Ka mau i roto i te ahi mohoao i te wa e hīkoi ana, e hīkoi ana rānei¶

Ko te kite i te pupuhi auahi o te pyrocumulus, te hongi i nga ngira paina e wera ana, te rongo ranei i te haruru o te tereina waka o te ahi karauna e anga ana ki runga i te awaawa i a koe e maero mai ana i te huarahi ara he ohorere ora-mate ranei kei tuawhenua. Ko nga ahi mohoao e peia ana e nga hau canyon me te topography teitei ka haere i te 10 ki te 25 kiromita ia haora (6 ki te 15 maero ia haora) na roto i te ngahere me te eke ki te 35 kiromita ia haora (22 maero ia haora) puta noa i te tarutaru maroke, he tere rawa atu i te tangata ka oma me te kore putea ranei. Ko te nuinga o te hunga e mate haere ana na te mea e mataku ana te tangata me te ngana ki te omaoma i mua i te mura o te ahi, ka mau tonu ranei ki roto i nga "tumere" whaiti ka eke nga hau wera nui ki te 800 nga nekehanga Celsius (1,472 nga nekehanga Fahrenheit). Kia ora mai i te kare ahi o te tuawhenua me panui tonu te ahupūngao o te hau me te titahatanga, te neke whakamuri (e tika ana ki te ara o te ahi) me te heke ki raro, ka werohia ma te taha iti te kaha ki te rohe haumaru "Pango" kua wera, ka rukuhia nga kakahu rewa, me te whakarite i tetahi waahi whakaruruhau ohotata ki te wera-wera i te toka papaku, wai kohuke ranei.

Mahia tenei inaianei¶

1. Whakahohehia to ramarama SOS amiorangi ka waea atu ki nga ratonga whawhati tata me o taunga GPS tika. Pēhia te paatene SOS ki to Garmin inReach, Zoleo, ACR Personal Locator Beacon (PLB), Apple Emergency SOS ranei ma te Satellite, ka waea atu ki to rohe. tau ohorere (911 i te United States me Canada, 112 puta noa i te Kotahitanga o Europi, 999 i te United Kingdom, 000 i Ahitereiria). Korero atu ki te tuku i to ahopae/roa, teitei, ingoa ara, te rahi o te roopu, me te ahunga e neke ana koe kia mohio ai nga waka rererangi kaipatu ahi me nga kaihopu helitack kei runga te tangata i tera wahanga.
2. KAUA rawa e ngana ki te oma atu i te ahi mohoao ki runga, ki runga ranei i te awa kuiti o te awaawa. Ka oma te ahi ki runga ki runga ki te 16 nga wa tere ake i te heke ki raro na te mea ka wera te wera convective i mua i te wera me te whakamaroke i nga otaota kei runga ake, a ko nga awaawa whaiti ahua V, nga awaawa, me nga tuurere hei tumere. Nekehia whakahekea me te taha taha (i te koki 90-tohu puta noa i te hau) mai i te "Upoko" (te taha matua) o te ahi.
3. He upoko mo te "Te Pango" (he whenua kua wera kee) mena ka uru. I roto i nga mahi patu ahi mohoao (United States Forest Service me te kaupapa NWCG), ko te waahi haumaru i runga i te ahi ahi kei roto "Te Pango" no te mea kua wera katoa nga tarutaru me te paraihe mata, e kore e taea e te ahi te wera i taua whenua mo te wa tuarua. Mena kei te tata koe ki te taha hauhautanga o muri, ki te taha iti ranei o te ahi kei raro iho i te 0.6 ki te 0.9 mita (2 ki te 3 putu) te teitei, rere ki roto i te taha angiangi o te mura ki roto i te rohe pungarehu pango kua whakamatao ka neke atu i nga mahanga mate.
4. Tukuhia to peketua taumaha ka wetekina nga paparanga o waho o te polyester, nylon, me te huruhuru huruhuru ki te tata te mahanga. Mena me omaoma koe mo to oranga, ka ora ranei koe i te wera o te wera, tuku tonu to peke taumaha (pupuri noa o ipu wai, peerangi SOS, paparanga wūru/karau, me te kohua whakarewa). Ko te polypropylene, te huruhuru polyester, me nga anga nylon ultralight ** ka rewa ki te 160 ki te 250 nga nekehanga Celsius (320 ki te 480 nga nekehanga Fahrenheit)** mai i te wera marama anake, ka hono ki te wera reo-toru-toru ahakoa kaore he mura e pa ki a koe. Mau 100% huruhuru, 100% miro (denim), hiako ranei.
5. Kimihia he Rohe Whakaoranga Ora-kore he wahie (he toka, he papa kirikiri, he kirikiri, he wiwi ranei) mena ka kore koe e mawhiti. Mena ka tapahia e te ahi nga huarahi mawhiti katoa, neke tonu ki te waahi nui rawa atu me te kore, iti rawa ranei nga otaota ka taea te tahuna: he papa toka toka nui, he pari titahatanga ranei, he huarahi paru whanui, he awaawa kirikiri, he awa makuku ranei. Horoia nga ngira maroke katoa, rau, ka parai ki raro ki te ** oneone kohuke** i roto i te 3-ki-6-mita (10-ki-20-waewae) radius huri noa i a koe.
6. ** Takoto whakararo ki raro me to ihu me to waha ka pehia ki te paru makuku, ki te kakahu miro/wuru makuku ranei ka pahemo te mura o mua.** Kaua rawa e tu ki runga, e oma ranei i te wa e pahemo ana te mura o mua me te ngaru auahi tino wera i runga i to papaahitanga: kotahi te manawa o te hau wera i te taumata o te kanohi (300+ nekehanga Celsius / 572+ nga nekehanga Fahrenheit i roto i nga meneti Fahrenheit) Takoto rawa ki runga i te paru kau (ka rukuhia ranei ki tou kaki i roto i te awa matao, whanui me te koti wūru makuku/ miroata ki runga i to mahunga), keria he awa iti mo to kanohi ki te manawa i te paparanga rangi 15-henimita (6-inihi) matao i te taha o te oneone, ka noho ki raro kia pahemo te ngaru wera matua.

flowchart TD
    A["Tirohia te auahi ahi mohoao, te mura, te ua ember ranei i a koe e haere ana"] --> B["Tikina Satellite SOS / Waea 911-112-999-000 me nga taunga GPS tika me te ahunga o te haerenga"]
    B --> C{"Te Aromatawai Turanga Ahi, Te Aranga Hau, me te Topography"}
    C -->|"Kei raro te ahi i a koe i roto i te awaawa, kei te piki ake ranei ki a koe"| D["KAUA e piki ki runga, ki roto ranei i nga nohoanga / tumere; haere ki te taha taha (90 nga nekehanga ki te hau) ka heke ki te taha o te wai rere"]
    C -->|"Tata ki te taha o muri, iti-kaha ranei (<0.9 m / 3 ft te mura o te ahi)"| E["Hohoro te whiti ma roto i te aputa angiangi o te taha ki 'Te Pango' (he waahi kua wera)"]
    D --> F{"Ka taea e koe te eke ki te huarahi ara, ki te huarahi whariki, ki te 'The Black' ranei i mua i te aroaro o te ahi?"}
    F -->|"Ae"| G["Whakatakahia nga taputapu taumaha ki te hiahiatia, pupuri wai me te SOS, nuku tere te hau whakawhiti ki roto i te Whanga Whero (toka, tarutaru poto)"]
    F -->|"Kao (Kei te tata te urunga)"| H["Tīpakohia te Rohe Whakaoranga: Te whanuitanga o te mara toka/scree toka, te awa kirikiri, te awa whanui/roto, te horoinga oneone kohuke ranei"]
    H --> I["Tango katoa nga kakahu nylon/ polyester me te waikeri i nga ipu wahie me te kohikohi 20 mita te tawhiti"]
    I --> J["Wiuhia te oneone kohuke kore, takoto kanohi ki raro ka manawa ki roto i te pute paru ma roto i te kakahu miro/wuru makuku tae noa ki te paahi o mua"]

Wāhanga 1: Te mohio ki te ahupūngao ahi mohoao i te whenua maunga me te ngahere¶

Ka taea e te kaihoe o tuawhenua te mohio ki te mahi tahi a te ahi me Topography, Fuel, and Wind ka taea te matapae ki hea ka tere te ahi mohoao me te waahi ka mutu, ka karo i nga mahanga whenua i mate ai te hunga hikereke me nga kaipatu ahi mohoao.

Ko nga ture whenua me te hau e 4 mo te whanonga ahi mohoao¶

Wāhanga 2: Mawhiti āhuahanga ara me te whakawhiti ki "Te Pango"¶

Ko nga kaipatu ahi o Wildland e kore rawa e uru ki te rohe ahi me te kore e whakatuu LCES (Tirotiro, Whakawhitiwhitinga, Nga huarahi Mawhiti, me nga Rohe Haumaru). Mena ka hongi koe i te auahi, ka kite ranei koe i te pupuhi i a koe e hīkoi ana, tu mo te 30 hēkona ki te mahere i te ahua o te ahi i mua i te rere matapo.

Anatomy o te ahi ahi me pehea te mawhiti atu¶

E wha nga wahanga motuhake o ia ahi-a-te-a-te-a-te-a-te-taahiwi ranei:

1. Te Upoko: Ko te taha whakararo / pikitanga o te ahi ka teitei ake te mura o te ahi, ka tino whakamate te wera, ka tino matotoru te paowa, ka tere te hora. Kaua rawa e tu tika koe ki mua i te Upoko o te ahi ahi.
2. The Flanks: Ko te taha maui me te taha matau o te ahi, he whakarara ki te ahunga hau. He iti rawa te teitei o te mura o te taha o te taha, ka puhoi haere ki waho.
3. Te Rekereke: Te taha whakarunga / heke ki muri o te ahi, e ngokingoki ana ki te hau me te mura o te ahi.
4. Nga ahi ahi: I mura nga ahi hou 0.5 ki te 3 kiromita (0.3 ki te 2 maero) i mua i te ahi matua na nga mura ahi (nga ahi). He kino nga ahi ahi na te mea ka mura * kei muri i a koe i runga i to huarahi ka kowhakina koe i waenganui i nga ahi e rua.

========================================================================
WILDFIRE ESCAPE GEOMETRY (WIND OR SLOPE MOVING SOUTH TO NORTH)
========================================================================
                     [ SPOT FIRES (Embers) ]

              DANGER ZONE     |  (NEVER RUN HERE)
                         \========/
                        / THE HEAD  \  <-- Fastest, hottest flames
       Move Laterally  |             |  Move Laterally
     <--- (90 Degrees) | Left  Right | (90 Degrees) --->
                       | Flank Flank |
                        \           /
                         |   "THE   |  <-- SAFE ZONE: Already burned
                         |  BLACK"  |      bare ground inside perimeter
                          \________/
                          THE REAR
========================================================================

Me pehea me te wa ki te kuhu ki roto "Te Pango"¶

Ki te tangata hikoi kare i whakangungua, ka oma ki ki te raina ahi ki te whakawhiti ki roto i te waahi wera he ahua porangi. Heoi i roto i te hitori patu ahi mohoao, ** te whakawhiti ki "Te Pango" kua ora nga rau o nga oranga ** i te oma atu i te ahi i roto i te paraihe kaore i tahuna ("Te Kakariki") kua mate.

• He aha te "Te Pango" he haumaru: Ina ka wera te tarutaru, te parapara, te papa o raro o te ngahere, karekau he wahie whenua hei tahu. Ahakoa te mura o te ahi matua 100 mita te tawhiti i roto i te "The Green," ka noho haumaru te tangata e tu ana i roto i te whanui whanui o "The Black" kei horo.
• Ka taea e koe te whiti ki roto i te Pango: I nga wahie marama-ki-waenganui (nga tarutaru, nga rakau iti tuwhera, nga ngahere oki, ngahere paina tuwhera ranei kaore he rakau kua taia) i te taha Kei muri, i te taha humarie ranei o te ahi kei raro te teitei o te mura ** kei raro iho i te 0.6 ki te 0.9 mita (2 ki te 3 putu)** me te rohe mura ahi kaha (3 ki te 3 putu)** me te 1 ki te 3 putu te hohonu o te rohe mura (3 ki te 3 putu)**
• Waihia to peketua me te koti waihanga.
• Ringihia he wai mai i ou ipu ki runga i ou kakahu huruhuru, makawe, me te whitiki miro kua herea ki to ihu me to waha.
• Tiakina to kanohi me o kanohi ki o ringaringa kua hipokina ranei, pupuri i to manawa mo te 3-hekona o te pupuhi, ka hikoi ki roto i te waahi iti o te mura ki runga i te whenua pango kua wera.
• Hīkoi 30 ki te 50 mita (100 ki te 165 putu) te hohonu ki roto i te pango tae noa ki te hauhautanga o te whenua, ka heke te wera mai i te mata matomato karekau i tahuna.
• Nga mea morearea hei mataki mo roto "Te Pango":
• ** Ka hinga nga "Widowmaker":** Ko nga rakau e tu ana kua wera me nga pakiaka kua kowharua ka hinga kaore he whakatupato i muri i te paahitanga o te ahi. Me tu ki roto i te waahi pango i tawhiti atu i te teitei o nga rakau kua tahuna.
• White Ash Pits: Ko nga pute hohonu o te rewharewha te pungarehu ma e tohu ana i nga tumu rakau kua tahuna, i nga punaha pakiaka ranei e mura tonu ana i te 500 nga nekehanga Celsius (932 nga nekehanga Fahrenheit) i raro i te whenua. Ma te hikoi ki roto i te rua pungarehu ma, ka wera nga waewae me nga waewae. Me takahi noa i runga i te toka totoka, i te wao pango angiangi ranei, kaua rawa e uru ki roto i nga putunga pungarehu ma.
• Tahu ano i roto i te koru kare i tahuna: Mena ka tahuna noa te para o te ngira whenua ("underburn") i te mea e mau tonu ana nga ngira paina kaakaariki i roto i nga karauna o runga o te rakau, kaore ano kia tahuna, ka huri ohorere te hau ka puta ano he **karauna ahi ka wera ano i runga ake. Me whirinaki anake ki te Pango i tahuna ai te kaapu, karekau ranei he karauna rakau o runga.

Wāhanga 3: Tīpakohia te Rohe Whakaoranga Whakamutunga-Whakamutunga i te wa e hipa ana¶

Mena kei te tere haere te ahi mohoao ki te mawhiti me te teitei rawa o te mura (3+ mita / 10+ waewae) ki te kuhu ki roto i te Pango, he meneti koe ki te kowhiri i tetahi Whahanga Whakaora Whakamutunga Whakamutunga kia ora ai i te haerenga o te mura o mua.

He aha te patu i a koe i te wa e paheke ana: Te wera o te wera me te hau wera nui¶

Kaore koe e pa ki te mura kotahi ka mate koe i te ahi ahi. E rua nga kaipatu kare e kitea i mua me te haere tahi i te mura o mua:

1. Radiant Wera (Infrared Radiation): Haere i roto i nga raina tika i te tere o te marama mai i te pakitara mura. I te 10 mita (33 putu) mai i te ahi nui o te karauna, ka nui ake te rere o te wera i te 40 ki te 80 kirowatt mo ia mita tapawha, he nui ki te opupu te kiri tangata i roto i te 3 hēkona me te mura kakahu. Na te mea ka tere haere te wera raana ki nga rarangi torotika (raina-a-kitenga), ka whakanoho i tetahi arai totoka, kore e mura (he toka, he parepare paru, he awaawa hohonu, he wai ranei) i waenganui i to tinana me te pakitara mura ka aukati i te 100% o te wera tika.
2. Hui Hupawera Hurihuri (Injury Airway): Hurihia ana nga pupuhi o te hau tino wera (300 ki te 800 nekehanga Celsius / 572 ki te 1,472 nga nekehanga Fahrenheit) i mua o te mura ahi. Ko te haunga kotahi o te hau 300-tohu ka puta tonu te edema laryngeal (te pupuhi o te pouaka reo me te paipa hau) e kati ai te huarahi rererangi. Heoi, na te mea ka piki ake te hau wera, ka noho te paparanga hau i roto i te 10 ki te 15 henemita (4 ki te 6 inihi) o te paru kohuke kore e noho hau atu rau nga nekehanga me te pupuri i te hāora manawa.

Whakarangatira i nga Rohe Whakaora Whakamutunga Mai i te Pai ki te Kino¶

Te Tikanga Whakaoranga Ake-i-te-taahiraa (Te 10-Minute Te Panui Mura)¶

I te nuinga o te ngahere me te ngahere ahi ngahere, ko te mura nui o mua ka roa 2 ki te 10 meneti noa ki te haere i runga i te waahi tuuturu (ahakoa kei te haere tonu te auahi, te wahangu, me te wera o te ahi mai i nga rakau tahuna i muri mai). Mena ka pehia koe ki te takoto ki roto i te maara, te tapahi rori, kei muri ranei o te toka:

1. Makahia to peketua me to tahu wahie umu mo te 20 mita (65 putu) te tawhiti. Puritia noa o ipu wai, he kakahu wūru/miu, he karapu hiako ranei, me to taputapu SOS amiorangi ki roto i te pute i raro i to rama.
2. ** Hipokina ia henimita tapawha o te kiri kau ki te papanga kore-hangaia me te oneone:** Toia ki raro nga ringaringa o te miro/wuru, ka huri ake to kara, ka mau i nga karapu hiako, huruhuru ranei, ka toia he parani miro, merino ranei ki runga i to ihu, waha, me nga taringa. Mena he ringa kau, he waewae ranei, pania te paru makuku, te paru kohuke korere ranei ki runga i to kiri e kitea ana hei whakaata i te wera infrared.
3. Keria he "Putea Manawa" ki roto i te paru: Wiuhia he kowhao te rahi o te ringa ki roto i te paru kohuke hauhaumaru i raro tonu i to ihu me to waha. Patohia to mata ki roto i te paru paru me te kakahu makuku miro/wuru ka hipoki i to waha me to ihu.
4. Kia noho papatahi, KAUA KAOE KAUPAPA ka piki te haruru me te wera: I te wa e pa ana te mura o mua ki te taha o to whakamaaratanga, ka tangi te haruru ano he miihini jet, ka pouri katoa, ka pupuhi te ahi i to tuara, ka mamae te wera ki to tuara me nga kuao kau. Kaua e mataku, kaua e hikina to mahunga ki te hoha, kaua hoki e tu ki runga ka oma. Ma te tu ki runga ka tuu o ngutu ki roto i te hau 500-tohu-Celsius me te taurangi ka wera te huarahi rererangi i roto i nga manawa e rua. Me pehi tonu ki roto i te paru kia puhoi te manawa mai i te pute o te oneone tae noa ki te mimiti o te haruru, ka makariri te hau.

Wāhanga 4: Te hopu waka i te huarahi ara, te huarahi ngahere ranei¶

I etahi wa ka hoki ano nga kaikoi ki to raatau waka kua tu ki te huarahi paru mamao ka kitea kua motu ke te ara o te ngahere ki waho i te mura o te ahi, i nga rakau wera ranei.

• He pai ake te noho o te waka hikoi i te hikoi i te hikoi ma te paraihe wera, mena ka tika te whakanoho i te motuka:
• Tuku waka ki runga i te whenua iti rawa e waatea ana: Peia ki te pokapū o te papa tuunga paru/kirikiri whanui rawa atu, te waahi toka toka ranei, kia matara atu i nga rakau, paraihe, me nga kioti arai rakau ka taea. KAUA e tu ki runga i nga tarutaru roroa maroke, i nga moenga ngira paina ranei (ka mura tonu ki raro i to taika hau me te kaitahuri catalytic).
• Kia noho tonu te miihini (tae noa ki te paheketanga o te hāora) me nga rama matua me nga rama morearea KIA: Ma te pupuri i nga rama me nga rama ohorere ka taea e nga kaipatu ahi me nga waka topatopa te kite i to waka na roto i te auahi pango.
• ** Hurihia nga matapihi katoa kia 100% ki runga ka tautuhi i te mana o te rangi ki te "RECIRCULATE" (whakawetohia ranei nga hau):** Kaua rawa e waiho nga matapihi kia tuwhera; ka pupuhi nga mura ahi me te hau paitini kua wera ki roto i te whare.
• Tukuhia ki runga i te papa o te waka i raro i te raina karaehe matapihi: Ka tukuna e te karaehe Matapihi te wera infrared raana ki runga i to kanohi me o ringaringa (ka pakaru nga matapihi taha mauri i te wera nui). Takoto ki runga i nga whariki papa i raro i te taumata o nga kuaha whakarewa, ka hipoki katoa ki nga paraikete wūru, nga koti miro, nga kakahu taapiri/whariki papa (kaua rawa he peeke moe waihanga).
• Tamanakohia nga haruru nui ka noho ki roto kia pahemo te mura o mua: Ka pupuhi, ka rewa nga tuera, ka wera te kuti kirihou o waho, ka ruia e te hau nui te waka. Ko nga taika wahie waka o naianei he uaua ka pahū tonu; noho iti i raro i te raina matapihi i roto i te whare whakarewa tae noa ki te neke atu te pakitara mura o waho, katahi ka puta atu ki runga i te paru kua wera ki runga i te hau mena ka wera te waka o waho.

Wāhanga 5: Te whakamatautau hauora i muri i te ahi me te whakatere i waho o te rohe wera¶

Once the main fire front has passed and the air cools enough to stand up:

1. Check for Airway Thermal Burns (Red Flag Number 1): Look at your companions' faces. Singed nasal hairs, soot around the mouth or in sputum, a hoarse or raspy voice, brassy cough, stridor (high-pitched wheezing when inhaling), or difficulty swallowing indicate inhalation thermal injury. The upper airway can swell completely shut over the next 1 to 4 hours. Re-trigger your Satellite SOS immediately and report "Suspected airway burns requiring immediate helicopter hoist/evacuation." Keep the victim sitting upright (semi-Fowler's position) to reduce airway swelling and minimize physical exertion.
2. Treat Cutaneous Burns Correctly: Cool active burns with clean cool water from your drinking bottles for 10 to 20 minutes if available, remove any melted clothing ONLY if it is not stuck to the skin (never peel melted nylon or polyester out of a burn wound; cut around it), and cover burns loosely with clean dry gauze or a clean cotton shirt (see Weranga). Protect burn victims from hypothermia once the heat subsides.
3. Navigate Out Using "The Black" While Avoiding Post-Fire Deadly Hazards:
4. Never walk back into unburned green brush where shifting winds can reignite the flank. Stay inside The Black or on wide bare roads while waiting for rescue crews.
5. Watch overhead continuously for falling burned trees ("Widowmakers") and underground burned-out root cavities / white ash pits that collapse under a hiker's boot.
6. Beware of rolling rocks and debris on steep slopes: In steep mountain canyons, wildfires burn away the logs and brush holding talus rocks in place, sending bowling-ball-sized rocks tumbling down onto trails continuously after the fire passes.

Pātai auau¶

Kua tirohia nga puna¶

• National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) & United States Forest Service (USFS) (United States): Incident Response Pocket Guide (IRPG) (PMS 461, covering LCES, Escape Routes, Safety Zones, "The Black" vs. "The Green", Watch Out Situations, Fire Behavior slope/wind rules, and Last Resort Survival without a Fire Shelter).
• USFS Missoula Technology and Development Center (MTDC) (United States): The New Generation Fire Shelter and Surviving Fire Entrapments: Radiant vs. Convective Heat Physics and Breathable Air Layers at Ground Level.
• National Park Service (NPS) (United States): Backcountry Wildfire Preparedness and Trail Evacuation Protocols.
• Country Fire Authority (CFA) (Victoria) & NSW Rural Fire Service (NSW RFS) (Australia): Bushfire Survival when Caught on Foot or in a Vehicle (radiant heat shielding, wool/cotton clothing protection, and vehicle floorboard sheltering).
• Wilderness Medical Society (WMS) & American Burn Association (ABA) (United States): Prehospital Management of Thermal Burns and Acute Smoke / Airway Inhalation Injury in Austere Environments.

Nga kaiarahi e pa ana¶

• Wildfires
• Wildfire smoke and ash inhalation
• Weranga
• Ko te waro haukoha me te momi auahi te awhina tuatahi
• Kua ngaro i te wa e hīkoi ana, e puni ana ranei
• Ko nga nama ohorere ma te whenua