緊急限制令和保護令¶

When you or your children face domestic violence, stalking, credible threats of bodily harm, sexual assault, elder abuse, or severe harassment, obtaining an emergency court-issued Restraining Order (also called an Order of Protection, Protective Order, Injunction for Protection, or Non-Molestation Order) transforms your legal standing immediately. Without a protective order, police responding to a stalker or abusive ex-partner standing on the public sidewalk outside your home or workplace often say they cannot make an arrest until a crime is committed. Once a judge signs a Temporary Restraining Order (TRO) or Emergency Protective Order (EPO) and it is served on the respondent, the mere act of the abuser walking within 100 meters (109 yards / 300 feet) of you, texting you, emailing you, or having a friend pass you a message becomes an immediate, arrestable criminal offense, and triggers mandatory firearm surrender laws across most jurisdictions. Best of all, you do not need a lawyer, you do not have to pay any court filing fees or sheriff service fees for domestic violence or stalking orders (VAWA federal mandate), and you do not have to wait for the abuser to be present in court to get an immediate same-day Ex Parte order.

If you are in immediate physical danger right now, or if someone is at your door or following you, call your local emergency number (911 在美國和加拿大， 112 整個歐盟， 999 在英國）或查閱我們的國際名錄 緊急號碼 immediately. Remember that a piece of paper alone does not physically stop an attacker, always combine a restraining order with a physical safety plan.

現在就這樣做¶

1. If it is nighttime, a weekend, or a holiday and you are in immediate danger, ask responding police officers for an on-the-spot Emergency Protective Order (EPO): You do not have to wait until Monday morning at 09:00 for the courthouse to open. In almost all jurisdictions, every county and city has a 24/7 On-Call Duty Judge / Magistrate. Any responding police officer or sheriff's deputy can call the on-duty judge from their patrol car at 02:00 on a Sunday morning and issue an immediate Emergency Protective Order (EPO) (typically valid for 5 to 7 calendar days) that takes legal effect the moment the officer hands it to the abuser and can order the abuser to vacate a shared residence immediately (Kick-Out / Move-Out Order）。
2. Go to the Family / Civil Courthouse Clerk's Office (or Self-Help Domestic Violence Clinic) before 10:00 AM on a business day to file a same-day Ex Parte Temporary Restraining Order (TRO): An Ex Parte order means the judge reviews your sworn written petition that very same day without the abuser being notified or present in court. If you file your paperwork by mid-morning, the judge normally signs your Temporary Restraining Order (TRO) (valid for 14 to 25 days until the full hearing) by 15:00 or 16:00 that same afternoon at $0 cost.
3. Never pay a filing fee or process-service fee for a Domestic Violence, Stalking, or Sexual Assault Protective Order: Under the federal Violence Against Women Act (VAWA, 34 U.S.C. § 10461) in the United States (which protects all victims regardless of gender), as well as UK, Canadian, and Australian statutes, courts and sheriff's departments are legally prohibited from charging any filing fees, clerk fees, or service-of-process fees for domestic violence, stalking, dating violence, or sexual assault protective orders.
4. Understand the critical "Service of Process" rule: The abuser cannot be arrested for violating a TRO until they have been officially served with the papers: Once the judge signs your Ex Parte TRO at 16:00, you must NEVER hand the court papers to the abuser yourself. Deliver the signed copies immediately to the County Sheriff's Civil / Domestic Violence Unit or Local Police Department inside the courthouse so uniformed officers can personally serve the respondent and enter the proof of service into the national law enforcement database (NCIC / CLETS / PNC）。
5. Be hyper-specific with dates, times, and verbatim quotes when writing your sworn Declaration / Affidavit: Judges cannot grant a restraining order based on vague conclusions like "He is crazy, narcissistic, and makes me feel unsafe." Write down the most recent specific incident first (and 2 to 3 prior escalations) using exact dates, exact physical actions, and exact verbatim threats in quotation marks: "On October 29, 2026 at 21:15, Respondent punched a hole through the bedroom door, grabbed my wrist leaving a 4-centimeter (1.5-inch) bruise, and stated: 'If you leave me, I will burn this house down.'"
6. Check EVERY specific relief box you need on the petition (Residence Kick-Out, Child Custody, Pets, Cellphone Line Separation, and Firearms Search): A judge can only grant the protections you ask for in your petition. If you share a home, children, a family dog, or a mobile phone plan with the abuser, check the specific boxes for Exclusive Temporary Use of the Residence, Temporary Sole Legal and Physical Custody, Protection of Household Pets (now authorized in over 40 US states), Wireless Phone Number Transfer Order, and Mandatory Firearm Surrender.

Decision tree: choosing the right protective order and filing channel¶

Use this legal triage flowchart to select the exact type of protective order and immediate filing path based on your relationship to the threat and the time of day:

flowchart TD
    A["Immediate Threat of Violence, Stalking, Harassment, or Abuse"] --> B{"Is it currently Nighttime, a Weekend, a Court Holiday, or an Active 911 Emergency?"}
    B -->|"Yes: Courts are Closed or Danger is Immediate"| C["Call 911 / Police Now: Request an On-Scene 'Emergency Protective Order' (EPO) via the 24/7 On-Call Duty Judge"]
    C --> D["Police Serve EPO Immediately on Scene (Lasts 5 to 7 Days) & Enforce Immediate Residence Move-Out"]
    D --> E["Go to Courthouse Before EPO Expires to File for a 14-to-21-Day Ex Parte TRO + Long-Term Order"]
    B -->|"No: Courthouses are Open (or Preparing to File Next Business Morning)"| F{"What is your legal relationship to the person threatening you?"}
    F -->|"Spouse, Ex-Spouse, Co-Parent, Dating Partner, or Close Blood/In-Law Relative"| G["File a 'Domestic Violence Restraining Order' (DVRO / Family Court Order of Protection)"]
    F -->|"Neighbor, Co-Worker, Acquaintance, Ex-Friend, or Stranger Stalker"| H["File a 'Civil Harassment / Anti-Stalking Restraining Order' (or Sexual Assault Order)"]
    F -->|"Victim is Age 60/65+ or a Dependent Adult"| I["File an 'Elder or Dependent Adult Abuse Restraining Order'"]
    G --> J["Judge Reviews Petition Same-Day 'Ex Parte' (No Abuser Present) & Issues Temporary Restraining Order (TRO)"]
    H --> J
    I --> J
    J --> K["Sheriff / Police Personally Serve Respondent -> Court Holds Full Evidentiary Hearing in 14-25 Days -> Issues 1-to-5 Year Permanent Order"]

Understanding the 3 stages of a Restraining Order (EPO -> Ex Parte TRO -> Permanent Order）¶

Whether you live in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, or the European Union, emergency protective injunctions follow a three-stage legal timeline designed to give you immediate protection within hours while preserving constitutional due process at a later court hearing:

Phase 1: How to choose the exact right legal category (Domestic vs. Civil Harassment vs. Workplace)¶

Filing the wrong form category at the clerk's window is the #1 technical mistake self-represented people make. Courts divide protective orders by who the respondent is to you:

1. Domestic Violence Restraining Order (DVRO / Family Abuse Prevention Act Order / Order of Protection）：
   • Who it covers: Current or former spouses, registered domestic partners, people who are currently dating or formerly dated (including brief or casual dating relationships and online-to-in-person relationships), people who have a child together, people who live together or used to live together as more than mere commercial landlords/tenants, and close family relatives (parent, child, sibling, grandparent, in-law).
   • Legal Standard: Usually the lowest evidentiary threshold ("Reasonable proof of a past act of abuse" by a Preponderance of the Evidence, 51% more likely than not). Furthermore, in most states (such as California Family Code § 6320, New York, and the UK), "abuse" is not limited to physical hitting, it explicitly includes stalking, credible threats, destroying personal property, punching walls/doors, coercive control, disturbing your peace, or non-consensual distribution of intimate images.
2. Civil Harassment / Anti-Stalking / Peace Order (CHRO）：
   • Who it covers: Anyone you do not have a dating or close family relationship with, such as a neighbor, a roommate (whom you never dated), a co-worker, an ex-partner's new boyfriend/girlfriend, a former friend, or a stranger stalker.
   • Filing Cost Note: If your Civil Harassment petition alleges stalking, credible threats of violence, or sexual assault, check the box on the fee waiver/petition indicating violence or stalking, by federal VAWA mandate, the court must waive all filing and sheriff service fees ($0).
3. Sexual Assault Protective Order (SAPO）：
   • Available in almost all jurisdictions for any victim of a non-consensual sexual act, regardless of whether you ever knew or dated the perpetrator before the assault, and without requiring you to press criminal prosecution if you are not ready to do so.
4. Elder or Dependent Adult Abuse Restraining Order (EARO）：
   • Protects any person aged 60+ or 65+ (depending on the state) OR any adult aged 18 to 64 with physical, cognitive, or developmental disabilities against physical abuse, neglect, abandonment, isolation, or financial exploitation (such as a relative or caregiver stealing money or coercing deed changes).
5. Criminal Protective Order (CPO / No-Contact Bond Condition) vs. Civil Family Court Order:
   • If the police arrested the abuser last night, the Criminal Court judge at arraignment will usually issue a Criminal No-Contact Order as a condition of bail.
   • CRITICAL WARNING: Do NOT rely solely on a Criminal Court bail no-contact order. If the District Attorney drops the criminal charges or the criminal case ends in a plea deal 3 weeks from now, the Criminal Protective Order vanishes instantly, and a Criminal Court order cannot grant you temporary child custody, possession of your car, or family support. Always go to the Civil / Family Courthouse and file your own independent Civil / Domestic Violence Restraining Order (DVRO) even if a criminal case is pending.

Phase 2: How to write a bullet-proof Sworn Declaration (Affidavit) that a judge will grant¶

When you file for an Ex Parte Temporary Restraining Order (TRO) at 09:30 AM, you usually do not speak to the judge in person that morning. Instead, the clerk hands your written paperwork to the judge in chambers during the lunch hour. The judge decides whether to sign your emergency TRO based 100 percent on the 2 to 5 pages of your written Declaration.

The 5 Rules of Writing a Winning Restraining Order Declaration¶

1. Start with the Most Recent Incident First (Reverse Chronological Order):
   • Judges look first at recency to decide if an emergency Ex Parte TRO is needed today.
   • Begin your declaration with the header: 1. MOST RECENT INCIDENT: [Exact Date, e.g., October 30, 2026 at approximately 8:30 PM]:
   • Then list 2. PRIOR INCIDENT: [Date]:, 3. PRIOR INCIDENT: [Date]:, and 4. PATTERN OF ESCALATION AND WHY I FEAR IMMINENT HARM TODAY:.
2. Replace Vague Adjectives with Concrete Physical Actions and Verbatim Quotes:
   • Weak (Often Denied): "John was verbally abusive and threatening all weekend. He acted crazy, cornered me in the kitchen, and texted me nonstop."
   • Strong (Granted Immediately): "On October 30, 2026 at 8:30 PM inside our kitchen at 123 Oak St., John blocked the kitchen doorway with his body so I could not leave, raised a clenched fist 15 centimeters (6 inches) from my face, and screamed: 'If you call the cops or try to take the kids, I will put you in the morgue.' He then threw my ceramic coffee mug against the drywall beside my head, shattering it. Between 9:00 PM and 11:45 PM, after I fled to my sister's house, he called my cellphone 47 times in a row and sent 19 text messages stating 'I know where your sister lives, come outside now' (Screenshots attached as Exhibit A)."
3. Describe Every Physical Injury, Property Damage, Weapon, and Witness:
   • Explicitly state if the abuser choked / strangled you (pushed on your neck or obstructed your breathing, non-fatal strangulation is the single highest medical predictor of future homicide in domestic violence, increasing lethality risk by over 700 percent, and judges treat any strangulation allegation with top priority).
   • State whether children were present in the room, heard the screaming from down the hall, or were held in your arms during the incident.
   • State whether the Respondent owns, possesses, or has access to any firearms, knives, or weapons (and describe the make/type and where the guns are kept, such as "a black 9mm Glock handgun kept in the top drawer of the master bedroom nightstand" and "a hunting rifle in the hall closet").
4. Attach Printed, Labeled Exhibits (Exhibit A, Exhibit B, Exhibit C）：
   • Never expect a judge in chambers to look at your physical cellphone screen during an Ex Parte review.
   • Before going to the courthouse (or at the courthouse Domestic Violence Self-Help Center, which has free printers), print out:
     • Exhibit A: Clear color photographs of any bruises, cuts, torn clothing, holes punched in doors/walls, smashed phones, or slashed tires (include a coin or ruler next to bruises if possible, and write the date the photo was taken).
     • Exhibit B: Screenshots of threatening text messages, WhatsApp messages, emails, or call logs showing 50 missed calls (make sure the sender's phone number or contact details and the date/timestamp are visible at the top of the screenshot).
     • Exhibit C: Any Police Incident Report Number / Event Card handed to you by officers who responded to your home, or hospital ER discharge records.
5. Request Address Confidentiality (Safe at Home / Confidential Address Form):
   • Remember: Every single page of your Restraining Order petition and Exhibits will be physically handed to the abuser by the Sheriff so the abuser knows the charges against them.
   • NEVER write your secret shelter address, your friend's house address, or a new secret apartment address on the public petition forms. Ask the court clerk for the Confidential Address Form (or list your mailing address as "Care Of" a safe P.O. Box, your attorney's office, or your state's Address Confidentiality Program / Safe at Home P.O. Box).

Phase 3: Serving the abuser safely and enforcing the order (NCIC & Firearm Surrender)¶

Once the judge signs your Ex Parte Temporary Restraining Order (TRO) in the afternoon, the clerk will hand you 3 to 5 certified stamped copies of the order along with the Notice of Court Hearing (setting the full court hearing date 14 to 25 days out).

Step 1: Immediate Law Enforcement Service of Process (Do NOT Serve It Yourself)¶

1. Take the Service Copy Directly to the Sheriff's Civil / Domestic Violence Division:
   • By law, the Petitioner (you) is prohibited from personally serving the restraining order on the Respondent.
   • Hand the service packet to the County Sheriff's Department (or City Police Marshal) along with the ** Law Enforcement Supplemental Information Sheet** (which stays confidential with the police and is not shown to the abuser).
   • On the confidential Sheriff instruction sheet, give the deputies every detail they need to find the abuser quickly:
     • A clear, recent color photograph of the abuser.
     • Their exact home address, workplace address, work shift hours (serving an abuser at their workplace at 10:00 AM is often the easiest and fastest place for deputies to locate them.), and gym or hangout addresses.
     • The Make, Model, Color, and License Plate Number of their car.
     • Warning of any firearms, aggressive dogs, or prior threats against law enforcement.
2. What If the Abuser Hides to Avoid Being Served Before the Court Hearing Date?:
   • If the Sheriff cannot find the abuser before your 21-day hearing date, DO NOT skip the court hearing.
   • Show up at the hearing (or join via Court Zoom if remote appearances are permitted) and ask the judge for a Reissuance / Continuance of the Temporary Restraining Order. The judge will sign a renewal extending your Ex Parte TRO in full force for another 21 to 30 days so the Sheriff can keep trying to serve them (or authorize alternative service after diligent attempts).

Step 2: Mandatory Firearm Surrender (18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8) & State Gun Relinquishment)¶

In the United States (affirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court in United States v. Rahimi, 602 U.S. ___ (2024), upholding 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8)) and across Canada, the UK, Australia, and the EU: - Once a domestic violence restraining order is issued, the Respondent is prohibited from possessing, purchasing, or receiving any firearms or ammunition. - In most states with Ex Parte TRO relinquishment laws, the Respondent must surrender all firearms to local law enforcement or sell/store them with a licensed Federal Firearms Licensee (FFL) gun dealer within 24 to 48 hours of being served, and file a written Police Receipt / FFL Receipt with the court within 48 hours. - If you know the abuser owns specific guns and fails to file the police surrender receipt within 48 hours of service, notify the Sheriff's Domestic Violence Firearms Recovery Unit and the judge immediately, in many states (like California APPs, Washington, New York SAFE Act, and Colorado), police will obtain an immediate search warrant to seize unreported firearms.

Step 3: Distributing Your Certified Copies (Schools, Daycare, Employer, and Purse Copy）¶

Once your TRO is signed: 1. Keep 1 Physical Certified Paper Copy on Your Person / in Your Glovebox at All Times (plus a PDF photograph of every page on your phone). Even though the order is entered into the police computer (NCIC), having the stamped paper copy with the judge's signature in your hand if you ever call 911 eliminates any confusion when patrol officers arrive on scene. 2. Give 1 Copy to Your Children's School Principal and Daycare Director: If your order lists your children as Protected Persons or grants you Sole Custody, hand a copy to the school front office immediately so the abuser is legally barred from picking the children up from school. 3. Give 1 Copy to Your Workplace Security Desk / HR Department: Provide the abuser's photo and car description so building security can lock doors and call 911 immediately if the abuser pulls into your workplace parking lot.

Phase 4: Winning your 14-to-25-day Final Restraining Order Hearing¶

Two to three weeks after you get your Ex Parte TRO, the court holds a formal hearing (often 15 to 45 minutes long) to decide whether to extend the order for 1 to 5 years (Permanent / Final Restraining Order）。

How to Prepare for and Win the Court Hearing¶

1. You Can Request a Remote Video Appearance (Zoom / Teams) 或法院警長護送：
   • 大多數家庭法庭現在允許家庭暴力申訴人透過視訊作證（Zoom) 或提供一個單獨的上鎖的受害人等候室和副法警護送，將您送至您的汽車處，這樣施虐者就永遠無法在法院走廊接近您。
2. 攜帶所有證據的 3 份印刷副本（Original for Judge, 1 for Yourself, 1 for Respondent）：
   • 即使您在最初的請願書中附上了照片和文本，也要在聽證會上攜帶 3 份整理好的所有照片、文本屏幕截圖、醫療記錄和警方報告的紙質副本，以及任何現場目擊證人（例如親眼目睹瘀傷或聽到威脅的鄰居或姐妹，不在法庭上的朋友寫的信通常被排除在“傳聞”之外，因此請親自通過或證人 Zoom 帶來的信。
3. Speak Strictly to the Judge, Never Look At or Argue With the Abuser:
   • In the courtroom, address every single sentence to "Your Honor".
   • Even if the abuser (or their lawyer) tells outrageous lies during their turn to speak, do NOT interrupt, shake your head, or speak out of turn. Simply write down the false statement on your notepad, and when the judge turns back to you and asks "Do you have anything to respond to that?", state calmly: "Yes, Your Honor. Respondent just claimed he wasn't at my house on October 30, but Exhibit B is the timestamped Ring doorbell photo showing him standing on my porch at 8:32 PM."
4. Watch Out for the "Mutual Restraining Order" Trap:
   • Sometimes an abuser shows up at the hearing and says: "Your Honor, I'll agree to stay away from her if you make the restraining order mutual against both of us."
   • NEVER agree to a "Mutual" Restraining Order. Under federal VAWA (34 U.S.C. § 12291 / 18 U.S.C. § 2265(c)) and state statutes, a judge is legally prohibited from issuing a mutual restraining order against you unless the abuser filed their own separate written petition in advance AND the judge makes specific factual findings that both parties acted primarily as aggressors and neither acted in self-defense. A mutual order allows the abuser to call the police and have you falsely arrested.

Phase 5: What to do the exact second the abuser violates the order¶

A common tactic of abusers and stalkers within the first week of being served with a restraining order is "Testing the Boundary", sending a single text message saying "I'm sorry, can we just talk about the dog?", having their mother or friend call you to ask you to drop the order, sending you $1.00 on Venmo/CashApp with a note in the memo line, liking an old Instagram photo, or driving slowly past your house.

Never Let a "Minor" First Violation Slide, Report 100% of Violations Immediately¶

1. Zero Contact Means ZERO Contact (Including "Nice" Texts, Third-Party Relays, and Venmo Memos):
   • Every restraining order prohibits direct AND indirect contact (having a friend, relative, or co-worker pass a message to you) and prohibits contact by any electronic means (SMS, WhatsApp, Instagram DM, email, Venmo/Zelle payment notes, or shared Google Docs).
2. You Cannot "Give Permission" for the Abuser to Violate the Order:
   • A Restraining Order is an order from the Judge to the Respondent. Even if an abuser begs you to meet up at a coffee shop and you say "Okay", the Respondent is still committing an arrestable crime the moment they show up, and responding to their texts can muddy the waters in court. Never reply to a single text or call from a restrained person.
3. What to Do the Instant a Violation Occurs:
   • If the abuser is physically near your home, workplace, or car: Lock the doors and call 911 (112 / 999) immediately. Tell the dispatcher: "I have an active, served Domestic Violence Restraining Order (Case #[Number]），並且受限制者目前在我所在的位置，這違反了該命令。 ” 在大多數司法管轄區，強制逮捕法規要求警方以可能違反保護令的理由逮捕受限制者。
   • 如果違規行為是簡訊、語音郵件、社群媒體訊息或第三方通話：請勿刪除該訊息，也不要回覆。截取顯示電話號碼/使用者名稱和時間戳記的訊息，撥打當地警察的非緊急熱線（或攜帶經認證的限制令副本和送達證明前往警察局前台），並堅持每次提交一份違反限制令刑事犯罪報告**。五份記錄在案的「輕微」文字違規警方報告編號將導致檢察官簽發逮捕令，法官將您的永久命令延長 5 年或無期徒刑。

國際保護令：英國、加拿大、澳洲和歐盟¶

1. United Kingdom (Non-Molestation Order, Occupation Order, and DVPN/DVPO/DAPN）：
   • 立即警察權力：英國警方可以當場發出家庭暴力保護通知（DVPN) / 家庭暴力保護通知 (DAPN) 立即將施虐者逐出家中，並在 48 小時內由治安法院 DVPO / DAPO 跟進。
   • Family Court Orders (Family Law Act 1996)：申請禁止騷擾令（禁止騷擾/接觸；違反規定屬於刑事犯罪，最高可判處 5 年監禁）和佔領令（將施虐者逐出家中）。您可以申请Without Notice (Ex Parte) for free ($0 法庭費）使用免費政府服務CourtNav（courtnav.org.uk)，由 RCJ Advice 運營，或致電 國家家庭暴力中心 (NCDV, ncdv.org.uk 或 0800 970 2070)，這有助於在 24 小時內獲得英國緊急禁令，無論經濟狀況如何。
2. Canada (Emergency Protection Order / EPO, Restraining Order, and Section 810 Peace Bond）：
   • 在製定專門家庭暴力法規的省份（阿爾伯塔省、不列顛哥倫比亞省） Family Law Act Protection Order、馬尼托巴省、新斯科細亞省、薩斯喀徹溫省），太平紳士或法官可立即授予 Ex Parte Emergency Protection Order (EPO) 或 家庭法保護令 24/7。
   • 在安大略省、魁北克省和全國範圍內，受害者可以獲得緊急的家庭法院限制令（Form 14C 安大略省未經通知的動議）和/或聯邦刑法典 Section 810 和平債券 透過警察​​或太平紳士。
3. Australia (AVO, ADVO, FVIO, FVO, and DVO）：
   • 被各州稱為家庭暴力逮捕令（ADVO) 或 個人暴力逮捕令 (APVO) 在新南威爾斯州，家庭暴力干預令 (FVIO) 在維多利亞州，家庭暴力令 (DVO) 昆士蘭州，以及 家庭暴力限制令 (FVRO) 在西澳。警方可以立即在現場發出警察安全通知/臨時 ADVO 24/7，以及根據 國家家庭暴力命令計劃 (NDVOS) 由澳洲各州和地區的警察自動強制執行。

常見問題¶

來源已檢查¶

• 美國司法部：暴力侵害婦女問題辦公室（OVW，美國）：《暴力侵害婦女法》（VAWA) 完全的信心和信用授權 (18 U.S.C. § 2265）、禁止收取申請費及服務費（34 U.S.C. § 10461）和槍支禁令（18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8))(justice.gov/ovw）。
• 聯邦通訊委員會（FCC，美國）：2022 年安全連接法案規則：家庭暴力和人口販賣倖存者的緊急無線線路分離（47 U.S.C. § 345)(fcc.gov/safe-connections-act-survivors-domestic-violence）。
• 全國結束家庭暴力網絡（NNEDV，美國）：WomensLaw.org 各州限制令法規、單方 TRO 程序和法庭聽證會準備指南（womenslaw.org）。
• 國家法院中心 (NCSC) 和國家青少年和家庭法院法官委員會 (NCJFCJ，美國）：民事保護令：改進實踐指南（ncjfcj.org）。
• 英國皇家法院及法庭服務及國家家庭暴力中心（NCDV，英國）：《1996 年家庭法法案》第四部分《禁止騷擾及佔用令》（Form FL401) and Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Protection Orders (gov.uk/injunction-domestic-violence, ncdv.org.uk）。
• Department of Justice Canada & Australian Attorney-General's Department: Peace Bonds (Criminal Code s. 810), Provincial Protection Orders, and National Domestic Violence Order Scheme (NDVOS)(justice.gc.ca, ag.gov.au）。

相關指南¶

• 家庭暴力
• 家庭暴力復健與安全計劃
• Stalking and physical surveillance defense
• Detecting stalkerware, spyware, and hidden access on phones
• 兒童保護服務 (CPS) 家庭訪問和合法權利
• 房東騷擾和侵犯隱私