Chemical train derailment and toxic plume shelter-in-place: 10-minute room sealing, vapor density physics, and decontamination¶

When a freight train carrying pressurized tank cars derails and ruptures, an industrial petrochemical refinery suffers a catastrophic valve failure, or a highway tanker truck overturns, hundreds of metric tons of toxic industrial chemicals (TICs), such as liquefied chlorine, anhydrous ammonia, vinyl chloride, hydrogen fluoride, phosgene, or acrylonitrile, can vaporize into a lethal, fast-moving chemical plume within minutes. During the initial phase of an acute hazardous materials (hazmat) release, attempting to outrun a chemical cloud in a family car often leads directly into a fatal trap: automobile air conditioning vents draw outdoor toxic vapors straight into the cabin within seconds, and gridlocked evacuation traffic traps drivers inside an invisible, low-lying gas pocket.

Surviving a chemical plant explosion or hazmat train derailment depends on making an immediate, split-second decision between In-Place Protection (Shelter-in-Place) and Crosswind Evacuation based on official emergency broadcasts and vapor density physics. By knowing whether a chemical gas sinks into basements or rises into upper stories, shutting down every mechanical air-exchange pathway in your home within 90 seconds, executing the FEMA 10-minute pre-cut plastic sheeting and duct tape room seal, performing emergency strip-and-flush decontamination if exposed, and testing indoor low-lying dead spaces before returning home after a release, households can survive acute toxic chemical plumes without respiratory injury.

Vê niha bikin¶

1. Move indoors immediately and call emergency dispatch only for life-threatening medical distress. If you see a greenish-yellow, reddish-brown, or dense white vapor cloud, smell pungent chemical odors (bleach, ammonia, bitter almonds, rotten eggs, or sweet ether), or experience sudden eye and throat burning, get inside immediately; if someone is unconscious, seizing, or suffering severe respiratory distress, call your local emergency number (911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom, or see all hejmarên acîl).
2. Follow official Shelter-in-Place vs. Evacuation orders without delay. Monitor Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA), NOAA Weather Radio, or municipal emergency sirens; unless authorities explicitly order an immediate evacuation of your specific street zone, Shelter-in-Place indoors rather than driving into an unknown chemical plume.
3. Shut off all HVAC systems, exhaust fans, and dampers within 90 seconds. Immediately turn your central heating and air conditioning thermostat to OFF, switch off window AC units, turn off bathroom and kitchen range exhaust fans, shut clothes dryer vents, and close fireplace dampers so mechanical fans do not vacuum outdoor poison gas into your house.
4. Choose a high, windowless interior room, never a basement, for dense gases. Because most industrial hazardous gases (including chlorine, vinyl chloride, propane, phosgene, and sulfur dioxide) have a vapor density heavier than air (Vapor Density > 1.0), they sink into basements, crawlspaces, and ditches; retreat to an interior room on the highest floor of your building with the fewest windows and doors.
5. Seal the room in 10 minutes with 4-mil to 6-mil plastic sheeting and duct tape. Lock all windows and exterior doors to engage compression weatherstripping, jamb a wet towel tightly under the interior room door, and tape pre-cut polyethylene plastic sheeting over every air supply register, cold-air return grill, electrical outlet, window frame, and door perimeter.
6. Strip outer clothing and flush skin and eyes for 15 minutes if exposed outdoors. Anyone who walked through chemical vapor, mist, or soot outside must remove all clothing inside the entryway (sealing contaminated clothes inside double plastic trash bags without pulling shirts over the face) and wash hair, skin, and eyes thoroughly with lukewarm water and mild soap before entering the sealed safe room.

Chemical hazmat plume and shelter-in-place decision tree¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Train Derailment, Chemical Plant Explosion, or Hazmat Siren"] --> LocationCheck{"Where are you right now?"}

    LocationCheck -->|"Outdoors or In a Vehicle"| CanEscape{"Are you upwind/crosswind with clear road escape away from the plume?"}
    CanEscape -->|"Erê"| DriveCrosswind["Drive Crosswind (90 Degrees to Wind Direction) & Uphill<br/>Close car windows, set HVAC to Recirculate (MAX AC/Off)<br/>Never drive toward smoke, low river valleys, or highway underpasses"]
    CanEscape -->|"No (Inside Plume or Traffic Gridlock)"| EnterBuilding["Abandon Car & Enter Nearest Multi-Story Masonry Building<br/>Breathe through damp folded cloth while running indoors"]

    LocationCheck -->|"Indoors at Home, School, or Work"| OrderCheck{"Have authorities ordered Immediate Mandatory Evacuation for your block?"}
    OrderCheck -->|"Erê"| DriveCrosswind
    OrderCheck -->|"No (Shelter-in-Place Order or Unsure)"| KillHVAC["1. Turn OFF all HVAC, furnaces, AC units, bath/kitchen fans<br/>2. Close fireplace dampers and lock all exterior windows/doors"]

    EnterBuilding --> DeconCheck{"Were your clothes, hair, or skin exposed to chemical mist/vapor?"}
    KillHVAC --> DeconCheck

    DeconCheck -->|"Erê"| StripFlush["Strip 100% of Outer Clothing (Removes 80% to 90% of Chemical)<br/>Double-bag clothes; flush eyes and skin with lukewarm water for 15 min<br/>Never pull contaminated shirt over eyes/mouth (cut it off)"]
    DeconCheck -->|"No"| SelectRoom["Move to Highest-Floor Interior Room (Never a Basement)<br/>Bring water, battery radio, phones, pets, and Wet Towels"]

    StripFlush --> SelectRoom
    SelectRoom --> Seal10Min["Execute 10-Minute Duct Tape & 6-Mil Plastic Room Seal<br/>Tape HVAC vents, return grills, outlets, door seams, and windows<br/>Monitor Emergency Broadcasts; Ventilate & Exit when All-Clear sounds"]

Phase 1: Vapor density physics, Why basements are lethal during most chemical releases¶

People conditioned by tornado warnings instinctively run to the basement when an emergency siren sounds. During a hazardous materials train derailment or industrial gas leak, running to a basement can be fatal.

How relative vapor density (Air = 1.0) dictates where a chemical plume travels¶

In hazardous materials science (standardized in the DOT / Transport Canada / PHMSA Emergency Response Guidebook [ERG]), every gas or vapor is compared to dry ambient air, which is assigned a baseline Vapor Density of 1.0 (molecular weight of approximately 29 grams per mole):

• Lighter-than-air gases (Vapor Density < 1.0): Only a small handful of common hazardous gases are lighter than air (unless initially super-cooled), most notably Anhydrous Ammonia (0.59), Hydrogen Cyanide (0.94), Qarbon monoksît (0.97), Metan / Gaza Xwezayî (0.55), û Hîdrojen (0.07). Lêbelê, bala xwe bidinê ku dema ku ammonyaya bêhîd a şil a bi zextê ji gerîdeya tankê ya hesinî diqelişe, ew di -33,3 pileyî Celsius (-28 pileyan Fahrenheit) de dişewite, mijek aerosolê ya qels, super-sarkirî ava dike ku bi sed metreyan erdê hembêz dike berî ku germ bibe û rabe.
• ** Gazên ji hewa girantir (Vapor Density > 1.0)**: Zêdetirî 85 ji sedî kîmyewî yên trênê û rafîneriyê yên pîşesazî yên bi cildê bilind ji hewayê girantir in. Ew mîna çemên nexuyayî ber bi jêr diherikin, di binê rê, nivînên çeman, kanalîzasyonên bahozê, ciyên gerîdeyê, û jêrzemînên niştecihanê de diherikin, ku ew oksîjena bêhna xwe vediguhezînin û digihîjin asta kujer.

Phase 2: The 10-minute Shelter-in-Place room sealing protocol¶

When a chemical plume is approaching your neighborhood, air enters your home through two mechanisms: mechanical forced ventilation (fans and HVAC blowers) and natural infiltration (wind pressure pushing air through window seams and warm indoor air rising out of the attic, which sucks replacement outdoor air in through lower walls, known as the "stack effect").

By shutting down mechanical systems and sealing a single interior "safe room" inside your house, you create a double-envelope buffer (the outer house shell slows plume infiltration into the hallways, and your inner taped room blocks hallway air from reaching your lungs), reducing toxic peak concentrations by 90 percent to 99 percent during a 2-hour plume passage.

Pre-staging the FEMA Shelter-in-Place Kit (Do this before an emergency)¶

During an actual train derailment, you will not have time to measure windows and cut plastic sheets cleanly while sirens are wailing. Prepare a dedicated Shelter-in-Place Tub stored in your designated safe room today:

1. Select the optimal interior Safe Room: Choose an interior room on the second or third floor (or highest ground-floor room if in a single-story ranch) with the fewest windows and exterior walls, ideally an interior master bathroom or walk-in bedroom adjoining a bathroom (providing running tap water for drinking, wetting breathing cloths, and sanitation). Avoid rooms with gas water heaters or furnaces that require combustion air.
2. Pre-cut 4-mil to 6-mil Polyethylene Plastic Sheeting:
3. Buy a roll of heavy-duty 4-mil to 6-mil (0.10 to 0.15 millimeter) clear or black polyethylene plastic sheeting at a hardware store (thin 0.7-mil painter drop cloths tear easily and are more permeable to organic vapors).
4. Measure every HVAC supply vent, return air grill, bathroom exhaust fan, window frame, and door frame in your designated safe room.
5. Cut a dedicated piece of plastic sheeting for each opening that is 15 centimeters (6 inches) wider and longer on all four sides than the frame.
6. Write the exact location on each plastic sheet with a permanent marker ("MASTER BATH EXHAUST FAN", "BEDROOM AC REGISTER", "HALLWAY DOOR OVERLAY") and fold them neatly on top of your kit alongside 3 rolls of industrial high-tack duct tape (48 millimeters / 2 inches wide) and a pair of heavy utility shears.
7. Calculate minimum Safe Room air volume (0.93 Square Meters / 10 Square Feet Rule):
8. Under FEMA and Army Corps of Engineers collective protection standards, an unventilated, tightly sealed room with a standard 2.4-meter (8-foot) ceiling requires at least 0.93 square meters (10 square feet) of floor space per person (equivalent to roughly 2.26 cubic meters or 80 cubic feet of air volume per person) to provide sufficient oxygen and prevent carbon dioxide (CO2) buildup above 3 percent for up to 3 to 5 hours at rest. For a family of four plus a dog, make sure the room measures at least 4.5 square meters (48 to 50 square feet, such as a 2.1 by 2.4 meter / 7 by 8 foot room).

The minute-by-minute 10-minute sealing countdown¶

When the Shelter-in-Place alert sounds:

• Minutes 0 to 2 (Whole-House Mechanical Shutdown):
• Bring all family members and pets indoors immediately.
• Termostata navendî ya HVAC-ê ji ser biguherînin HEAT an COOL ber OFF, û mîhengê fanoyê jê biguherînin ON ber AUTO/OFF. (Heke firna we an rêgirê hewayê li kêleka yekîneyê guhezek kuştina elektrîkê ya acîl heye, wê bixin OFF).
• Hemî fanosên eksozê yên banê serşokê, kapoyên rêza metbexê, fanosên serşokê yên tev-xanî, klîma pencereyê, û zuwakirina kincan vekin.
• Hemî damperên tîrêjê yên ocaxê û dergehên hewayê yên sobeya daran bigirin.
• Hemî pencereya derve û deriyê camê yê xêzkirî yê li malê girtî û ** kilît bikin (zivirandina kilîtka paceya pencereyê guheztina hewayê ya lastîkî hişk dikişîne, ji sedî 50 ketina hundurê qut dike).
• ** Deqîqên 2 heta 5 (Ewlehkirina Avêlên Odeya Ewle û Derketinan) **:
• Bikevin odeya ewlekariya hundurê qata jorîn a xweya destnîşankirî û derî bigrin.
• Parçeyek 6-milî ya plastîk a pêşbirkirî bi tam li ser her ** qeyda peydakirina HVAC**, grîla vegerandina hewaya sar, û fanera eksozê ya banê serşokê li jûreyê bixin, kasêta lûleyê bi rêkûpêk li her çar kevanan li hember boyaxa dîwarê paqij an pîvaz bişkînin.
• Kevirên domdar ên kasêtê li ser dergehên dîwarê elektrîkê, lewheyên guheztina ronahiyê, pêlên dîwarê lûleya avjeniyê li binê lavaboyê bixin, û avjenên serşokê/şûştinê yên serşokê (pêçên P-yên hişk ên di dravên erdê yên ku nayên bikar anîn de divê tavilê bi 1 lître av bêne dagirtin da ku gazên kanalîzasyonê nikaribin bikevin hundurê odeyê).
• ** Deqîqên 5 heta 10 (Derdora Pencere û Derî Girtin) **:
• Ger pencereyek jûreyê hebe, kor an perdeyan bigrin (ji bo rawestandina firrîna camê heke gerîdeyek tangek rêhesinê tûşî teqîna duyemîn bibe) û pelika plastîk a pêşbirkirî li dora tevaya pencereya derve bi kasetek domdar û li ser her çar aliyan ve bizeliqînin.
• Destmalek serşokê şil bi valahiya jêrîn a li binê deriyê hundurê hundurê girtî ve têxin hundur.
• Rêzên kasêtê li ser qulika mifteyê, li dora plakaya lêdana destika derî, û li ser çîpên jor, çep, û rastê yên vertîkal / çîpên derî bixin, an pelika xweya plastîk a pêşbirkirî ya derî ya bi mezinahîya tevayî li seranserê çarçoweya deriyê hundur bixin.
• Bêdeng rûnin, xwe ji xebata laşî dûr bixin (ku mezaxtina oksîjenê û hilberîna karbondîoksîtê duqat dike), dema ku Weşanên Awarte çalak bihêlin hişyariyên bihîstwerî yên têlefonê bêdeng bikin, û li benda hemî-Clear-a fermî bin.

Qonaxa 3: Ger li derve an di nav wesayitekê de di dema derketina ji rê de were girtin divê çi bikin¶

Ger hûn ajotinê dikin an dimeşin dema ku hûn li pêş trênek ji rê, tankerek şkestî, an ewrê hilma pîşesaziyê dibînin:

1. Tu carî ber bi ewrekî buharê yê xuyayî an pêleka dûmanê ve nemeşin: Tewra şopek ji ammonyaya bêhîd, klor, an buhara sotemeniyê jî dikare motora şewitandina hundurîn rawestîne (bi guheztina oksîjenê an jî dibe sedema lêxistina mazotê ya revyayî) û di heman demê de ajokar di nav du nefesan de bêhêz bike.
2. Rewşa bayê tavilê diyar bikin: Li çiqilên daran, alayan, dûmana dûmanê, an jî li gulikê xwe binerin.
3. Never run directly downwind (in the direction the wind is blowing), the plume moves at wind speed and will overtake you on foot.
4. Move Crosswind (perpendicular, at a 90-degree angle to the wind direction) and Uphill: Moving perpendicular to the wind takes you out of the narrow plume corridor via the shortest possible physical distance, and climbing to higher ground raises you above heavy sinking gases (VD > 1.0).
5. Configure vehicle climate controls within 3 seconds:
6. Hemî pencereyên gerîdeyê bi tevahî hildin.
7. Press the Air Recirculation button (the icon showing a curved arrow inside the car cabin) or turn the climate blower fan completely OFF and close the dash vents so the fresh-air cowl at the base of your windshield stops pumping outdoor poison gas onto your face.
8. If trapped in gridlocked traffic inside a plume: Turn off the car engine, leave the keys inside, cover your nose and mouth with a damp cloth, and run into the nearest multi-story commercial or residential building, climbing to an upper-floor interior hallway away from street level.

Phase 4: Emergency personal and pet decontamination (Strip and Flush)¶

If you, a child, or a pet were outdoors when chemical vapor, liquid mist, or fallout soot passed overhead, bringing contaminated clothes inside your sealed safe room will cause secondary off-gassing, poisoning everyone inside the room.

The 80-90% Rule and 15-Minute Lukewarm Flush¶

1. Strip 100 percent of outer clothing before entering the living area:
2. Clinical hazmat studies by the CDC and US Department of Health and Human Services Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management (CHEMM) confirm that simply removing outer clothing eliminates 80 percent to 90 percent of chemical contamination immediately.
3. Never pull a contaminated shirt, sweater, or hoodie up over your head and face, doing so wipes liquid chemical or soot directly across your eyes, nose, and mouth. Use heavy shears or scissors to cut shirts up the center front and down the sleeves, peel them backward off the shoulders, and push pants down past the shoes.
4. Place all contaminated clothing and shoes directly into a heavy plastic trash bag, tie it shut, place that bag inside a second plastic bag, seal it with duct tape, and leave it outside or in an isolated garage/entryway for hazmat teams.
5. Blot visible liquid droplets first, then flush with lukewarm water for 15 minutes:
6. Ger dilopên kîmyewî yên rûn ên xuya li ser çerm hebin, berî ku serşokê vekin, bi nermî wan bi destmala kaxezek zuwa 10 saniyeyan bişixulînin (neçînin).
7. Step into the shower and flush hair and skin from head to toe with large volumes of lukewarm water (never scalding hot water, which dilates skin capillaries and accelerates systemic chemical absorption, and never icy water, which causes hypothermia) and mild liquid dish soap or baby shampoo for 15 full minutes. Do not scrub skin with stiff brushes, which abrades the epidermis.
8. Flush burning eyes for 15 minutes:
9. Remove contact lenses immediately and discard them (contact lenses trap concentrated acids, alkalis, and solvents directly against the cornea).
10. Tilt the head sideways over a sink or under a gentle shower stream and run lukewarm water from the inner corner of the eye (next to the nose) outward across the open eyeball for a full 15 minutes.
11. Decontaminating household pets:
12. Dogs and cats walk close to the ground where heavy gases settle and instinctively lick chemical fallout off their fur and paws. Wash exposed pets thoroughly with lukewarm water and mild dish soap while wearing nitrile or dishwashing gloves before bringing them into the safe room.

Phase 5: Controlled burn evacuations (Vinyl Chloride / BLEVE) and safe return home¶

When a train derailment involves pressurized flammable liquid gases, such as Vinyl Chloride, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), Ethylene Oxide, or Butadiene, engulfed by external pool fires, emergency commanders monitor the tank cars for a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE). If pressure-relief valves fail or tank steel weakens from flame impingement, a rail car can detonate catastrophically, hurling multi-ton steel shrapnel over 800 to 1,600 meters (0.5 to 1 mile) or prompting authorities to order a mandatory evacuation zone of 1.6 to 3.2 kilometers (1 to 2 miles) prior to an emergency vent-and-burn operation.

Vegera malê bi ewlehî piştî pêleka kîmyewî an şewitandina kontrolkirî¶

Gava ku karbidestên acîl fermana Sitargeh-li-Cihê an Tehliyekirinê rakirin:

1. ** Strukturê hewa bikin û pêşî "cihên mirî" yên nizm kontrol bikin **:
2. Hemî pencere û deriyên li ser zemîn û qatên jor vekin û fanosên qutikê bişixulînin da ku hewaya hundurîn a asêkirî bi kêmî ve 30 heya 60 hûrdem derxînin.
3. ** Di ketina jêrzemînan, bodrûman, zozanan, yan jî ciyên gerîdeyê de pir hişyar bin**: Ji ber ku gazên giran (Chlorine, Vinyl Chloride, Phosgene, Benzene, Hydrogen Chloride) Bikevin nav deverên jêr-pola ku li wir bayê xaçerêya xwezayî tune ye, kîsikên gaza jehrîn dikarin bi rojan piştî ceribandinên hewayê li derve bi 0.0 ppm li jêrzemîna we asê bimînin. Berî dagirkirina jêrzemînê, bi karanîna detektorên fotoyonîzasyonê (PID) û metreyên pir-gazê, ** şûştinek çavdêriya hewaya hundurîn ** belaş ji tîmê Fermandariya Yekgirtî / Ajansa Parastina Jîngehê (EPA) daxwaz bikin.
4. ** Çavkaniyên avê û bîrên taybet kontrol bikin **:
5. Germên avê yên bi zextê yên şaredariyê yên girtî bi gelemperî ji pêlên hewayê têne parastin, heya ku rayedar ji ber herikîna rezerva rûkalê şîretek Nevexwe / Ne-Bikar bînin. Lêbelê, ** bîrên ava binerd ên niştecîh ên niştecîh **, çîmento, û zozanên ajalan ên vekirî yên li nêzî cîhek ji rê derketinê divê ji bo pêkhateyên organîk ên guhezbar (VOCs, di nav de vinyl chloride, benzene, û butyl acrylate) bêne ceribandin berî vexwarinê, xwarinçêkirinê, an serşokê.
6. ** Soza hundurîn paqij bikin û xwarinên vekirî bavêjin **:
7. Xwarinên nepakkirî, tasên fêkiyan, an konteynerên vekirî yên xwarinên heywanan ên ku di dema qurmê de li derva rûniştibûn, bavêjin.
8. Maskên N95/P100 û destikên nîtrîle yên giran li xwe bikin dema ku pencereyan, eywanan, û qatên hişk bi karanîna valahiya HEPA ya şil an pêlavên mîkrofiberê yên şil bi deterjanê paqij bikin (tu carî zuwa nekin an valahiya standard bêyî parzûna HEPA bikar neynin, ku aerosolê dioksina niştecîh an jî soota giran aerosol dike).
9. Hemî fîlterên hewayê yên pêçandî yên firna niştecîh/HVAC biguhezînin (MERV 13 an fîlterên karbonê yên çalak) û fîlterên hewayê yên kabînê di wesayîtên we de.
10. ** Tenduristiya bingehîn û bandorên milkê tavilê belge bikin **:
11. Her çend di nav rojekê de tûjbûna çavê we ya tûj, kuxik, serêş, an tama metalîk xilas bibe jî, di nav 72 saetan de serî li klînîkek dermanê pîşeyî/ jîngehê an bijîjkê xwe yê bingehîn bidin da ku muayeneyek bijîjkî ya bingehîn, testa fonksiyona pişikê ya spirometry, û panela xwînê/mîzê di nexşeya xweya bijîjkî ya fermî de tomar bikin, û her meqbûzek ji bo otêl, xwarin û xwarinê ji bo hewayê bihêlin. vegerandina daxwazên trênê / pîşesaziyê.

Pirsên pir caran têne pirsîn¶

rêberên Related¶

• Dirêjiya kîmyewî û berdana materyalên xeternak
• Xeta boriya gazê qut bû û tax vala kirin
• Serbestberdana tîrêjên nukleerî, stargeha hilweşînê, û potassium iodide
• Di laboratûara kîmyewî de diherike û acîl şuştina çavan
• Daxuyaniyên ewlehiya avê û kelandinê
• Hejmarên acîl û şandina navneteweyî

Çavkaniyan kontrol kirin¶

• Ajansa Rêvebiriya Lezgîn a Federal (FEMA) û Ready.gov (Dewletên Yekbûyî): Rêbernameya Plansazkirinê ji bo Parastin û Vegerandinê Piştî Bûyerên Xezalên Radyolojîk û Kîmyewî û Bernameya Rastiyê ya Sitargehê (Qanûna 10-Foot Çargoşe).
• Rêveberiya Ewlehiya Xeta Veguhastinê û Materyalên Xeterdar (PHMSA), Kanada Veguhastinê, û SICT (Dewletên Yekbûyî, Kanada, û Meksîka): Pirtûka Bersiva Lezgîn a 2024 (ERG) (Dûrahiya Destûra Veqetandinê û Çalakiya Parastinê û Tabloyên Kêmasiya Vaporê ya Berbiçav).
• Wezareta Tenduristî û Rêvebiriya Karûbarên Mirovî ya ji bo Amadekarî û Bersiva Stratejîk (ASPR) û Pirtûkxaneya Tibê ya Neteweyî (Dewletên Yekbûyî): * Rêvebiriya Bijîjkî ya Lezgîn a Xetereyên Kîmyewî (CHEMM): Dekontamînasyona nexweşên tûj (Qanûna 80-90%) û Kîmyewîyên Pîşesaziya Toksîk (TIC) Protokola Klînîkî *.
• Ajansa ji bo Madeyên Toksîk û Tomarkirina Nexweşan (ATSDR) / Navendên Kontrolkirin û Pêşîlêgirtina Nexweşan (CDC) (Dewletên Yekbûyî): * Rêbernameyên Rêvebiriya Bijîjkî (MMG) ji bo Klor, Vinyl Chloride, Ammonia Anhydrous, Sulfide Hydrogen, Fosgene, and Hydrogen Fluoride *.
• Ajansa Parastina Jîngehê (EPA) û Enstîtuya Neteweyî ya Ewlehî û Tenduristiya Pîşeyî (NIOSH) (Dewletên Yekbûyî): *Asta Rêbernameya Ragihandina Tûj (AEGL), Nirxên Yekser Ji Jiyan an Tenduristiyê (IDLH) Xeteredar, û Protokola Vegerandina Hewaya Navxweyî ya Piştî berdanê *.
• Ajansa Ewlekariya Tenduristiyê ya Keyaniya Yekbûyî (UKHSA) û Rêvebirê Tenduristî û Ewlehiyê (HSE) (Kraltiya Yekbûyî): *Bersiva Bûyera Kîmyewî, Li Cihê Penaberiyê ("Biçe hundur, Bimîne, Bihêle"), û Rêbernameyên Agahdariya Giştî ya COMAH *.