Snowmobile Thin Ice Breakthrough ani Avalanche Airbag Lakanali¶

Ni i ye nɛgɛso boli ka tɛmɛ nɛnɛ kɔfɛ jamana kɔkan, o b’i bila kɔrɔtɔko teliyalen fila la: ka kɔji jikuruw kari ka kɛ ji nɛnɛman ye, ani ka jirisunba dɔ lawuli kulu dɔ kan. O ko fila bɛɛ bɛ farikolo-ɲɛnajɛ teliya de wajibiya sani farigan, farigan, walima nɛnɛ sutura ka ɲɛnamaya bali.

Aw bɛ o kɛ sisan¶

Ni aw ka nɛgɛso ye jikuruw kari ka kɛ ji nɛnɛman ye:

1. Aw bɛ masin bila joona. Aw bɛ nɛgɛso bila ka jigin. Aw kana a ɲini abada ka nɛgɛso boli walima ka a kisi kilogaramu 250 (kilo 550) nɛnɛma ma min bɛ ka jigin.
2. Aw bɛ aw ninakili kɔlɔsi. Farigan bɛ sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ bila mɔgɔ la min tɛ a yɛrɛ sago ye, min bɛ mɛn sekɔndi 60 kɔnɔ. Aw bɛ aw da datugu ji sanfɛ ani ka ninakili bɔ dɔɔni dɔɔni.
3. I kɔsegin i nana yɔrɔ min na. I kɔfɛ jikuruw ye i ka masin dɛmɛ waati dɔɔnin ka kɔn o ɲɛ. O ye jikuru barikama ye min bɛ sɔrɔ.
4. I ka jikuruw bila sen kan. Aw bɛ bolola jikuruw minɛ minnu bɛ don aw kɔ la. Aw bɛ nɛgɛberew turu ka ɲɛ jikuruw kɔnɔ.
5. Aw bɛ aw senw gosi ka taa a fɛ. Flutter bɛ aw senw gosi ni fanga ye walasa ka aw farikolo duguma da ji la, o bɛ dɔ bɔ girinya samali la.
6. Aw bɛ sama ka a wuli ka a wuli ka a bila jisigiyɔrɔ la. Aw bɛ a sama ni aw bolokɔniw ye ka aw sen don a la. Aw bɛ aw disi sɔgɔ jisuma kan, ka aw sɔgɔsɔgɔ ka taa ɲɛfɛ aw kɔnɔbara kan, ka aw biri ka a janya ka bɔ dingɛ na.

Ni aw ye jikuruba dɔ daminɛ walima ni aw ye a sɔrɔ kulu dɔ kan:

1. Aw bɛ aw ka avalanche airbag trigger sama o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ. Aw bɛ aw kamankun sirilan minɛ ka a sama ka jigin ka ɲɛ ni nɛnɛ bɛ kari taamasiɲɛ fɔlɔ la.
2. Aw bɛ nɛgɛso bila walasa aw kana pinɛ. Aw bɛ aw yɛrɛ gɛrɛ kulu la walima kɛrɛfɛ ka bɔ bolilanw kan. Snowmobile min bɛ bin, o bɛ se k’i mugumugu walima k’i sama a jukɔrɔ.
3. Aw bɛ kɛlɛ kɛ walasa ka to nɔgɔ lamagatɔw sanfɛ. Aw bɛ kɔkili walima ka jigin ni aw bolow ni aw senw ye walasa aw kun ka to nɛnɛ sanfɛ.
4. Aw bɛ fiɲɛbɔlan dɔ saniya sani nɛnɛ ka jɔ. Ni jikuruw bɛ ka dɔgɔya, aw bɛ aw bolo kelen kɛ aw nugu ni aw da kan. Nɛnɛ bɛ sigi i n’a fɔ bɛton segin damadɔ kɔnɔ a jɔlen kɔfɛ.
5. Aw bɛ bolokɔni walima bolo dɔ gɛrɛntɛ ka taa sanfɛ. Aw bɛ aw sen kelen kɔrɔta sanfɛ ka taa fiɲɛ fɛ walasa ka kisi ɲininikɛlaw dɛmɛ u ka se ka yelen ye.
6. Aw bɛ aw ka oksizɛni sɔrɔcogo mara. Ni lamaga jɔra, aw bɛ aw hakili sigi ani ka ninakili dɔɔni dɔɔni. Ka pɛrɛn k’a sɔrɔ i su donna, o bɛ oksizɛni tiɲɛ fo n’i ye kisibagaw mɛn sanfɛ yɛrɛ.

Glasi breakthrough physics, biologique cascade, ani minɛnw¶

Ni aw bɛ nɛgɛso boli ji nɛnɛma kan, o bɛ faratiba lase mɔgɔ ma bawo jikuruw janya bɛ wuli ka wuli k’a sɔrɔ aw ma lasɔmini ye. Jikuru dogolenw, jisumayɔrɔw, degunw, ani nɛnɛ min bɛ fɛnw tanga, olu bɛ jikuruw fanga dɔgɔya. Glasi fiziki ni ji nɛnɛma sudon dakunw faamuyali bɛ jusigilan di walasa ka kisi ɲɛtaa dɔ ma.

1-10-1 ji nɛnɛma ɲɛnamaya waatibolodacogo¶

Ni nɛgɛso bɛ jikuruw cɛtigɛ, i ka ɲɛnamaya bɛ bɔ ji nɛnɛma sudon waatibolodalen 1-10-1 la min sigira sen kan ji nɛnɛma farikoloɲɛnajɛlamɔgɔw fɛ:

• Taabolo fɔlɔ : Fariganbana jaabi (seginkanni 60 fɔlɔ). Fari nɛnɛ teliya bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka fiɲɛ bila a yɛrɛ sago la, o kɔfɛ fiɲɛbɔ jugumanba bɛ kɛ. Ni aw ye ji fiyɛ fiɲɛ bilali daminɛ na, o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka aw yɛrɛ su o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ. Aw ka kan ka aw da datugu, ka siran kɛlɛ, ka nin miniti kuuru in kɛ ka aw ninakiliw sabati.
• Taabolo 2nan : Nɛnɛ fanga dɔgɔyali (miniti 10 nataw). Ji nɛnɛ bɛ funteni fanga bila ka taa farikolo la teliya la siɲɛ 25 ka tɛmɛ fiɲɛ nɛnɛ kan. Miniti 5 fo miniti 10 kɔnɔ, farikolojidɛsɛ bɛ farikolo yɔrɔw ni farikolo yɔrɔw nɛnɛ. Minɛ fanga bɛ dɔgɔya ni kɛmɛsarada la 80 ye, o bɛ i ka se ban ka jikuruw minɛ walima ka i yɛrɛ sama ka bɔ. Yɛrɛ kisi ka kan ka kɛ o finɛtiri in waati la.
• Taabolo 3nan : Farigan dɔgɔyali kɛnɛyaso la (lɛrɛ 1 fo lɛri 2). Farigan jugumanba, min ɲɛfɔlen don i n’a fɔ farikolo funteni hakɛ min bɛ jigin ka tɛmɛ 35 °C kan, o bɛ miniti 30 fo miniti 60 de wajibiya baliku la min bɛ ni fonɛnɛ fini don. Ni aw ka fiɲɛbɔyɔrɔ tora ji sanfɛ flotation suit fɛ, aw bɛ se ka to aw hakili la fo lɛri kelen hali ni motɛri kunkanko banna.
• Fase 4: Circum-rescue collapse. A bɔli senfɛ walima a bɔli kɔfɛ, tansiyɔn jiginni barikama walima kɔnɔbara basigilen bɛ se ka dusukun jɔ. Joli nɛnɛ bɛ segin ka bɔ a dakunw na ka taa dusukun na, o bɛ kɔnɔbara basigilen bila mɔgɔ la. Kisilikɛlaw ka kan ka mɔgɔ minnu tɔɔrɔla, olu minɛ nɔgɔya la, u jɔcogo tilennen na.

Snowmobile girinya dinamiki ani jikuruw dɛsɛ mekanikiniw¶

Bi sirabakan-motoba dɔ girinya bɛ kilo 200 ni kilogaramu 320 cɛ (kilo 705) jalen. Ni aw ye sɛnɛfɛnw, doni ani baliku bolibaga fara a kan, o bɛ baarakɛ doni barikama dɔ lawuli kilo 320 ni kilo 480 (kilo 1058) cɛ.

Ni nɛgɛso bɛ taama jikuruw cɛma, a bɛ jikuruba dɔ lawuli min bɛ jikuruw labɔ dugukolo jukɔrɔ. Ni masin bɛ taa kilomɛtɛrɛ 15 ni kilomɛtɛrɛ 35 cɛ, ji jukɔrɔla jikuru teliya bɛ bɛn mobili teliya ma. O rezɔn bɛ flexural stress bonya, ka jikuruw kari minnu bɛ se ka masin jɔlen dɔ dɛmɛ n’o tɛ.

Glasi jɔcogo suguyaw:

1. Glasi bulu walima nɛrɛmuguma jɛlen. A bɛ sɔrɔ ji lafiyalen nɛnɛni fɛ dɔɔni dɔɔni. Nin ye jikuru suguya barikama ye. Santimɛtɛrɛ 13 fo santimɛtɛrɛ 18 (santimɛtɛrɛ 5 fo 7) ka kan ka kɛ nɛgɛso kelen na.
2. Nɛnɛ finman walima nɛnɛ. A bɛ sɔrɔ ni nɛnɛ bɛ fa ji la jisigiyɔrɔ sanfɛ ka segin ka nɛnɛ. Fiɲɛ bugun minnu sirilen don, jikuru finmanw bɛ jikuru jɛlenw fanga kɛmɛsarada la 50 dɔrɔn de la. A janya wajibiyalen bɛ kɛ siɲɛ fila fo santimɛtɛrɛ 26 fo santimɛtɛrɛ 36 (santimɛtɛrɛ 10 fo 14).
3. Slush ani river ice. Jikuru minnu bɛ jikuruw kan minnu bɛ taa, olu bɛ sɔgɔ a jukɔrɔ. Yɔrɔ lankolonw ni jikuruw yebaliw bɛ baji jikuruw barika dɔgɔya fo ka se kɛmɛsarada la 75 ma ka tɛmɛ kɔji jikuruw kan minnu janya bɛ bɛn ɲɔgɔn ma.

Sanu ka formula bɛ jateminɛ kɛcogo jɔnjɔn di injiniyɛri ma, min bɛ kɛ ka ɲɛsin kɔji kɔnɔ jikuru kura ni gɛlɛnw tacogo ma:

$\(h = C \sqrt{W}\)$ ye

Nin formula in kɔnɔ, \(h\) bɛ jikuruw janya jira insi la, \(W\) ye doni bɛɛ lajɛlen ye tɔni kɔnɔ (kilo 2000 tɔni kelen kɔnɔ), ani \(C\) ye lakanafɛn ye. Walasa ka taama kɛ ka taa a fɛ ni nɛgɛso ye jikuruw kan minnu ka ɲi kosɛbɛ, laadilikan kɔrɔlenw bɛ lakana hakɛ \(C\) de wajibiya min bɛ se 7 fo 8 ma, k’a sɛgɛsɛgɛ ko baarakɛ doni min ye tɔni 0,4 ye (kilo 800) bɛ santimɛtɛrɛ 13 (santimɛtɛrɛ 5) ɲini a dɔgɔyalenba la, jikuru bulu jɛlen, min ma kari.

Glasi yɛrɛ kisicogo ni jɛɲɔgɔn bɔli senfɛ-senfɛ¶

Ka bin jikuruw fɛ ka don dibi la, ji min bɛ zeru jukɔrɔ, o bɛ mɔgɔ hakili ɲagami. Butiki girinmanw, nɛgɛso finiw ani kasɛtiw bɛ kɛ i n’a fɔ u ka gɛlɛn. Fiɲɛ min sirilen bɛ nɛgɛso fini kɔnɔ, o bɛ wulicogo ɲuman di miniti damadɔ kɔnɔ. Fini ɲiginnenw bɛ ji dancɛ finman dɔ minɛ min bɛ funteni bɔnɛni bali.

Protocol 1 : Mɔgɔ kelen-kelen bɛɛ yɛrɛ kisi ni jikuruw ye¶

1. Aw bɛ aw farikolo ɲɛsin dondaw ma. Ni aw bɔra kɛnɛ kan dɔrɔn, aw bɛ a kɔsegin degere 180. I ye jikuru da min tigɛ sisan, o ye i ka masin dɛmɛ waati dɔɔnin ka kɔn o ɲɛ. Glasi min bɛ ɲɛfɛ, o ka fin, wa a tɛ sabati.
2. Aw bɛ jikuruw bila ka bɔ aw disi la. Aw kana jikuruw ta abada bɔrɔw kɔnɔ walima kɔfɛbaganw kɔnɔ. Aw bɛ u don ka u siri aw kɔ la walima ka u siri aw bolokɔniw na. Aw bɛ bolokɔni fila bɛɛ minɛ ka ɲɛ.
3. Aw bɛ pikirijikɛlanw bila ka taa a fɛ ka don tabali kɔnɔ. Aw bɛ aw bolo kɔrɔta ka taa ɲɛfɛ jikuru gɛlɛnw kan. Aw bɛ yɔrɔw gosi duguma ka kɛɲɛ ni u kamankun bonya ye. Aw bɛ aw digi duguma ka tɛmɛ jirisunw ka jirisun jɔlen fɛ sanni aw ka sama ka taa kɛnɛma tabali da la.
4. Adopt a horizontal swimming trim. Aw kana yele ka bɔ ka wuli ka jɔ i n’a fɔ ka jiginni kɛ jidagayɔrɔ la. Ni aw ye aw disi sama ka jɔ, o bɛ aw disi wajibiya ka aw bila jisuma dawolo la. Aw bɛ aw senw kɔrɔta aw kɔfɛ ani ka wuluwulu kɛ ni fanga ye.
5. Aw bɛ sama ni senna-bɔn kɛ ɲɔgɔn fɛ. Aw bɛ senna-tɛgɛrɛ kɛ kosɛbɛ ni aw ka butikiw ye walasa ka aw kɔkiliw bila ji la. Ni aw farikolo bɛ ka flakɛ, aw bɛ aw sanfɛla sama ka taa ɲɛfɛ ka taa jisigiyɔrɔ kan ni wuluwuluw ye. Aw bɛ aw sɛgɛn ka taa ɲɛfɛ i n’a fɔ sigilan min bɛ jikuruw kan.
6. Aw bɛ kɔnɔbara magali to a la ani ka a kuru. Ni aw kɔnɔbara ye jisuma dawolo saniya dɔrɔn, aw kana wuli. Aw bɛ to ka bolokɔniw jɛnsɛn ka caya walasa ka aw girinya tila. Aw bɛ a biri kɛrɛ fɛ jikuruw kan fo mɛtɛrɛ 15 ni kɔ sani aw ka wuluwulu.

Protocol 2: Yɛrɛ kisi ni jikuruw tɛ¶

Ni aw bɛ kari ni jikuruw tɛ, yɛrɛ kisi ka gɛlɛn bawo jikuru ɲiginnen bɛ ɲɔgɔn sɔsɔ min bɛ se ka kɛ zeru ye:

1. Aw bɛ dɛmɛnan dɔ dilan ni aw bolokɔniw ye. Aw bɛ aw bolokɔniw lafiɲɛ ka u kɛ jisuma kan. Ni funteni bɛ -10 °C duguma, ni aw ye bolokɔni ɲiginnenw bila ka nɛnɛ ka se jisuma ma fo sekɔndi 30, o bɛ mɔgɔ minɛ dɔɔni.
2. Aw bɛ aw senw gosi ka segin kɔfɛ ni fanga ye. Aw bɛ aw senw gosi ka taa duguma ka aw to jisuma na duguma ni aw disi ni aw bolokɔniw ye.
3. Aw bɛ baara kɛ ni konnɛgɛw walima nɛgɛminɛnw ye. Aw bɛ konnɛgɛw, bɔrɔ kɔnɔ baarakɛminɛnw, walima cɛsirilanw sɔgɔ jikuruw kɔnɔ walasa ka sannikɛyɔrɔ misɛnninw dilan.
4. Aw bɛ jikuru finmanw kari ka taa dɛmɛ sabatilen fan fɛ. Ni jikuru dawolo binna, aw bɛ to ka jikuru barikamaw kari ka taa kɔgɔjida la walima aw ka don sira fɛ fo ka se jikuru gɛlɛnw ma minnu bɛ aw farikolo minɛ.

Protocol 3: Ka sotigi dɔ kisi min bɛ ji la¶

Ka i taamaɲɔgɔn kisi, o bɛ faratiba lase mɔgɔ ma. Kisilikɛlaw ka teli ka gɛrɛ u gɛrɛfɛ kojugu, ka jikuruw tigɛ minnu tiɲɛna, ka kɛ mɔgɔ filananw ye minnu tɔɔrɔla.

1. Aw bɛ jɔli yɔrɔ janya mara. Aw bɛ nɛgɛso tɔw bɛɛ jɔ mɛtɛrɛ 30 ni kɔ. Motɛri yɛrɛyɛrɛ bɛ se ka kɛ sababu ye ka kari filananw lawuli.
2. Aw bɛ teliya ka cidenw wele joona. Aw bɛ se ka kuma kɔrɔtɔko baarakɛlaw fɛ (911 Ameriki ani Kanada, 112 Erɔpu, 999 Angletɛri). GPS coordinates tigitigiw ci ka bɔ i ka sled walima sateliti kumaɲɔgɔnyalan na.
3. Aw bɛ baara kɛ ni Waajuli, Se, fili, Layidu tacogo ye. Aw kana taama abada ka taa dingɛ da la.
   • Waajuli: Aw bɛ jatigɛwalekɛla bila a ka a ɲɛsin u dondaw ma, ka jiriw tigɛ, ka sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ kɛ ka taa a fɛ.
   • Se: Aw bɛ aw da jikuruw kan. Aw bɛ fɛn gɛlɛn dɔ janya i n’a fɔ jirisunba, jiribolo, ski, walima sɔgɔlan.
   • Fili: Aw bɛ fililan min bɛ panpan walima ɲɛnamaya-ji-minɛn min sirilen don sirilan dɔ la, o fili mɔgɔ minɛbaga disi kan.
   • Row or Go: Ka don ji la, o ye fɛɛrɛ laban ye min dan ye kisibaga degelenw ye minnu bɛ fini jalenw ni lakana sirilanw don.
4. Aw bɛ aw ka masa tilatila. Ni aw bɛ wuluwulu ka taa a tɔɔrɔbaga fan fɛ ni setigi ye, aw bɛ aw da duguma kisi kɔrɔtɔlenw ka sɛgɛnlafiɲɛbɔlan kan walima aw bɛ wuluwulu ka sɛnsɛn jikuruw kan.

Kɔrɔtɔko ladonni kɔfɛ bɔli kɔfɛ : ka a tali kɔfɛ¶

Ka bɔ ji nɛnɛman na, o ye ɲɛnamaya tilancɛ fɔlɔ dɔrɔn de ye. Ni a bilala fiɲɛ na min tɛ zeru duguma, fiɲɛ nɛnɛ bɛ farikolo nɛnɛ teliya, o bɛ na ni farigan ye min bɛ se ka mɔgɔ faga miniti damadɔ kɔnɔ ni sumaya segincogo juguw kɛra.

Farikoloɲɛnajɛ kɔfɛ-jigincogo¶

Ni joli nɛnɛ bɛ bɔ senw ni bolokɔniw lamini yɔrɔw la minnu jɔlen don, o bɛ segin ka taa farikolo kɔnɔna na, ni a bɛ sumaya kokura walima ni a bɛ lamaga cogo bɛnnen na. Nin joli nɛnɛ in bɛ dusukun tantanni jigin ni 1 °C ye ka se 3 °C ma (2 °F fo 5 °F), o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka kɔnɔbara basigilen bila.

1. Aw bɛ banabagatɔ to a jɔlen na ani a kana lamaga. Aw bɛ farikolo lamagacogo dɔgɔya. Aw kana a to sotigi kisilen ka taama, ka jɔ, ka boli, walima ka farikoloɲɛnajɛ kɛ walasa ka a sumaya. Farikolo sɔgɔsɔgɔli bɛ farikolo lamini joli nɛnɛman wajibiya ka don dusukun na.
2. Aw bɛ aw tanga fiɲɛ ma joona. Fiɲɛ nɛnɛbɔlanw bɛ sumaya joona ka tɛmɛ fiɲɛ lafiyalen kan. Aw bɛ nɛnɛba dɔ jɔ o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ, ka bivyw sigiyɔrɔ dɔ jɔ min bɛ kɛ waati naani kɔnɔ, walima ka nɛnɛba bolilenw bila i n’a fɔ fiɲɛbɔlan fiɲɛ fɛ min bɛ mɔgɔ minɛ.
3. Aw bɛ fini ɲiginnenw bɔ nɔgɔya la ka aw to aw dogoyɔrɔ la. Aw bɛ finiw tigɛ ka bɔ ni kolotugudaw sɛgɛsɛgɛli bɛ a ɲini ka lamaga ni fanga ye. Aw bɛ fɛn ɲiginnenw falen o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ ni wulu jalen ye, ni wuluwulu ye, ni finiw ye minnu bɛ duguma, walima ni sunɔgɔbaganw ye.
4. Aw bɛ lafiɲɛbɔlan dɔ da. Aw bɛ banabagatɔ siri lafiɲɛbɔlan kɔnɔ: aw bɛ yɔrɔlafini walima plastiki bɔgɔdaga kɛ ka a lamini insulasi jalen na, o kɔ aw bɛ kɛnɛma bivy shell kɛ min tɛ fiɲɛ bɔ. O bɛ funteni fanga minɛ ani ka funteni bɔnɛni jɔ.
5. Aw bɛ pake sumalenw ni jalenw kɛ a kɔnɔna dɔrɔn na. Aw bɛ kemikɛli funteni foroko walima jisuma buteli minnu sirilen don fini na, olu bila disi, kɔkiliw ani kɔkiliw la. Aw kana funteni pakew kɛ senw, bolokɔniw, bolow walima senw na abada. Ni aw bɛ a dakunw sumaya, o bɛ lamini joli siraw bonya ani ka jigin kɔfɛ teliya.
6. Aw bɛ ji sumalenw ni ji dumanw di a ma dɔrɔn ni aw kɔrɔtɔlen don kosɛbɛ. Ni banabagatɔ hakili bɛ a la, a bɛ a munumunu cogo bɛnnen na, ani a bɛ kuma ka kɛɲɛ ni ɲɔgɔn ye, aw bɛ te walima shɔ sumalen di a ma. Aw kana dɔlɔ, kafeyin walima minfɛn sumalenw di banabagatɔ ma abada min hakili tɛ a la.

Avalanche dynamique kan snowmobile dugukolo kan¶

Kuluw kan nɛgɛso bolilaw b’a to bolibagaw bɛ se ka yele kuluw kan minnu ka bon kosɛbɛ, minnu bɛ degere 30 ni 45 cɛ, yɔrɔ tigitigi min na, jirisunba tiɲɛniw bɛ bɔ yɔrɔ min na. Nɛgɛso bolilaw bɛ jamanaden caman jira minnu bɛ mɔgɔ faga kɔkanna-sɛnɛ kasaaraw la.

Snowmobile-triggered slab avalanches (slab avalanches) minnu bɛ kɛ ni nɛgɛso ye, olu ka fizik¶

Slab avalanche bɛ Kɛ ni nɛnɛ jɛlen dɔ bɛ Lajɔ jusigilan barikama dɔ kan min bɛ Se ka Bìn i n’a fɔ surface hoar walima depth hoar. Ni kɛnɛma degun tɛmɛna layini barikama ka sɔgɔli fanga kan, kari bɛ daminɛ ka jɛnsɛn kulu ɲɛda la ni teliya ye min bɛ tɛmɛ kilomɛtɛrɛ 300 kan sanga kɔnɔ.

Bololabaarakɛla ni kuluw kan nɛgɛso min fanga ka bon, olu bɛ doni dynamique point loads kɛ ka tɛmɛ skikɛla kan kosɛbɛ:

• Doni jɔlen: Snowmobile plus rider bɛ bɛn kilo 350 ma ka se kilo 450 ma (kilo 770 fo 990).
• Dynamic trenching load: Ni i bɛ ja, ni i bɛ jiginni kɛ, walima ni i bɛ kulu kɛrɛfɛ, firifiri sira bɛ nɛnɛ sɛgɛsɛgɛ ka jigin fo santimɛtɛrɛ 60 fo santimɛtɛrɛ 100 (insi 24 fo 39), ka masinw yɛrɛyɛrɛw lase k’u ɲɛsin layini barikamaw suturalenw ma.
• Yɔrɔjan sɔgɔli: Ikomi nɛgɛso bolilaw bɛ dugukolo belebelebaw datugu joona, tuma caman na, bolibagaw bɛ layini barikamaw wuli ka bɔ kuluba dɔ duguma, ka bɔ sigilan flakɛlenw na minnu bɛ jirisunba dɔ jukɔrɔ, walima ka tɛmɛn jirisunw kan minnu bɛ ɲɔgɔn kan, n’u bɛ mɛtɛrɛ kɛmɛ caman bɔ.

Avalanche airbag systems: mekaniki ni fizik¶

Avalanche airbag backpacks ye lakana sira kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw ye minnu dabɔra walasa ka sudon dafalen bali nɛnɛ bɛ taa yɔrɔ min na. Fiɲɛbɔlanw tɛ pan nɛnɛ sanfɛ i n’a fɔ ɲɛnamaya-ji-minɛn min bɛ ji kan. U bɛ baara Kɛ ni sariyakolo ye min bɛ Weele ko granulaire convection, n’a bɛ Fɔ a ma kosɛbɛ ko Berezil nut effect.

Fɛnɲɛnɛmako min bɛ wele ko convection granulaire (segregation inverse) .¶

Avalanche active kɔnɔ, nɔgɔ minnu bɛ lamaga, olu bɛ u yɛrɛ kɛ i n’a fɔ ji granulaire. Ni nɛnɛ min bɛ bin, o bɛ ka tiɲɛ ka jigin, masin yɛrɛyɛrɛ bɛ fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw tila-tila ka kɛɲɛ ni farikolo hakɛ ye:

1. Nɛnɛ misɛnninw bɛ sɛgɛn ka tɛmɛ yɔrɔ lakolonw fɛ fɛn belebelebaw jukɔrɔ lamaga waati.
2. O jigincogo in bɛ fɛn belebelebaw Wajibiya ka Taa san fɛ ka Taa sanfɛ.
3. Avalanche airbag system bɛ balon min bɛ mɛn, o fiyɛ min bɛ bonya bonya ni litiri 150 ye (5,3 cubic feet).
4. Ni dɔ farala farikolo hakɛ kan k’a sɔrɔ a ma fɛn girinman dɔ fara a kan, fiɲɛbɔlan bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka nɔgɔ lamagalenw bila ka bolibaga wajibiya ka taa nɛnɛ sanfɛ.

Deployment systems (baarakɛcogo) minnu bɛ tali kɛ ɲɔgɔn na¶

Backcountry bolibagaw bɛ sugandili kɛ fiɲɛbɔlanw baaracogo fɛɛrɛ saba danfaralenw cɛ: gazi bidonw, tasumabɔlanw, ani kuran fiɲɛbɔlanw teliyaba.

Avalanche deployment protocole ani ɲɛnamaya walew¶

Ni jikuruba dɔ karilen don kulu dɔ kan, ɲɛnamaya bɛ bɔ walew la minnu bɛ kɛ o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ, minnu bɛ dege. Fenɛtiri min bɛ kari fɔlɔ ni a lamagacogo bɛɛ cɛ boliyɔrɔ la, a ka c’a la, o bɛ kɛ segin 10 fo 30 ye.

Protocol 1: Teliya la, trigger (daminɛ) bilali sen kan¶

1. Aw bɛ sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ sama taamasiɲɛ fɔlɔ kan. Ni aw ye mankan dɔ mɛn min bɛ sigi sen kan, ni aw ye nɛnɛba ye aw ka sira jukɔrɔ, walima ni aw ye tension karilenw ye, aw bɛ bolokɔni sama o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ. Bi kuran pakew bɛ sira di degeliw bilali ma fu so kɔnɔ. Aw kana kɔnɔni kɛ abada k’a jira ni slide ka bon.
2. Aw bɛ baara kɛ ni fɛn ye min bɛ se ka jigin ni fanga ye. Aw bɛ aw ka gansi siri aw kamankun bolokɔni na ka a sama ka jigin ni fanga bɛɛ ye. Aw kana a bila fo aw ka gazi bɔli mɛn walima kuran fiɲɛbɔlan ka wuli.
3. A’ ye a lajɛ ko fiɲɛbɔlan bɛ fiɲɛ bila. Fiɲɛbɔlan ka kan ka fiyɛ fo ka se litiri 150 ma sekɔndi 3 kɔnɔ. Balon bɛ joginda lakanani di i kun ni i kɔ ma ka bɔ nɔgɔw la.

Protocole 2: Ka masin bila¶

Backcountry snowmobiles bɛ to ka halaki k’a sɔrɔ u bɛ bololanɛgɛw minɛ hali bi:

1. Aw bɛ boli pankurunw da. Nɛgɛso girinya bɛ kilo 200 ni kilo 320 cɛ (kilo 440 fo 705). Nɔgɔw la minnu bɛ lamaga, chassis girinman bɛ jigin ka bin kosɛbɛ. Butiki minnu sirilen don, olu b’i sama ka don jukɔrɔla tigɛyɔrɔw la, k’i disi mugumugu.
2. Aw bɛ masin gɛn ka taa yɔrɔ jan. Aw bɛ sɛgɛnlafiɲɛbɔlan gɛrɛ duguma walima kɛrɛfɛ ni aw bɛ pan ka bɔ jiginni bolilan kan.
3. Aw bɛ kɛlɛ kɛ ka taa slide flank fan fɛ. Ni aw bɛ taa kuluba kan, aw bɛ momentum kɛ ka girin ka taa kɛnɛma slab dancɛ fan fɛ. Avalanche flanks teliya ka dɔgɔn ani nɔgɔw juguya ka dɔgɔn ka tɛmɛ cɛmancɛ kan.

Protocol 3 : Ka kisi nɔgɔw bolicogo ma minnu bɛ taa¶

1. Kɔnɔna nakɔla lamaga. Aw bɛ nɛnɛ lamagatɔ kɛlɛ ni kɔkili jugu ye ka aw to sen na. O lamaga in ni fiɲɛbɔlan fiyɛlen faralen ɲɔgɔn kan, o bɛ granular convection fanga bonya ani ka i disi to a kɛrɛfɛ.
2. Aw bɛ aw ninakiliyɔrɔ tanga. Nɛnɛ min bɛ don aw da kɔnɔ ni fanga ye, o bɛ ninakili dabɔlan dɔ da hali ni a ma su don. Aw bɛ aw da datugu kosɛbɛ.
3. Aw bɛ fiɲɛbɔlan dɔ da ni lamaga bɛ ka sumaya. Ni nɔgɔw bɛ dɔgɔya, aw bɛ sekɔndi 2 fo 3 kɛ sani nɛnɛ ka datugu. Aw bɛ bolokɔni dɔ kɛ aw da ni aw nugu kan walasa ka litiri 0,5 (insi kubik 30) dingɛ dɔ sɔgɔ. Aw bɛ aw disi bonya ni fiɲɛ samali juguman ye; ni nɛnɛ bɛ bin, ninakili bɔli bɛ yɔrɔ di i kɔkili ka ninakili.
4. Aw bɛ bolo dɔ wuli ka taa a ɲɛfɛ. Ni aw ɲɛsinnen don, aw bɛ aw bolo kelen digi sanfɛ. Gan min bɛ kɛnɛ kan, o bɛ ɲinini waatiw dɔgɔya ka bɔ miniti 45 la ka se miniti 3 jukɔrɔ.
5. Oksizɛni mara. Set nɛnɛ bɛ gɛlɛya i n’a fɔ bɛton. Ka bugɔ walima ka pɛrɛn, o bɛ fiɲɛ nafama tiɲɛ. Aw ye aw hakili sigi ani ka kisibagaw ka cikanw lamɛn.

Tablo minnu bɛ tali kɛ fɛɛrɛko siratigɛ la¶

Farikoloɲɛnajɛ cogoyaw faamuyali, jikuruw janya dantigɛliw, ani jikuruw sɛgɛsɛgɛli minɛnw ɲɛfɔli bɛ jɛya di sani taama ka kɛ bolodacogo ni kɔrɔtɔko waatiw la.

Glasi janya dantigɛliw walasa ka nɛgɛso boli¶

Avalanche kisi minɛnw fɛɛrɛko wajibiyalenw¶

Desizɔn ni kisili taabolo¶

flowchart TD
    A["Kɔrɔtɔko wulicogo Backcountry Terrain kɔnɔ"] --> B{"Gɛlɛya suguya dɔn"}

    B -->|"Snowmobile bɛ kari ka tɛmɛn jikuruw fɛ"| C["Abandon Machine (Masini) min bɛ kɛ o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ"]
    C --> D["Kɔlɔsili 60-Sekɔndi Gasp Reflex"]
    D --> E["Aw bɛ 180° wuli ka taa Solid Entry Ice fan fɛ"]
    E --> F["Deploy Ice Awls ka bɔ Chest"]
    F --> G["Flutter Kick Senw ka taa Surface"]
    G --> H["Aw bɛ Torso sama ka taa Ice Shelf kan"]
    H --> I["Aw bɛ a wuli ka a janya ka bɔ dingɛ na"]
    I --> J["Strip Wet Layers fiɲɛbɔyɔrɔ la"]
    J --> K["Aw bɛ Core Warming kɛ walasa ka Afterdrop bali"]

    B -->|"Slab Avalanche Karilenw bɛ Slope kan"| L["Aw bɛ Airbag Handle sama o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ"]
    L --> M["Aw bɛ 150L Airbag Inflation dafa"]
    M --> N["Kick Off Snowmobile boli pankurunw"]
    N --> O["Agressive Backstroke Swim ka kɛ Debris kɔnɔ"]
    O --> P{"Slab Ka Dɛsɛ?"}
    P -->|"Ɔwɔ"| Q["Tasa bolo bɛ da kan ka kɛ Air Pocket ye"]
    Q --> R["Aw bɛ Bolo Kelen Gɛn ka Taa Sanfɛla la"]
    R --> S["Oksizɛni mara; Beacon ɲinini makɔnɔ"]
    P -->|"Ayi"| O

Minɛnw labɛnni ani u ladonni sani u ka boli¶

Ka kisi nɛnɛba ko kɛlenw ma minnu bɛ na ni kɔlɔlɔba ye, o bɛ bɔ minɛnw labɛnni na sani i ka bɔ siraba kuncɛyɔrɔ la. Bulon karilen, trigger mechanism congelé, walima batiri min bɔra, o bɛ bɔnɛ dɔ sɛmɛntiya min bɛ se ka kisi, ka kɛ ko ye min bɛ mɔgɔ faga.

Snowmobile fonɛnɛ lakanani minɛnw sɛgɛsɛgɛli sɛbɛn¶

• Ice rescue picks (awls): Aw bɛ a lajɛ ni yɔrɔ nɔgɔlenw tɛ, u bɛ don kɛnɛma disi sirilan kan, ni juruw ma siri ani u bɛ se ka don ni gan girinmanw ye.
• Avalanche transceiver: A sigilen don transmit mode (457 kHz), batiri hakɛ min sɛgɛsɛgɛra ka tɛmɛ kɛmɛsarada la 80 kan, a bɛ don kɛnɛma fini jukɔrɔ k’a ɲɛsin basigiyɔrɔ ma.
• Avalanche airbag pack: Canister girinya bɛ kɛ garamu balansi kan ka kɛɲɛ ni tare girinya taamasiyɛn ye, walima kuran kondansɛri min chargera ka ban ni test spin verified ye.
• Avalanche sonda: A janya ka dɔgɔn santimɛtɛrɛ 280 (sen 9,2), a datugulan sɛgɛsɛgɛlen don ani a bɛ kɔrɔbɔ ka bila sirada la.
• Nɛgɛ nɛnɛ sɔgɔlan: Aluminiyɔmu jɔli ni D-grip bolo ye, a lajɛra ka siri kɔfɛbagan walima tunɛri bɔrɔ kɔnɔ.
• Flotation assistance suit: A jɔlen don ni fomu ye min bɛ se ka kɛ selilu dagalen ye walima ni membranes buoyant layers ye minnu bɛ buoyancy ɲuman di.
• Kɔrɔtɔko kumaɲɔgɔnya minɛn: Sateliti SOS ciden min lakananen don bolibaga mɔgɔ kan, a ma mara nɛgɛso kan.
• Fini jalenw minɛn: Wolo sosɛtiw, balaclava thermal, wuluwulu cɛmancɛ, ani kɛnɛma yɔrɔ min tɛ fiɲɛ bɔ, o sirilen bɛ bɔrɔ jalen kɔnɔ min tɛ fiɲɛ bila.

Sigidaw ka kɔrɔtɔko protocoles ani kisi infɔrɔmasiko¶

Ɲini, kisi, ani fonɛnɛ kɔrɔtɔko jaabiw tɛ kelen ye jamana ka marabolow kɔnɔ. Backcountry bolibagaw ka kan ka sigida kɔrɔtɔko jɛkafɔ sigicogo dɔn ani kisi siraw.

Ameriki jamana na¶

Backcountry kisi bɛ don marabolow ka sherifuw ka fanga kɔrɔ. Ni i ye 911 wele walima ka sateliti SOS daminɛ, o bɛ tali kɛ sherifu cikan na, o min bɛ ɲinini ni kisi jɛkuluw baara minnu bɛ u yɛrɛ di. Marabolow kɔnɔ, jikuruw bɔyɔrɔw bɛ farati hakɛw bɔ don o don k’a ta Nivo 1 (Dɔgɔya) la ka se Nivo 5 (Dɔgɔtɔrɔso) ma. Togodala tasuma-fanga-jɛkuluw bɛ jikuruw kisi jɛkuluw bila sen kan, nka yɔrɔjan jaabi waatiw ka teli ka tɛmɛ miniti 60 kan.

Kanada jamana na¶

Backcountry ɲɛnajɛ bɛ dugukolo belebelebaw de kan minnu bɛ mara mara ɲɛmɔgɔw fɛ ani Parks Canada fɛ. Ni i ye 911 wele, o bɛ tali kɛ Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) walima Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) la, olu minnu bɛ ŋaniyajira ɲinini jɛkuluw ɲɛnabɔ. Avalanche Canada bɛ kuluw ka fɔtaw bɔ tilebin yanfan kuluw kan. Bololabaara ɲɛmɔgɔw b’a fɔ ko jikuru jɛlenw ka kɛ santimɛtɛrɛ 20 ni kɔ ye nɛgɛso bolilaw kama.

Erɔpu tɔnba ani Nordik jamanaw kɔnɔ¶

Nɛnɛba bolicogo bɛ sariyaw sigi kosɛbɛ Suwɛdi, Norvege ani Finlande jamanaw na. 112 weleli bɛ tali kɛ kɔrɔtɔko cikan kelen na ni yɔrɔ kunnafoniw ye minnu bɛ kɛ otomatiki la. Suwɛdi jamana na, Polisiw bɛ kuluw kisi baara ɲɛminɛ. Norvege jamana na, Joint Rescue Coordination Center bɛ kuluw kuluw ci, ka sɔrɔ marabolo kɔlɔsili jɛkuluw bɛ kunnafonidisɛbɛnw di minnu bɛ se ka kɛ sababu ye ka jikuruw faga.

Angletɛri jamana na¶

Ɛsipeɲi kuluyɔrɔw la, nɛnɛ waati ɲɛnajɛ bɛ kɛ ni loch jikuruw farati juguw ye ani slab avalanches. Aw bɛ telefɔni 999 walima 112 wele k’a ɲini Polisiw ka kulu kisibagaw fɛ u ka se mara polisiw ka cidenw ma. Sportscotland Avalanche Information Service bɛ farati hakɛw bɔ don o don kuluw yɔrɔ wɔɔrɔ kan.

Ɔsitarali ani Zelande kura jamanaw na¶

Snowmobile taama dan ye ski kɛyɔrɔ ladonni ye, kuluw ka jago, ani kuluw kisi. Aw bɛ telefɔni 000 wele Ɔsitarali (aw ye Polisiw ka Alpine Search and Rescue ɲini) walima 111 Nuwɛlika jamana na. Nuwɛlika kuluw lakanani tɔnba bɛ avalanche bulletinw bɔ Saheli Alpes kɔkanna yɔrɔw kama.

Ɲininkali minnu bɛ kɛ tuma caman na¶

Yala kɔfɛbagan donli bɛna ne bali ka n yɛrɛ sama ka bɔ jikuruba dɔ kɔnɔ wa?¶

Tɛmɛsira girinman min falen bɛ minɛn caman na, o bɛ se k’i sama ka jigin ani k’i kamankunw lamagacogo bali jikuruw yɛrɛ kisi waati la. Avalanche airbag kɔfɛbagan min kɔnɔ, fomu min bɛ kɛ ni selilu dagalen ye walima so min bɛ fiyɛ, o bɛ wulicogo ɲuman di sanni k’i sama ka jigin. Ni aw bɛ jikuruw kari ka a sɔrɔ aw bɛ pake standard fiyɛbali don min tɛ wuli, aw bɛ cɛsirilan ni disi sirilan bɔ joona walasa ka sɛgɛn ka bɔ pake kɔnɔ ni o bɛ aw bali ka wuli ka taa jikuruw kan.

Yala ne ka kan k’a ɲini ka n ka nɛgɛso sama ka bɔ ji la ni a donna a tilancɛ dɔrɔn de kɔnɔ wa?¶

Aw kana masin kisi abada min yɔrɔ dɔ bɛ ji la jikuru karilenw kan. Snowmobile girinya bɛna barika sɔrɔ ka jisigiyɔrɔ kari, k’i sama ka taa ji jukɔrɔ chassis jukɔrɔ. Aw bɛ taa yɔrɔ jan o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ ka taa dugukolo gɛlɛn na. Mark GPS bɛ baara kɛ ani ka kuma ni baarakɛlaw ka kɛnɛya sabatili jɛkulu ye min bɛ ni winɛgiriw ni sugunɛw ye minnu bɛ wuli.

Avalanche (jikuruba) minnu tɔɔrɔla, ni fiɲɛbɔlan fiyɛlen don, olu ka kisi hakɛ ye mun ye?¶

Jateminɛ minnu kɛra ɲɔgɔn fɛ, n’olu bɔra sanjiba lakanani ɲininikɛlaw fɛ, olu b’a jira ko ni i ye jikuruw fiɲɛbɔlan bila sen kan, o bɛ dɔ bɔ jikuruba minnu sen bɛ o la kosɛbɛ, olu ka saya hakɛ la, ka bɔ kɛmɛsarada la 22 ɲɔgɔn na ka jigin ka se kɛmɛsarada la 11 ma. Saya sababu fɔlɔ min bɛ sɔrɔ fiɲɛbɔlanw bilali la minnu tɛ se ka kisi, o ye farikolo jogin ye min bɛ sɔrɔ jiriw, faraw, walima masin gosili fɛ jigintuma na, walima ka su don pewu dugukolo jaanba dɔw jukɔrɔ i n’a fɔ kɔw walima kɔw, yɔrɔ minnu na, jirisunw jiginni tɛ se ka mɔgɔ minɛ ka tɛmɛ nɛnɛ hakɛ kan.

Yala ne bɛ se ka taa baji jikuruw cɛma lafiya la ni a sanfɛla bɛ i ko a jɔlen don pewu wa?¶

Baji jikuruw tɛ farati ye abada nɛgɛso bolilaw ma. Ji min bɛ woyo jikuru jukɔrɔ, o bɛ to ka bɔgɔdaga jukɔrɔla sɔgɔ, ka fɛn caman kɛ a janya la mɛtɛrɛ damadɔw kɔnɔ. Ji hakɛ jiginni bɛ fiɲɛ bila ji sanfɛla ni jikuruw cɛ, o bɛ doni tali seko tiɲɛ. Aw bɛ jibolisiraw tigɛ tuma bɛɛ nɛgɛsobonw kan minnu latigɛra, minnu ladonna walima sira tɛmɛsira minnu lajɛra ka kɔn.

Ne bɛ se ka sotigi dɔ sumaya cogo di min binna jikuruw cɛma ni an ni sigiyɔrɔ cɛ ye kilomɛtɛrɛ caman ye?¶

Aw bɛ a tigi to a jɔlen na walasa a kana jigin kɔfɛ ani ka u tanga fiɲɛ ma nɛnɛ kogo walima sɛgɛnlafiɲɛbɔlan kɔfɛ. Aw bɛ fini ɲiginnenw bɔ u la ka u don fɛn jalenw na ka bɔ bɔrɔw kɔnɔ minnu tɛ u bolo. Aw bɛ u farikolo siri yɔrɔ kɔrɔtɔlen dɔ la ani bivy bɔrɔ kɔnɔ, o kɔ aw bɛ funteni pakew kɛ u kɔnɔna dɔrɔn na. Aw bɛ tasuma dɔ jɔ bolofara dɔ kan walasa a kana jigin nɛnɛba kɔnɔ.

Dɛmɛ fɔlɔ seereyaw¶

Ka kisi ji la min tɛ zeru jukɔrɔ, farigan jugumanba, ani kɔkanna jikuruw joginni, o bɛ furakɛli seko ɲumanw de wajibiya minnu tɛ se ka dɔn ni gafe dɔrɔn ye. Ni aw bɛ nɛgɛso boli, ka taa jidagayɔrɔw la minnu falen don nɛnɛ na, walima ka kuluw yɔrɔw lajɛ, aw bɛ Wilderness First Aid walima Wilderness First Responder kalan min sɛgɛsɛgɛlen don, o kɛ ka tɛmɛ furakɛlikɛlaw fɛ i n’a fɔ Croix Rouge, Wilderness Medical Associates, walima NOLS Wilderness Medicine. Aw bɛ Avalanche Field Level 1 walima Companion Rescue kalan dɔ kɛ min sɛgɛsɛgɛlen don, Ameriki Avalanche Association walima Avalanche Canada ye min lakodɔn walasa ka se ka biɲɛ ɲininiw dɔn, ka sow sɔgɔcogo fɛɛrɛw kɛ, ani ka foro ladonni kɛ ni funteni dɔgɔyali ye.

Sosow sɛgɛsɛgɛra¶

• International Commission for Alpine Rescue (ICAR): Dɔgɔtɔrɔso Komisiɔn ka laadilikanw ka ɲɛsin jikuruw lakununni ma, sudon waati kurulenw, ani foro kɔnɔ funteni dɔgɔyali kunbɛnni.
• Amerika ka Avalanche Association (A3): Avalanche kisicogo jɔnjɔnw, taamaɲɔgɔn ɲinini sariyaw, ani avalanche airbag bilali jateminɛw.
• Avalanche Canada: Kuluw kan snowmobiling avalanche lakanani sariyaw, dugukolo maracogo, ani transceiver sariyaw.
• Etazuni kɔgɔjida kɔlɔsilikɛlaw (USCG): Ji nɛnɛma ɲɛnamaya sariyaw, 1-10-1 nɛnɛ sɔgɔli waatibolodacogo, ani jikuruw kisi kalan sariyaw.
• Canada Croix Rouge: Glasi lakanani gafew, jikuruw janya furakɛlicogo minnu ka dɔgɔn, ani yɛrɛ kisi fɛɛrɛw.
• Swɛdi jamana ka siwili koɲɛnabɔli jɛkulu (MSB): Glasi lakanani sariyaw, jikuruw ka baarakɛcogo sariyaw, ani Nordik kuluw kisi jɛkulu.
• Jamana ka kɔgɔjiko ni fiɲɛko ɲɛmɔgɔso (NOAA) / Jamana ka waati baarada: Fiɲɛ nɛnɛ jatebɔ tabali ani nɛnɛ waati joginw kunbɛnni.

Gafe minnu bɛ tali kɛ o ko la¶

• Ka bin jikuruw cɛma
• Furakɛcogo jugumanba ni nɛnɛba
• Hypothermie afterdrop phenomenon ani dusukun tantanni minɛcogo nɔgɔman
• Avalanches (jikuruw) bɛ yen
• Tilemana mobili minɛn ani mobili sɛgɛsɛgɛli ka kɔn fonɛnɛ ɲɛ
• A sirilen bɛ sanfiɲɛba la mobili kɔnɔ
• Snowmobile walima ATV karilen kɔji jikuruw cɛma walima ka siri mugu juguman kɔnɔ