胸部穿透傷和心包填塞識別¶
緊急電話號碼因國家而異. 此頁面使用 911,這是美國和加拿大的號碼。許多其他國家使用 112、999 或其他號碼。 尋找您所在國家/地區的電話號碼.
人類的心臟在一個堅韌的、纖維狀的、雙層皮革狀的囊內跳動,稱為心包。正常情況下,該囊的內外層之間的空間僅含有15至50毫升(1至3湯匙)的透明潤滑液,使心室每天自由擴張和收縮10萬次。當刀片、冰鎬、螺絲起子、子彈或彈片碎片穿透中央胸壁(「心臟盒子」)並刮傷心壁或主動脈根部時,高壓血液從心室直接噴入密封的無彈性心包囊。
由於纖維心包無法快速伸展,因此只需要 60 到 150 毫升(2 到 5 液體盎司,不到半杯)的急性血液 被困在心包囊內,就可以從外部擠壓關閉心室。當心包內壓超過右心房和右心室的充盈壓時,心臟無法在兩次心跳之間擴張以吸收回流的靜脈血,導致心輸出量在幾分鐘內驟降至零(急性心包或心包填塞)。了解如何繪製心臟盒的解剖學邊界,如何區分心包填塞(貝克氏三聯徵)與塌陷的肺(張力性氣胸),為什麼你必須永遠不要拔出刺穿的刀片,為什麼你必須永遠不要在胸腔內包裹紗布,這為挽救生命的緊急外科胸廓切開術或心包穿刺術贏得了寶貴的時間。
現在就這樣做¶
- 立即撥打您當地的緊急電話號碼,請求高級生命支持 (ALS) 護理人員進行 1 級創傷中心緊急轉運。 ** 在美國和加拿大撥打 911,在歐盟撥打 112,在英國撥打 999,在澳洲撥打 000,或查看電話號碼簿 緊急號碼。報告中央胸部(心臟盒)的穿透傷**,以便在救護車到達之前向創傷外科團隊發出警報。
- **暴露整個裸露的胸部、上腹部、腋窩和背部,以找到每個入口和出口傷口。 **即使在胸骨、乳頭線或上腹部(「胃的凹陷」)上用微小的 5 毫米(0.2 英吋)冰錐刺破,也可以向上傾斜穿過橫膈膜進入心臟的右心室。
- **切勿取出刺穿胸腔的刀片、螺絲起子、箭頭或玻璃碎片。 ** 卡在心壁上的刀片就像塞住心室孔的機械軟木塞一樣;將其拔出會釋放高壓血液進入心包囊,在 60 秒內導致致命的心臟壓塞。用笨重的雙紗布捲將物體固定到位。
- **切勿將紗布或止血帶包裹在胸部穿透性傷口內。 **與大腿、腹股溝或腋窩的深傷口不同,胸腔是一個大的中空真空空間;透過肋骨塞入幾碼紗布不會壓迫出血的心臟或乳內動脈,而是將肺部推到一邊並隱藏致命的內出血。
- **如果胸部傷口正在吸入空氣或冒出粉紅色泡棉血液,請使用商用通風胸部密封件或三面撲動敷料。 **切勿在任何胸部傷口上使用完全密封、不通風的四面繃帶,如果呼吸惡化,請準備好撕開(「打嗝」)密封件。
- 讓意識清醒的病人保持冷靜,半直立(或舒適的姿勢)坐,嚴格NPO(不經口),並裹在溫暖的毯子中。 持續觀察貝克心臟壓塞三聯徵:頸部靜脈膨出(頸靜脈擴張),血壓迅速下降/手腕脈搏消失,以及低沉、遙遠的心音,伴有極度不安和兩側呼吸音相等胸部。
為什麼即使是上腹部(上腹部)的微小刺傷也會導致心臟壓塞
旁觀者甚至沒有經驗的急救人員常常認為心臟僅位於左乳房和上胸骨後方。實際上,右心室的下緣直接位於膈肌中央肌腱的頂部,位於胸骨下尖(劍突)和腹部上軟三角(上腹部)的正後方。由於持刀的攻擊者經常以 30 至 45 度的角度向上刺入,任何位於肋骨下方上腹部的刺傷都可以直接穿過隔膜進入心包囊和右心室。始終將心臟盒內的任何穿透傷(從鎖骨向下到肋骨下緣,以及兩條乳頭線之間)視為潛在的心臟損傷,直到醫院床邊超音波(快速檢查)證明情況並非如此。
胸部穿透傷和心臟壓迫的緊急決策樹¶
flowchart TD
Start["Penetrating Trauma (Knife, Gunshot, Ice Pick, Shrapnel)<br/>to the Chest, Back, Axilla, or Upper Epigastrium"]
CallEMS["Call Emergency Medical Services (ALS Paramedics) Immediately<br/>Expose entire bare chest, upper abdomen, armpits, and back"]
ImpaleCheck{"Is a Knife, Screwdriver, or Object Still Impaled in the Chest?"}
ImpaleCare["IMPALED CHEST OBJECT PROTOCOL<br/>1. NEVER pull out or wiggle the impaled object<br/> (It may be plugging a hole in the right ventricle or aorta)<br/>2. Seal any sucking air gap around base of blade on 3 sides<br/>3. Stabilize with bulky twin-roll pads so blade does not move with heartbeat"]
SuckingCheck{"Is the Wound Sucking Air or Bubbling Frothy Blood?"}
SealStep["APPLY VENTED CHEST SEAL OR 3-SIDED DRESSING<br/>1. Wipe skin dry and apply Vented Chest Seal at end-exhalation<br/>2. NEVER pack gauze inside the chest cavity<br/>3. Control external skin-edge bleeding with flat surface pressure only"]
BoxCheck{"Is the Wound Inside the 'CARDIAC BOX' (Thoracoabdominal Box)?<br/>- Superior: Clavicles (Collarbones) / Sternal Notch<br/>- Inferior: Costal Margin / Xiphoid / Upper Epigastrium<br/>- Lateral: Mid-Clavicular (Nipple) Lines on Left and Right<br/>(Or any gunshot/stab trajectory crossing the mediastinum)"}
TamponadeCheck{"Assess for Obstructive Shock:<br/>Bulging Neck Veins (JVD) + Weak/Absent Wrist Pulse + Agitation/Cyanosis?"}
DiffLung{"Compare Breath Sounds & Percussion on Both Sides of Chest:<br/>Are Breath Sounds Absent on One Side OR Equal on Both Sides?"}
TensionPath["ABSENT BREATH SOUNDS ON ONE SIDE + HYPERRESONANT<br/>= SUSPECTED TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX<br/>1. Immediately BURP or lift chest seal for 3-5 seconds<br/>2. ALS Paramedic performs immediate Needle Decompression"]
TamponadePath["EQUAL BREATH SOUNDS ON BOTH SIDES + MUFFLED HEART SOUNDS<br/>= SUSPECTED PERICARDIAL (CARDIAC) TAMPONADE<br/>1. Priority 1 Rapid Transport ('Load and Go') to Trauma Surgeon<br/>2. Keep patient calm, warm, semi-upright (avoid laying flat if dyspneic)<br/>3. ALS gives cautious IV fluid bolus to boost venous filling pressure<br/> & prepares for Pericardiocentesis / Resuscitative Thoracotomy"]
MonitorAll["Monitor Pulse, Breathing, and Neck Veins Every 60 Seconds<br/>Keep patient warm and strictly NPO until hospital arrival"]
Start --> CallEMS
CallEMS --> ImpaleCheck
ImpaleCheck -->|Yes: Object Impaled| ImpaleCare
ImpaleCheck -->|No: No Object Present| SuckingCheck
SuckingCheck -->|Yes: Sucking / Bubbling| SealStep
SuckingCheck -->|No: Non-Sucking Hole| BoxCheck
ImpaleCare --> BoxCheck
SealStep --> BoxCheck
BoxCheck -->|Yes: Inside Cardiac Box| TamponadeCheck
BoxCheck -->|No: Lateral Chest Only| TamponadeCheck
TamponadeCheck -->|Yes: Shock + Bulging Neck Veins| DiffLung
TamponadeCheck -->|No: Stable Vitals| MonitorAll
DiffLung -->|Absent Unilateral Breath Sounds| TensionPath
DiffLung -->|Equal Bilateral Breath Sounds| TamponadePath
繪製“心臟盒子”(縱隔危險區)¶
創傷外科醫師在軀幹的前部(和相應的後部)定義一個矩形解剖區域,稱為**「心臟盒」(或心前區盒)。位於這四個邊界內的任何刺傷、穿刺或槍傷入口/出口都極有可能直接造成心臟、心包或大血管損傷:
- 上邊框(上):穿過鎖骨(鎖骨)和頸部底部的胸骨上切跡的水平線。
- 下邊界(下):穿過劍突(胸骨的底端)和下肋骨邊緣(包括上上腹三角)的水平線。
- Left and Right Side Borders (Lateral): Vertical lines drawn straight down through the middle of each collarbone (the left and right midclavicular lines, roughly passing through the nipples in men).
- Why the Right Ventricle is struck 50% of the time: Because of the way the human heart is rotated inside the chest, the right ventricle forms almost the entire front (anterior) surface of the heart directly behind the sternum and left 3rd-to-6th costal cartilages. Consequently, over 50 percent of penetrating cardiac injuries pierce the right ventricle, roughly 30 percent pierce the thicker left ventricle, and 10 to 15 percent pierce the right or left atrium or intrapericardial aorta/vena cava.
Differentiating the Three Lethal Chest Emergencies: Cardiac Tamponade vs. Tension Pneumothorax vs. Massive Hemothorax¶
When a patient with a penetrating chest wound rapidly goes into shock, paramedics and emergency physicians must instantly distinguish between Pericardial Tamponade, Tension Pneumothorax, and Massive Hemothorax. Notice how two of them cause bulging neck veins (obstructive shock) while one causes flat neck veins (hypovolemic shock), and how listening to the lungs tells the two obstructive emergencies apart:
| Clinical Assessment Sign | Pericardial (Cardiac) Tamponade | Tension Pneumothorax | Massive Hemothorax |
|---|---|---|---|
| Underlying Pathology | 60 to 150 mL of blood trapped inside the tough fibrous pericardial sac compresses the heart chambers so they cannot fill | High-pressure air trapped in one pleural space collapses the lung and shoves the mediastinum to the opposite side | > 1,500 mL (3 pints) of blood pours from a torn intercostal/mammary artery, lung hilum, or heart into the pleural cavity |
| Type of Shock | Obstructive Shock (blood is in the veins, trying to get into the squeezed heart) | Obstructive + Hypoxic Shock (air pressure kinks the vena cava and collapses the lung) | Hypovolemic Hemorrhagic Shock (the patient has bled out into their own chest cavity) |
| Jugular Neck Veins (JVD) | DISTENDED (Bulging) (Note: may be flat only if patient also lost massive blood elsewhere) | DISTENDED (Bulging) | FLAT (Collapsed) due to empty blood volume |
| Breath Sounds (Lung Auscultation) | EQUAL and CLEAR on BOTH sides of the chest (because the blood is inside the heart sac, not in the lung space) | COMPLETELY ABSENT on the injured side | DECREASED or ABSENT on the injured side (especially at the base/back) |
| Chest Percussion Note | Normal resonance on both sides | HYPERRESONANT (hollow drum-like sound) on the injured side | DULL / FLAT (solid thud like tapping a brick) on the injured side |
| Tracheal Position at Neck | STRICTLY MIDLINE | Deviated AWAY from the injured side (late sign) | Midline (or shifted slightly away if massive) |
| Heart Sounds & Pulse Character | Muffled, distant heart sounds; Narrowed Pulse Pressure; Pulsus Paradoxus (radial pulse weakens or disappears during inhalation) | Heart sounds normal or shifted to opposite side; rapid weak pulse | Rapid, weak, thready tachycardia (> 120 bpm) |
Anatomy and pathophysiology of Pericardial Tamponade¶
1. Why half a cup of blood kills in minutes while a liter of slow fluid does not (The Pericardial Pressure-Volume Curve)¶
為什麼患有慢性腎衰竭或癌症的患者可以在幾週內緩慢在心臟周圍積聚 1,000 至 1,500 毫升(1 至 1.5 公升) 的液體而不會休克,而胸部被刺傷的創傷受害者在 5 分鐘內就會因心包內僅 75 至 100 毫升(3 盎司) 的血液液體而死亡? * The outer layer of the pericardium (the fibrous pericardium) is woven from dense, non-elastic collagen fibers that have almost zero acute stretch. * 當液體在數週內緩慢積聚時,膠原纖維逐漸重塑並拉伸以容納一公升液體。 * 在急性穿透傷中,血液會在幾秒鐘內湧入心包腔。一旦囊內最初的 30 至 50 毫升的鬆弛空間被填滿,心包的壓力-容積曲線就會垂直:僅添加 20 或 30 毫升的血液就會導致心包內壓力從 0 mmHg 飆升至 > 15 至 25 mmHg。 * 由於薄壁右心房和右心室通常在僅2至8毫米汞柱的溫和靜脈壓力下充盈,因此20毫米汞柱的外部心包壓力在舒張期(心跳的靜息充盈階段)將右心房和右心室壓扁。
2. 心室相互依賴性和“奇脈”¶
在心包囊的剛性、不屈服的盒子內,左心室和右心室必須競爭固定的總空間(心室相互依賴性),僅由肌肉性室間隔隔開: 1. 每當病人吸氣時,胸腔內的負壓就會將少量靜脈血吸入心臟右側。 2. 因為外部堅硬、充滿血液的心包囊拒絕讓右心室向外擴張,所以擴張的右心室被迫將室間隔向內凸入左心室,在吸氣時擠壓左心室的腔幾乎關閉。 3. 因此,在吸氣期間,左心室幾乎無法將任何血液泵入主動脈:每次吸氣時,患者的收縮壓都會下降超過10 mmHg,並且如果將手指放在患者手腕處的橈動脈脈搏上,您實際上可以感覺到手腕脈搏在患者每次吸氣時逐漸消失或完全消失,然後在呼氣時恢復。這種顯著的徵象稱為奇脈。
3. Understanding Beck's Triad (and why you don't need a stethoscope in a noisy street)¶
1935 年,心胸外科醫師 Claude Beck 描述了急性心包填塞的經典三聯徵(貝克三聯徵): 1. **低血壓(動脈血壓下降和脈壓變窄):**收縮壓下降,而舒張壓保持升高(例如,85/75 mmHg,微小的 10 mmHg 脈壓),產生微弱、細的徑向脈搏,吸氣時消失。 2. 頸靜脈擴張(JVD): 由於從頭部和頸部回流的靜脈血被阻止進入受擠壓的右心房,因此即使患者以 45 度角坐姿,頸部兩側的頸外靜脈和頸內靜脈也會像粗藍色繩索一樣凸出。 (註:在吵雜的路邊,用聽診器聽不到心音,心臟盒中的穿透傷+電擊+頸部靜脈凸出+雙側呼吸音即可懷疑心臟壓塞。) 3. **低沉或遙遠的心音:**心臟周圍的血液像水套一樣隔離心臟瓣膜的聲音。
4. Other warning signs of Pericardial Tamponade¶
- Kussmaul's Sign: A paradoxical rise (further bulging) of the neck veins during inhalation (normally, neck veins flatten slightly when a person inhales because blood is sucked into the chest; in tamponade, the blood cannot enter the squeezed heart, so the neck veins bulge even bigger on inspiration).
- Extreme Agitation and "Sense of Impending Doom" (Angor Animi): Because cerebral perfusion drops rapidly while the patient is still conscious, tamponade casualties frequently become intensely restless, thrashing, fighting to sit up, and stating that they are about to die, a sign often mistaken by bystanders or police for alcohol intoxication or combativeness right before sudden cardiac arrest occurs.
Step-by-step first aid for Penetrating Chest Wounds and Suspected Tamponade¶
Step 1: Immediate Triage and "Scoop and Run" Activation¶
- 立即撥打 911 / 112 / 999: 與可以在現場用止血帶徹底穩定的四肢傷口不同,心臟壓塞只能通過引流心包囊(心包穿刺術或手指心包切開術)並將心肌上的孔縫合在創傷中心內來治愈。在現場花費的每一分鐘都會大大降低存活率。
- 露出胸部和背部: 將襯衫完全剪開,檢查軀幹的正面和背面。
步驟 2:管理心臟箱中的刺穿刀片或物體¶
如果刀子、冰鎬、鋼筋或玻璃碎片仍從胸部或上腹部伸出: 1. 切勿將其拉出,也切勿嘗試拉直或縮短它。 ** 2. 注意「脈動刀片運動」:通常,尖端位於右心室壁內的刀片會明顯隨著每次心跳的節奏而顫動或抽動。 3. 密封並穩定而不限制心跳運動: * 如果刀片底部周圍有空氣被吸入,請在皮膚入口周圍鋪上一條石油紗布或保鮮膜(留下一個角落不密封以排出空氣)。 * 在刀片兩側放兩卷大紗布或折疊毛巾,以防止刀片在救護車運輸過程中受到碰撞或推得更深,但不要將刀片綁得太緊,以免跳動的心臟在不可移動的金屬尖端上撕裂**。
第三步:處理沒有刺穿物體的開放性傷口¶
- **切勿將紗布塞入胸腔:**請勿將肋骨間的戰鬥紗布或繃帶推入胸腔。
- 使用通風胸部密封(或三側封閉敷料): 即使對於胸骨或左胸部的小刺傷,也可以擦乾血液和汗水,並在呼氣結束時應用商業通風胸部密封,這樣空氣就不會吸入胸膜腔或縱隔。
- **如果鮮紅色的血液從胸壁噴出怎麼辦? **
- 兩條大動脈,內乳(胸廓內)動脈,在前胸腔內側垂直向下延伸,距離胸骨(胸骨)邊緣**左右各 1 到 2 厘米(0.5 英寸),一條 肋間動脈 沿著每根肋骨的底部凹槽延伸。
- 如果刺傷割傷了肋間動脈或乳內動脈,並且血液從皮膚邊緣湧出,則用無菌紗布墊直接在外傷口上施加牢固的平坦直接壓力**(或在通氣的胸封上,同時密切監測張力性氣胸)。
第 4 步:定位、熱療和復甦¶
- 定位: 讓意識清醒、呼吸良好的患者保持舒適的姿勢(通常30 至 45 度半直立或稍微向前傾斜,這樣右心房承受的壓力稍小)。如果他們的血壓嚴重下降並且感到頭暈,請將擔架的頭部降低至平躺/仰臥,同時密切觀察他們的呼吸。
- 保持患者平靜和靜止: 身體掙扎或站立會增加心臟的需氧量併升高心室收縮壓,迫使更多的血液通過心肌撕裂進入心包囊。
- 防止體溫過低: 將患者包裹在溫暖的毯子中,並嚴格遵守 NPO(禁止經口)。
- **如果患者在 EMS 到達之前失去意識並進入創傷性心臟驟停(無脈電活動/PEA)怎麼辦? **
- 在心臟壓塞中,心臟的電起搏器在泵送零血的同時,在心電圖監測儀上持續發出正常訊號(無脈電活動或 PEA)。
- 開始標準 心肺復甦 當護理人員在途中時立即。雖然當心包囊充滿血液時,胸部按壓的效果不如心臟病發作時那麼有效,但心肺復甦術可維持冠狀動脈和腦部灌注,直到 ALS 護理人員或創傷外科醫生到達進行緊急復甦性開胸手術或超音波引導下的心包穿刺術(用針從心包囊中抽出甚至15 至 30 毫升的血液脈衝**30 毫升的血液脈衝也可以立即恢復)。
胸部穿透傷的特殊臨床狀況¶
1. 胸腹軌跡損傷(第四肋間/乳頭線以下)¶
許多救援人員沒有意識到,當人們呼氣時,胸腔內隔膜的圓頂會升起多高。正常呼氣時,橫膈膜的右圓頂一直上升到前面的第四肋間隙(乳頭的水平),側面的第六肋骨,以及後面的第八肋骨(肩胛骨的下端)。 * 因此,位於前面乳頭線下方或後面肩胛骨下方的任何刺傷或槍傷都有很高的可能性穿透胸腔(胸膜/心包)和腹腔(膈、肝、脾、胃或結腸)。 * 請務必對下胸部傷口的患者進行嚴格的 NPO(不經口)檢查,並檢查其腹部是否有戒備、僵硬或牽涉性肩部疼痛。
2. 縱膈槍傷(子彈穿過胸部中心)¶
每當一顆子彈進入胸部的一側並從另一側射出(或停留在脊柱的另一側)時,其彈道就會穿過縱隔、容納心臟的中央走廊、升主動脈和降主動脈、肺動脈、氣管和食道。 * 超過 50% 的縱膈槍傷患者因心臟壓迫或大量血胸而出現嚴重休克,而其餘看似暫時穩定的患者需要緊急 CT 血管攝影、食道鏡檢查和支氣管鏡檢查,以排除主動脈或食道穿孔。
3. 氣管支氣管樹損傷和大面積皮下氣腫¶
當穿透刀片或子彈切開胸內氣管或主支氣管時: * 大量空氣湧入縱膈(縱膈氣腫),並在頸部、臉部和胸壁皮膚下迅速解剖(大面積皮下氣腫),導致患者頸部和眼瞼像氣球一樣鼓起,手指下發出劈啪的“脆米花”捻發音,並伴有咳出鮮紅色泡沫血(咯血)。 * 讓這些患者坐直,對任何外部吸吮傷口應用通氣胸封,並立即提醒 ALS 護理人員。
院前胸部穿透傷交接清單
當護理人員到達時,立即報告以下五個關鍵細節: * [ ] 所有傷口的準確解剖位置和數量: 請指定是否有任何傷口落在 心臟盒 內(鎖骨到肋緣,乳頭線之間)或背部/腋窩。 * [ ] 武器類型、長度和彈道: 估計刀片長度、寬度以及推力是向上傾斜(從上腹部朝向心臟)還是向下。 * [ ] 貝克氏三聯徵/阻塞性休克的徵象: 存在頸靜脈擴張、吸氣時腕部脈搏微弱或消失(奇脈)、激越,以及一側肺部呼吸音是否相等或消失。 * [ ] 胸部密封和打嗝日誌: 哪些傷口用通風胸部密封覆蓋,以及是否需要對密封進行打嗝以治療張力性氣胸。 * [ ] 任何脈搏消失的時間: 如果患者出現心臟驟停,創傷外科醫生需要知道生命徵象消失的確切時間(在穿透性心臟驟停後 10 至 15 分鐘內進行復甦性開胸手術的存活率最高)。
快速識別心臟箱損傷和貝克三聯徵可確保護理人員繞過當地診所,直接前往外科創傷中心。考慮透過您所在國家的紅十字會或紅新月會、美國外科醫生學會或聖約翰救護車協會參加經過認證的急救、止血或院前創傷生命支持課程。
常見問題¶
What is the 'Cardiac Box,' and why is a small stab wound there so dangerous even if the victim seems fine for the first 10 minutes?
The Cardiac Box is a rectangular danger zone on the front and back of the torso bounded at the top by the collarbones, at the bottom by the lower rib margins and upper stomach pit (epigastrium), and on the sides by vertical lines running through both nipples. Because the heart and great vessels sit directly behind this box, any stab wound or gunshot inside it can nick the heart muscle inside its tough outer sac (the pericardium). Sometimes the small hole in the outer sac seals shut with a tiny clot while blood from the heart continues leaking slowly inside the sac. For the first 5 to 15 minutes, the victim may walk and talk normally, and then, as soon as 60 to 150 milliliters (less than half a cup) of blood fills the non-stretchy sac, pressure skyrockets, crushes the heart chambers shut, and causes sudden collapse. Every penetrating wound inside the Cardiac Box is an immediate 911/112/999 surgical emergency.
How can I tell the difference between cardiac tamponade and a collapsed lung (tension pneumothorax) if both cause shock and bulging neck veins?
Both cardiac tamponade and a tension pneumothorax cause 'obstructive shock,' meaning blood is dammed up in the great veins and cannot return to the heart, causing the jugular veins in the neck to bulge out while blood pressure drops. The fastest way to tell them apart is to look at and listen to the lungs and windpipe. In a tension pneumothorax, trapped air fills one side of the chest cavity, so breath sounds are completely absent on the injured side, only one side of the chest rises properly, and the chest sounds like a hollow drum when tapped. In cardiac tamponade, the trapped blood is confined inside the small sac around the heart, leaving both lungs completely inflated, so both sides of the chest rise equally, breath sounds are heard clearly on both the left and right sides, and the windpipe stays strictly in the middle of the neck.
Why must you never pack gauze inside a deep chest stab wound the way you pack gauze into a deep thigh or groin wound?
Wound packing works in the thigh, groin, armpit, or neck because those areas are solid muscle compartments backed by solid bone; stuffing gauze tightly into the wound cavity presses the bleeding artery flat against the bone to stop the bleeding. By contrast, the chest is a huge hollow ribcage filled with spongy, compressible lungs. If you try to stuff gauze through a hole between the ribs, there is no solid backstop to press against: the gauze simply unspools inside the hollow chest cavity, collapses the lung, fails to compress the bleeding vessel, introduces bacteria into the pleural space, and hides lethal internal bleeding behind a plug of cotton. For chest wounds, never pack inside the cavity; apply a vented chest seal or firm flat surface pressure on the outside only.
What is 'pulsus paradoxus,' and how can you feel it at the wrist in someone with cardiac tamponade?
Pulsus paradoxus is a classic physical sign of cardiac tamponade where the person's pulse at the wrist noticeably weakens or completely disappears every time they breathe in, and then comes back every time they breathe out. This happens because the right and left pumping chambers of the heart are trapped together inside a tight, blood-filled pericardial sac that cannot expand outward. When the patient breathes in, negative chest pressure draws extra blood into the right side of the heart; because the outer sac won't stretch, the right ventricle has to bulge inward across the dividing wall and squash the left ventricle, temporarily stopping the left ventricle from pumping a normal pulse wave out to the wrist.
來源已檢查¶
- 美國外科醫生學會(ACS,美國): 高級創傷生命支持 (ATLS) 學生課程手冊:胸部創傷、穿透性心臟損傷、心包填塞和復甦性開胸手術。
- 東部創傷外科協會 (EAST) 和西方創傷協會(WTA,美國): 穿透性胸部創傷和“心臟盒”的實踐管理指南。
- 戰術戰鬥傷亡護理委員會(CoTCCC/關節創傷系統,美國): TCCC 指南:胸部穿透傷的處理和胸腔內傷口包紮的絕對禁忌症。
- 歐洲復甦委員會 (ERC) 和英國復甦委員會: 創傷性心臟驟停 (TCA) 指南:可逆原因(4 Hs 和 4 Ts、心臟壓塞和張力性氣胸)。
- 全國緊急醫療技術人員協會(NAEMT,美國): 院前創傷生命支持 (PHTLS):阻塞性休克、貝克氏三聯徵和奇異脈。