
3. Ngā pao hinged hou (Boeing 737 Next Generation / MAX): Toia te kakau o runga whakararo ki raro, whakaroto. Ka piu aunoatia te pao ki waho me te whakarunga i roto i te 1 hēkona ma te whiri pneumatic.
4. Ko nga pao momo mono ka taea te tango (Airbus A320 whanau me nga jet tawhito): Tangohia te uhi kuti, toia te kakau whero o runga ki roto ki te wetewete i te 15- ki te 20 kirokararama (33- ki te 45-pauna) mono matapihi, hikitia mai i te paepae, ka **maka te pao taimaha ki waho ki runga i te parirau kei mua i te waka.
5. Ka puta ki runga i te parirau: Haere i roto i te upoko anga-tuatahi me te waewae kotahi, ka hikoi ki runga i te mata o te parirau kore-paheke, ka whai i nga pere arataki pango kua peitaa ki te **taha (muri) o te parirau, kei reira ka horahia aunoatia te kiriata o waho-parirau. Kaua rawa e peke atu i te mata o mua (mua) o te pakau, e noho ana ki runga ki te 4 mita (13 putu) ki runga ake i te whenua i mua i nga miihini jet.

4. Nga kiriata rerenga kuaha: te peke me te noho¶

Ko nga kuaha o te kaaina matua kua whakakakahuhia ki nga kiriata mawhiti hauota-whakanuia ka horahia i roto i te 3 ki te 6 hēkona ka whakatuwheratia i te aratau Armed.

• Ki te kore te kiriata e pupuhi aunoa: Titiro ki te paepae paepae kuaha ka toia te kakau pikinga a-ringa whero kua tohua "PULL TO INFLATE".
• Me pehea te eke ki runga i te kiriata i te tere tere: Kaua rawa e noho ki runga i te paepae kuaha i te tuatahi, ka tapahia kia haurua te tere o te rerenga. Whakawhitihia o ringaringa ki runga i to uma ka peke totika ki waho ki te tuunga noho, ka tau ki runga i to reke me te tuara o runga ki te pikitanga o runga o te kiriata.
• Te pupuri i te kohungahunga, i te tamaiti iti ranei: Poia te tamaiti ki runga i to uma kia mau nga ringa e rua ki a ia, ka peke ki runga i te kiriata ma te noho.

Ko te oranga o te wai wai: he kakahu ora, he mahanga whakaahuru puta, me nga mokete¶

Ko te taunga kaha ki runga i te wai (whakaheke) e rua nga morearea whakamate ahurei i muri i te paheketanga: te pikinga o te kakahu ora i roto i te whare me te te wai makariri/te werawera.

1. Ko te ture matua mo te tuku wai: kaua rawa e pupuhi to koti ora ki roto i te whare¶

Ko to koti ora kowhai kowhai ka mau ki roto i te pukoro i raro i to paraharaha nohoanga (i te ohanga) kei roto ranei i te papatohu o te pokapu / wehenga-waewae (i te pakihi me te akomanga tuatahi). I te wa e whakarite ana i te ruku:

1. Toia te pukoro ki waho, haea kia tuwhera, kuhua te koti kowhai ki runga i to mahunga me nga ngongo pikinga e anga whakamua ana, takai te here tukutuku pango ki to hope, ka mau i te topenga ki mua, ka toia te here hope.
2. Kaua e toia nga takahuri pikinga whero ki roto i te waka rererangi: Ki te pakaru te waka ka tere te waipuke o te wai ki roto i te whare, ka toia nga takahuri pikinga \(\text{CO}_2\) whero ki roto i te whare ka huri koe hei puru tangata. Ko te 16 kirokaramu (35-pauna) te kaha kaha ake o te koti ruuma rua kua piki ake, ka titi to mahunga me to tuara ki runga i nga ipu tueke i runga ake i te pikinga o te wai. Na te mea karekau koe e kaha ki te kauhoe ki raro* ki raro i te wai i te wa e mau ana koe i te koti ora, ka mau koe ki te tuanui o te whare kare e taea te ruku ki raro kia tae atu ki te kuaha kua rukuhia, ki te anga pao runga ranei.
3. Ahea e kumea ai nga takahuri whero: Taria kia puta katoa to tinana ki waho o te anga kuaha (ka tu ranei ki waho i runga i te mata o te parirau i te wa e puta atu ana) i mua i te toia o nga ripa pikinga whero ki raro. Ki te kore te puoto \(\text{CO}_2\) e pupuhi i tetahi ruma e rua ranei, pupuhi ki roto i nga ngongo pikinga waha rapa whero i tetahi taha o to kara. (Tuhipoka: Mo nga kohungahunga me nga tamariki iti kei raro iho i te 4 nga tau, ka taea e koe te pupuhi tetahi ruuma o to ratou koti ki roto i te kaaina mena karekau e kaha te waipuke o te kaa ki runga ake i te taumata hope, ka pupuhi tonu ranei ina tae ki te paepae).

2. Te whakamahi i nga riiki me te wai matao ora¶

• Ka eke ki runga i te waka reti-raft: I runga i nga waka rererangi whaiti-tinana-whanui me te wai-a-roto, ko nga kiriata whakahiato kuaha matua he ruma maha whakaheke-rakau. Kaua e peke ki roto i te wai o te moana mena ka horahia he riiki; hikoi tika mai i te kuaha o te kaapene ki runga i te riipene maanu me te kore e makuku. Ma te noho maroke ka whakaitihia te mate wera o te tinana ma te 25 i whakaritea ki te ruku ia koe ki te wai moana makariri.
• Te wetewete i te riiki-raft mai i te waka e totohu ana: Kia eke nga morehu katoa ki runga i te raft, toia te papanga papanga ki te taha o te pae apiti o te kuaha (te pae whitiki), toia te kakau tuku, whakamahia ranei te maripi pupuri maanu kua piri ki te kara raft ki te motu i te raina pupuri kia kore e toia te raiti ki raro i te wai.
• Tuhinga Awhina wai-Matao me te Huddle: Ki te pehia koe ki te wai matao me te kore he mokihi, kia mau tonu o kakahu me o hu (ka mauhia he papa wai rohe ki te taha o to kiri). Toia o turi ki runga ki to uma ka whiti i o ringaringa i roto i te Heat Escape Lessening Posture (HELP), kia mau ranei nga ringa ki te porowhita (Huddle) me etahi atu morehu huri noa i te rama rama maanu i runga i ou kakahu ora kia tae mai nga waka topatopa, waka ranei.

Ko te haumaru o te whenua i muri i te whakatahitanga me te whakamatautau hauora¶

I te wa i pa ai o waewae ki te tarmac, te tarutaru, te paru ranei i raro o te rerenga rerenga, kei roto tonu koe i te rohe kino whakamate o te ahi rererangi i muri i te tukinga.

1. Whakatikahia te raro o te kiriata tere: Huri whakamua ki runga i ou waewae ka oma mai i te take o te kiriata i roto i te 1 hēkona kia kore ai te kaihihi e heke iho ki raro i te 6 mita mo ia hekona (13 maero ia haora) e kore e pa mai o ratou rekereke ki to tuara, mahunga ranei.
2. Oma kia 100 mita (330 putu) ki runga i te hau: Titiro ki te ahunga e pupuhi ana te auahi mai i te waka rererangi ka oma whakarunga (ki te hau) me te piki ki runga mena ka rere te wahie puta noa i te whenua. Ko nga waka rererangi hou e mau ana i te tekau mano rita o te karahihini Jet-A ki roto i o ratou parirau me o ratou waka taika waka; he taika wahie e pupuhi ana, e wera ana ranei te parirau waro-wao hiato ka tuku i nga kapua paitini o nga muka waro mokitokito me nga hau hauwaiwai/waiwaiwai i raro i te hau.
3. Kaua rawa e kuhu ano ki te waka mo etahi take: Kaua rawa e piki whakamuri ki runga i te kiriata, ma te pakaru o nga parirau ki te tiki i tetahi kaikawe mokai, uruwhenua, rongoa, hoa ngaro ranei ina kitea ana te auahi. Tukuna atu nga nama tuuru kua ngaro tonu atu ki nga kaihopu Rescue and Firefighting (ARFF) kua tae mai.
4. Tirohia mo nga whati ira tuara huna me te hau auahi: Ka huna e Adrenaline nga whara kino i roto i te 15 meneti tuatahi i muri i te tukinga. Me noho nga morehu katoa ki raro i te waahi huihuinga whakararangi. Ko te tangata i hongi i te auahi o te whare, ahakoa e rua, e toru noa nga manawa o te hupa pango, me whiwhi 100 ōrau hāora me te aro mātai hōhipera ohorere mō te te paitini cyanide me te whakaroa i te edema pulmonary, ka pupuhi te huarahi rererangi mate i te 6 ki te 24 haora i muri i te rongo.

Ko te tango i te awhina tuatahi me te akoranga CPR mai i te Ripeka Whero, St John Ambulance, tetahi kaiwhakarato whaimana ranei o te rohe ka mau ki a koe nga pukenga mahi ki te whakahaere i te toto nui, ki te rongoa i nga weranga, me te whakaora i nga kaihihi i whara i te wa e tatari ana ki nga kaiwhakautu ohorere.

Pātai auau¶

Kua tirohia nga puna¶

• Federal Aviation Administration (FAA, United States): * Tohutohu Porohita AC 121-24D Pahipi Whakamarama Whakamarama korero me nga Kaari korero, Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) Brace for Impact Biomechanics, me te 14 CFR 25.803 Emergency Evacuation *.
• National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB, United States): *Ripoata Tirotiro Motuhake mo te Huringa ohorere o nga waka rererangi hokohoko me nga mea ora i roto i nga ahi i muri i te tukinga *.
• Mana Whakahaere Rererangi Tangata (CAA, United Kingdom): * CAP 789 Nga Whakaritenga me nga Rauemi Arataki mo nga Kaihanga: Nga Turanga Awhi Pahihi me nga Tikanga Haumaru Cabin*.
• European Union Aviation Agency Safety (EASA, European Union): *CS-25 Tiwhikete Whakatakotoranga mo nga Rererangi Nui me nga Panui Korero Haumaru Kaaana mo te Whakaaetanga Teitei-Teitei *.
• Transport Canada (Kanata): TP 12295 Rererangi Rererangi Manual Paerewa: Whakahekenga, Hypoxia Time of Useful Conciousness, and Ditching Survival.
• International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO, International): Doc 10086 Manual on Information and Instructions for Passenger Safety.

Nga kaiarahi e pa ana¶

• Ko te waro haukoha me te momi auahi te awhina tuatahi
• Crowd crush and stampede survival
• Ka wera me te wera te awhina tuatahi
• Ko nga whara o te mahunga me te tarai i te mahunga
• Te werawera me te wai matao
• Whaiaronga nama ohorere