Serivise zo Kurinda Abana (CPS) gusura urugo n'uburenganzira bwemewe¶
Imibare yihutirwa itandukanye nigihugu. Uru rupapuro rukoresha 911, umubare kuri Amerika na Kanada. Ibindi bihugu byinshi bikoresha 112, 999, cyangwa undi mubare. Shakisha umubare wigihugu cyawe.
Kumva ukomanga ku rugi rwawe hanyuma ugashaka Serivisi zo Kurinda Umwana (CPS, DCFS, ACS, DCF, DFPS, cyangwa ushinzwe Serivisi ishinzwe Imibereho Myiza y'Abaturage) umupererezi uhagaze ku rubaraza rwawe, rimwe na rimwe aherekejwe n'abapolisi bambaye imyenda imwe, cyangwa kwakira telefoni y'umukozi ushinzwe imibereho myiza y'abaturage akumenyesha ko umwana wawe yabajijwe ku ishuri nyuma ya raporo ya telefoni itazwi ni kimwe mu bintu biteye ubwoba umubyeyi ashobora guhura na byo. N'igihe umuryango ari umwere 100 ku ijana kandi raporo ikaba yaratewe n'uwahoze ari mugenzi we mubi mu makimbirane yo kumurera, kutumvikana ku biro by'umuganga w'abana cyangwa ku ishuri, gukomeretsa ku bibuga by'abana bitunguranye, cyangwa kutumvikana n'umuturanyi, imigabane yemewe ni myinshi. Ikintu cyose uvuga ku rubaraza rwawe rw'imbere, urupapuro urwo ari rwo rwose rwo kurekura kwa muganga wasinye udasomye, n'uko witwara mu minota icumi ya mbere birashobora kumenya niba dosiye ifunze nk '"nta shingiro" cyangwa igahinduka mu rubanza rwinjira mu rubanza rwishingikirije / Urukiko rw'umuryango.
Niba umwana urera muri iki gihe afite ibibazo byihutirwa byubuvuzi, ibikomere bikomeye, cyangwa akaga gakomeye kumubiri ubungubu, hamagara nimero yawe yihutirwa (911 muri Amerika no muri Kanada, 112 hirya no hino mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, 999 mubwongereza) cyangwa ubaze igitabo cyacu mpuzamahanga nimero yihutirwa ako kanya. Niba umukoresha wa CPS ari kumuryango wawe cyangwa akaba yarahamagaye umuryango wawe kugirango akore iperereza, komeza utuze, komeza ijwi ryawe mu kinyabupfura no gupimwa, hanyuma ukurikize intambwe zishingiye ku itegeko nshinga n’amategeko hepfo.
Kora ubu¶
- ** Gumana ituze rwose, ntuzigere usakuza cyangwa ngo uhagarike umupolisi, hanyuma utangire gufata amajwi cyangwa amashusho kumugaragaro kuri terefone yawe **: Ntuzigere utakaza umujinya wawe hamwe niperereza rya CPS, urwango, induru, cyangwa imyitwarire idahwitse ku rubaraza byandikwa mubyemezo byabakozi bashinzwe imibereho nkikimenyetso cyerekana "guhungabana kwababyeyi" cyangwa "kudashobora kugenzura uburakari". Fata ikinyabupfura telefone yawe (cyangwa ukoreshe kamera yo kumuryango) hanyuma uvuge utuje: * "Kubirinda no gukosora, uyu munsi ndimo nandika ibiganiro byacu." *
- ** Injira hanze ku rubaraza rwawe rw'imbere hanyuma ukurure urugi rw'imbere rufunze inyuma yawe, cyangwa uvuge unyuze mu muryango ufunze **: Mu gitabo cya ** Ivugurura rya kane ry’Itegeko Nshinga rya Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika ** (hamwe na sitati ihwanye n’ibanga muri Kanada, Ubwongereza, n'Uburayi), umukozi ushinzwe imibereho myiza ya CPS ni umukozi wa leta ** wubahiriza ibisabwa na polisi. Keretse niba umukozi afite ** Icyemezo cyurukiko cyashyizweho umukono numucamanza / Icyemezo cyo gushakisha ** mumaboko yabo CYANGWA gifite ibintu byihariye, bisobanurwa ** Ibihe byimuka byimuka ** (byihutirwa, byangiza ubuzima bwimbere mumazu ubungubu), ** nta tegeko ryemewe n'amategeko kureka CPS ikinjira murugo rwawe nta cyemezo. **
- ** Baza kureba ikirangantego cyemewe cya leta cyumukozi, fata ikarita yabo yubucuruzi, hanyuma ubaze ikibazo nyacyo cyamategeko: * "Ufite icyemezo cyashyizweho umukono numucamanza cyangwa icyemezo cyurukiko cyo kwinjira iwanjye uyu munsi?" ***: Andika cyangwa ufotore izina ryuzuye ryiperereza, nimero yikigo, izina ryumuyobozi, na numero ya terefone. Basabe kuvuga ibirego ** byihariye ** byatanzwe muri raporo y'umurongo wa telefoni (muri Amerika, amategeko ya CAPTA ya federal ndetse n'amategeko menshi ya leta arasaba CPS kumenyesha ababyeyi imiterere yihariye y'ibirego babanje kubonana, mugihe izina ry'umunyamakuru ryibanga).
- ** Sobanukirwa n'itandukaniro riri hagati yo kwanga gusaka mu nzu yose nta cyemezo na kimwe cyerekana ko umwana wawe afite umutekano kandi ko ari muzima *: Ababyeyi benshi batinya ko baramutse banze mu kinyabupfura kwinjira mu nzu yabo nta cyemezo, umukozi ushinzwe umutekano azavuga ko umwana ashobora gukomeretsa imbere ("ibintu bidasanzwe") hanyuma agahamagara abapolisi ngo bakingure urugi. Kugira ngo ukureho ikirego icyo ari cyo cyose cyerekeye "ibintu bidasanzwe" utiriwe ukuraho uburenganzira bwawe bwite bwo mu rugo kwa kane, urashobora ** kuzana ** umwana wawe wambaye, ufite ubuzima bwiza ku idirishya cyangwa hanze ku rubaraza rw'imbere amasegonda 30 kugira ngo umukozi abone neza ko umwana afite umutekano rwose kandi nta nkomyi, ** cyangwa ** bwira umukozi ati: * "Abana banjye bafite umutekano rwose, baragaburiwe, kandi bafite ubuzima bwiza. avoka araguhamagara kugirango utegure gahunda. "
- ** Ntugashyire umukono ku gipfukisho cya HIPAA Ubuvuzi / Ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, "Gahunda y’umutekano", cyangwa "Amasezerano yo Gushyira ku bushake" ku muryango nta munyamategeko wabisuzumye **: Abashakashatsi bakunze guha ababyeyi agapapuro kanditseho amashusho mu ruzinduko rwa mbere basaba ko hashyirwaho umukono kuri ** Blanket Medical & Psychiatric Release ** (ituma CPS ikurura imyaka 10 yanditswemo na dosiye ya OB). ** "Gahunda y’umutekano ku bushake" ** (irashobora gusaba mu buryo bwemewe n’umubyeyi kwimuka mu rugo rwabo cyangwa guha abana mwene wabo nta CPS bigeze bagaragariza umucamanza ikirego kimwe.). Ntuzigere usinya umukono wemewe cyangwa ubuvuzi aho hantu; vuga mu kinyabupfura: * "Uyu munsi nzafata kopi y'uru rupapuro ndusuzume hamwe n'umwunganira." *
- ** Menyesha abunganizi kabuhariwe ** Abunganira Ababyeyi / Umushinjacyaha Ushinzwe Kwishingira Abana ** (ntabwo ari umunyamategeko usanzwe wubutane) ako kanya **: Gutandukana bisanzwe cyangwa abanyamategeko mpanabyaha akenshi ntibinzobere mumategeko yubuyobozi ya CPS (
Title IV-E,CAPTA,ICWA, hamwe na leta yo kwishingira kode). Hamagara ** CPS / Umushinjacyaha Ushinzwe Kwishingira Abana **, Leta ** Ibiro bishinzwe ubufasha mu by'amategeko mu muryango **, cyangwa umushinga wawe wo guhagararira ababyeyi ** mu isaha ya mbere.
Danger
Ntuzigere ubeshya umupererezi wa CPS, kabone niyo byaba bito. Mu mategeko ya leta na leta, kuvuga ibinyoma bigaragara mubushakashatsi bwa guverinoma, kabone nubwo yaba afite ubwoba cyangwa ipfunwe, bigutesha agaciro umucamanza wurukiko rwumuryango kandi CPS ifatwa nk "" icyaha cyo kwicira urubanza "cyangwa" kunanirwa kurinda ". Uhora ufite itegeko nshinga ** Ivugurura rya gatanu uburenganzira bwo guceceka no kwanga gusubiza ibibazo nta avoka wawe uhari **, bikaba bifite umutekano inshuro 1.000 kuruta gukeka, gutekerezaho, cyangwa kuvuga ibinyoma ku rubaraza.
Igiti cyemezo: gukora CPS itamenyeshejwe gukomanga kumuryango wawe¶
Kurikiza iki cyemezo cy'itegeko nshinga mugihe iperereza rishinzwe kurengera abana (hamwe cyangwa udaherekejwe na polisi) ageze murugo rwawe:
flowchart TD
A["Umushakashatsi wa CPS (hamwe na Polisi cyangwa idafite) Akomanga ku rugi rwawe rw'imbere"] --> B["Tangira Amajwi / Amashusho. Intambwe Hanze & Funga Urugi Inyuma Yawe (cyangwa Vuga Binyuze kumuryango)"]
B --> C["Kugenzura Ikarita y'Indangamuntu y'abakozi, Shaka Ikarita y'Ubucuruzi & Baza: 'Ufite Icyemezo cyashyizweho umukono n'umucamanza cyangwa icyemezo cy'urukiko?'"]
C -->|"Yego: Umukozi atanga icyemezo cyashyizweho umukono numucamanza cyangwa gukuraho urukiko / Icyemezo cyo kwinjira"| D["Soma Iteka witonze: Kugenzura Aderesi yawe Yukuri, Amazina Yumwana, Igipimo cyishakisha & Umukono wumucamanza"]
D --> E["Ntugahagarike kwinjira. Vuga neza ko byafashwe amajwi: 'Nubahirije iri teka ry'urukiko, ariko ntabwo nemera ko hagira ubushakashatsi burenga aho bwanditse, kandi ndasaba uburenganzira bwanjye bwo kunganirwa.'"]
C -->|"Nta cyemezo / Nta cyemezo cy'urukiko"| F{"Ese abapolisi babangamira abinjira ku gahato bavuga ko 'ibintu bidasanzwe' (Akaga k’umubiri)?"}
F -->|"Oya: Uruzinduko rusanzwe rwiperereza"| G["Baza ibirego byihariye. Ubishaka Werekane Umwana Muri make kuri Window / Ibaraza kugirango Yerekane ko umwana afite umutekano & nta nkomyi (Ikuraho ikirego cya Exigency)"]
G --> H["Wamagane mu kinyabupfura Gushakisha Urugo Rushakishwa & Kubazwa utabajijwe: 'Nzaguha umwunganira mu masaha 24 kugira ngo uhuze.'"]
F -->|"Yego: Leta ya Polisi Bazinjira ku ngufu nonaha nta cyemezo"| I["Ntuzigere urwanya umuyobozi. Intambwe Kuruhande & Leta Birangurura amajwi kuri Video: 'SINYEMEYE kwinjira byinjira. Gusa ndagiye ku ruhande mbangamiwe n'abapolisi. '"]
E --> J["Wange gusinya Blanket HIPAA Isohora cyangwa 'Gahunda Yumutekano Yubushake' Kugeza Isuzumwa na Avoka Ushinzwe"]
H --> J
I --> J
Uburenganzira bwawe bwitegeko nshinga mugihe cyiperereza rya CPS (Icya kane, icya gatanu, na cumi na kane)¶
Ababyeyi benshi bibeshya ko Serivisi ishinzwe Kurengera Abana ikorera hanze y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika cyangwa ko hari "umukozi ushinzwe imibereho myiza" ku Ivugurura rya Kane. ** Nta mukozi ushinzwe imibereho myiza y'abaturage usibye Itegeko Nshinga. ** Buri karere kajuririrwa muri leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika (Calabretta v. Floyd, Gates v. Texas Dept. of Protective and Regulatory Services, Doe v. Heck, Roska v. Peterson, Franz v. Lytle) yemeje rwose ko abashinzwe umutekano muri CPS ari abakozi ba leta bagengwa n’amategeko agenga itegeko nshinga nk’abapolisi:
| Uburenganzira bw'Itegeko Nshinga / Uburenganzira bwemewe n'amategeko | Icyo Amategeko avuga | Uburyo CPS igerageza kuyinyuramo ku rugi | Nigute Ukoresha Uburenganzira bwawe Umutekano & Ikinyabupfura |
|---|---|---|---|
| ** 1. Kurinda Ivugurura rya Kane Kurinda Urugo Rutemewe ** | Umukozi ushinzwe imibereho myiza ya leta ** ntashobora ** kwinjira munzu yumuntu adafite ** 1. ** Kwemera kubushake, ** 2. ** Icyemezo cyashyizweho umukono numucamanza / Icyemezo cyurukiko gishingiye kumpamvu zishobora kubaho, cyangwa ** 3. ** Ibintu byukuri biva hanze (imyizerere yumvikana umwana afite * ibyago byugarije umubiri byimbere * muri kano kanya *). | ** Kwemererwa n'iterabwoba **: Kuzana umupolisi wambaye imyenda kugirango ahagarare ku rubaraza ("Police Assist"), cyangwa kuvuga * "Niba utanyemereye nonaha ngo ndebe frigo yawe, ngomba gushyira muri raporo yanjye ko hari icyo uhishe ukabona icyemezo cyurukiko." * |
** Ntuzigere utanga "uruhushya" kubera ubwoba. ** Niba ubaretse mugihe badafite icyemezo, urukiko rutegeka "kureka kubushake" uburenganzira bwawe bwa 4 bwo kuvugurura. Baza niba bafite icyemezo; niba atari byo, kwanga kwinjira kugeza igihe avoka wawe ahari. |
| ** 2. Imipaka ya kane ivugururwa kubushakashatsi bugaragara / Ibizamini byumubiri byabana ** | Inkiko nkuru (Calabretta v. Floyd, Franz v. Lytle) kwemeza ko umukozi ushinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage cyangwa umupolisi ** adashobora kwambura-gushakisha cyangwa kwiyambura umwana muto ** gushaka ibikomere cyangwa ibimenyetso nta ** Icyemezo cyashyizweho umukono n’umucamanza **, uruhushya rw’ababyeyi, cyangwa byihutirwa by’ubuvuzi. |
Gusaba umubyeyi cyangwa umuforomo wishuri kuzamura ishati yumwana muto cyangwa kumanura ipantaro kugirango bafotore ikimenyetso cyamavuko, ikibanza cya Mongoliya (kuvuka kwa dermal melanocytose), cyangwa gukomeretsa mukibuga nta cyemezo kibifitiye. | Vuga mu buryo bweruye: * "Ntabwo nemera ko hasuzumwa umubiri cyangwa amashusho y’umubiri w’umwana utambaye umuganga utari umuganga." |
| ** 3. Ivugurura rya gatanu Uburenganzira bwo Kwishinja ** | Ikintu cyose ubwira umukozi ushinzwe imibereho myiza ya CPS ni ** ntabwo ari ibanga **, ijambo ryose ryanditswe mububiko bwa leta (SACWIS/CCWIS) kandi basangiye mu buryo butaziguye na ** Polisi n’umushinjacyaha w’akarere / Porokireri **. |
Kugaragaza uruzinduko nk "urugwiro rushyigikira umuryango" no kubaza ibibazo byingenzi bijyanye na disipulini yashize, imiti yandikiwe, urumogi rwidagadura / kunywa inzoga, cyangwa impaka zo murugo. | Wanze mu kinyabupfura kubazwa nta nama: * "Ndashaka gufatanya rwose mu kwerekana ko umwana wanjye afite umutekano, kandi umwunganira azishimira gutanga ibyangombwa cyangwa gutegura gahunda yacu." * |
| ** 4. Ivugurura rya cumi na kane Inyungu Zibanze Zubwisanzure Mubabyeyi ** | Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwo muri Amerika (Troxel v. Granville, Santosky v. Kramer) yemeza ko ababyeyi bafite uburenganzira bw’ibanze bw’ubwisanzure bw’itegeko nshinga mu kwita, kurera, no gucunga abana babo, bidashobora gucibwa nta buryo bukomeye ** Uburyo bukwiye bw’amategeko **. |
Guhatira ababyeyi gusinya hanze yurukiko ** "Gahunda yumutekano" ** ikuraho umubyeyi murugo cyangwa igashyira abana hamwe na mwene wabo iminsi 30 kugeza 90 * * itigeze * itanga ikirego cyurukiko aho umucamanza yagomba gusuzuma ibimenyetso bya CPS. | Wange gushyira umukono kuri "Gahunda yumutekano ku bushake" itandukanya umuryango wawe utabanje kubaza avoka w’abana bato ushobora gusuzuma niba koko CPS ifite impamvu zemewe n'amategeko zo kujya kumucamanza. |
Icyiciro cya 1: Uburyo iperereza rya CPS ritangira nisaha yiminsi 45 -60¶
Gusobanukirwa na bureaucracy y'imbere ya Serivisi ishinzwe kurengera abana ikuraho amayobera ikagufasha gusenya iperereza ridafite ishingiro muburyo.
1. Kuki CPS yaje iwacu? (Abanyamakuru Bateganijwe na Hoteri Zitazwi)¶
Intara zose hamwe nigihugu gikora umurongo wa 24/7. Raporo zituruka ahantu habiri hatandukanye:
- ** Abanyamakuru bategekwa (~ 65% bya Raporo) **: Abarimu, abajyanama b'ishuri, abaganga b'abana, abaforomo bo mu byumba byihutirwa, abavuzi, abakozi bo mu rugo, n'abapolisi basabwa na sitati mpanabyaha guhamagara CPS niba bareba * ikimenyetso icyo ari cyo cyose * kidasobanutse, bakumva umwana avuga ibyerekeye amagambo, cyangwa bakabona umubyeyi bigaragara ko afite ihohoterwa. Kuberako kunanirwa gutanga raporo bishobora gutwara umwarimu cyangwa umuforomo uruhushya, abanyamakuru bategekwa kurenza raporo bitonze.
- ** Abatari Abanyamwuga / Abanyamakuru batazwi (~ 35% ya Raporo) **: Abahoze ari abashakanye mugihe cyintambara yo kubarera, abaturanyi bararakaye, ba nyirinzu bagerageza kwirukana umukode, cyangwa bene wabo batandukanye.
- * Impinduka zingenzi mu mategeko *: Kuberako raporo zishyushye za CPS zitari zo zikoreshwa cyane nkigikoresho cyo gutoteza mubibazo byubutane, leta nka ** Texas (Texas Family Code § 261.1045, guhera muri Nzeri 2023) ** na ** California (AB 391.
2. Ibihe byihutirwa byo gusubiza (24-Amasaha yihutirwa na 5-10-10-Gahunda)¶
Iyo umurongo wa telefoni uterefona unyuze mugice cya mbere cyo gufata ("Mugaragaza-Muri"), CPS igenera urwego rusubiza amategeko:
1. ** Ako kanya / Amasaha 24 Yibanze 1 Igisubizo **: Ibirego birimo uruhinja, gukomeretsa kumubiri kugaragara, kutagenzura umwana muto, ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo, cyangwa ibiyobyabwenge byababyeyi. Umushakashatsi agomba guhanga amaso umwana mumasaha ** 2 kugeza 24.
2. ** Gahunda ya 3 -10-Iminsi Yibanze ⅔ Igisubizo **: Ibirego byo kutita ku burezi, imiterere y’urugo rwanduye, amakimbirane mu magambo, cyangwa ibibazo byamateka.
3. ** Isaha y’iperereza ry’iminsi 30 kugeza kuri 60 **: Mu nkiko hafi ya zose, CPS isabwa mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko guhagarika iperereza bitarenze iminsi 30, 45, cyangwa 60 ya kalendari ** hamwe nimwe mu myanzuro itatu yemewe y'ubuyobozi:
- ** Bidafite ishingiro / Bitegetswe / Bidafite ishingiro **: Nta bimenyetso bifatika byo guhohotera cyangwa kwirengagiza byabonetse.
- ** Ntibishoboka / Ntibishobora Kumenya ** (bikoreshwa muri leta zatoranijwe): Ibimenyetso bidahagije byo kwemeza cyangwa kubihakana.
- ** Substantiated / Yerekanwe / Yashinzwe **: Ushinzwe umutekano yemera "kubanza ibimenyetso" (cyangwa "ibimenyetso bimwe byizewe") ko ihohoterwa cyangwa uburangare byabayeho, bishyira izina ry'umubyeyi kuri leta ** Kwiyandikisha kw'abana bato (CACI / SCR) **, birashoboka kubuza umubyeyi gukora mukwigisha, ubuforomo, kurera abana, ubuvuzi, cyangwa gutoza.
Icyiciro cya 2: Niki wakora niba CPS yamaze kubaza umwana wawe kwishuri mbere yo kuguhamagara¶
Kimwe mu bintu byababaje ababyeyi ni uguhamagara kuri telefoni saa 14h30 n’umukozi wa CPS agira ati: * "Ndangije kubaza umukobwa wawe w’imyaka 7 mu biro by’umuyobozi ku ishuri ribanza, none ubu ngiye mu rugo rwawe." *
CPS irashobora kubaza umwana wanjye mwishuri rusange utampamagaye mbere?¶
Amategeko yerekeye ibibazo byabajijwe mu ishuri CPS aratandukanye cyane kububasha, kandi kumenya amategeko yigihugu cyawe ni ngombwa:
- ** Mu bihugu byinshi byo muri Amerika (kandi hakurikijwe amategeko amwe n'amwe ya Leta) **: Abayobozi b'ibigo bya Leta bemerewe (cyangwa basabwa) n'amategeko agenga uburezi bwa Leta kwemerera umukozi wa CPS cyangwa umukozi ushinzwe kubahiriza amategeko kubaza umunyeshuri mu cyumba cyigenga ku ishuri ku byerekeye abakekwaho guhohoterwa mu ngo batabanje kubimenyeshwa n'ababyeyi.
- ** Ariko, Inkiko za Leta zemeje ko Ifatwa ry’ishuri ridafite ibyemezo rishobora kurenga ku ivugurura rya kane **: ** Amerika. Urukiko rw'ubujurire rw'akarere ka cyenda (Greene v. Camreta / Doe v. Heck mu karere ka karindwi) ** yamenye ko gukura umwana mu ishuri kugira ngo abaze ibibazo byinjira afashijwe n’abashinzwe umutekano ni ** Ifatwa rya kane ry’ivugurura ** ry’umwana.
- ** Mu bihugu bifite "Uburenganzira bw'ababyeyi / Montana / Texas / Florida / Idaho" Uburinzi **: Ibihugu byinshi byashyizeho amategeko abuza kubaza ibibazo by’ishuri ryihutirwa cyangwa bisaba abayobozi b'ibigo / CPS kubimenyesha ababyeyi cyangwa kwandika ikiganiro keretse keretse icyemezo cy'urukiko cyangwa ubusonerwe bwihariye bw’umutekano.
Nigute warinda umwana wawe hamwe ninyandiko Ibyabaye mwishuri¶
- ** Baza umwana wawe atuje (Utabayoboye cyangwa ngo ubatuke) Ibyabaye **:
- Ntuzigere ucyaha umwana wawe kuvugana numukozi ushinzwe imibereho myiza kwishuri, abana bigishwa kumvira abantu bakuru mubiro byumuyobozi.
- Baza ibibazo byuzuye: * "Ninde wari mucyumba nawe? Banditse ikiganiro? Bakubajije iki?" *
- ** Tanga Umuyobozi wanditse "Itangazo ryo gukuraho uruhushya rwo kubaza ibibazo by'ishuri ridafite ishingiro" umuyobozi w'ikigo **:
- Mu gihe ibaruwa y’ababyeyi idashobora kurenga ku cyemezo cy’urukiko cyashyizweho umukono n’umucamanza cyangwa ku butegetsi buteganijwe n'amategeko, urashobora kugeza amabwiriza y’ikinyabupfura, yemewe n’umuyobozi w’ishuri hamwe n’umuyobozi w’akarere, agira ati: kugera ku mwana wacu. "*
- ** Saba Amajwi / Amashusho Yafashwe Yabajijwe Mubucamanza **:
- Abana bato barashobora kwibasirwa cyane no kuyobora, gusubiramo ibibazo byabajijwe nabi. Niba urubanza rwigeze rujya muburanisha cyangwa mu rukiko, avoka wawe agomba guhita ahamagaza amajwi / amashusho yuzuye, adahujwe hamwe nibisobanuro byabajijwe kwishuri.
Icyiciro cya 3: Nigute ushobora guhakana byimazeyo ibirego rusange cyangwa ibinyoma bya CPS¶
Niba uzi ibirego nyabyo byateje umuhamagaro wa CPS, kandi ukaba uzi ko ari ibinyoma cyangwa kutumvikana kwa muganga / murugo, ** gutegereza byanze bikunze iminsi 45 ni ikosa.
| Ikirego rusange cya CPS | Impamvu Imiryango Yinzirakarengane Itangazwa | Ako kanya Intego Yerekana Guterana Mugihe cyamasaha 24 |
|---|---|---|
| ** 1. Ibikomere bidasobanutse, Ikimenyetso, Amavuko, cyangwa kuvunika kumwana ** | ** 1. ** Ubusanzwe umwana muto shin / uruhanga rwo gukinisha ibikomere. ** 2. . 3. ** Imiterere yubuvuzi (Indwara ya Von Willebrand, Ehlers-Danlos, Kubura Vitamine D, ihahamuka). |
** Mu masaha 2 uhereye kuri CPS itumanaho **, jyana umwana wawe kubuvuzi bwabo ** bwemewe nubuyobozi bw’abana ** (cyangwa inzobere mu kuvura abana). Saba umuganga w'abana gukora ikizamini cyuzuye ** Cyiza-Umwana / Uruhu & Skeletal Ikizamini **, inyandiko yerekana ko umwana afite ubuzima bwiza kandi afite intungamubiri, menyekanisha ibimenyetso byose byavutse (Congenital Dermal Melanocytosis) cyangwa umukino usanzwe urabagirana mubishushanyo mbonera byubuvuzi, hanyuma wandike ibaruwa isinywe yemeza ibimenyetso bya zeru byimpanuka zidasanzwe (NAT). |
** 2. "Kwirengagiza Ubuvuzi" cyangwa "Kunanirwa gutera imbere (FTT) "** |
Umubyeyi ashaka igitekerezo cya kabiri cyubuvuzi ** kubindi bitaro, yanga imiti itabishaka nyuma yo kugisha inama umuganga wabo, cyangwa afite umwana muto petite / imburagihe akura kumurongo wa 3%. | Shaka inyandiko zanditse kubuvuzi bwibanze bwabana, inzobere, cyangwa umujyanama wonsa werekana ko witabiriye gahunda zateganijwe, ukurikiza gahunda yubuvuzi bugenzurwa na muganga, kandi ko gushaka igitekerezo cya kabiri cyubuvuzi kwa MD wabiherewe uburenganzira nuburenganzira bwababyeyi burinzwe. |
| ** 3. "Urugo rudafite isuku / Kwirengagiza ibidukikije / Nta biryo mu nzu" ** | ** Ubukene NTIBWirengagizwa. | Fata ** igihe cyagenwe, videwo ihanitse cyane n'amafoto ya buri cyumba cyo munzu yawe ubungubu **, ufate amashusho yimbere imbere ya firigo yawe yuzuye hamwe na pantry **, ** ukoresha amazi ashyushye kandi akonje mugikoni no mu bwiherero bwogeramo **, ** ubwiherero bwogeza **, ** ubushyuhe bwakazi / AC thermostat **, ** umwotsi ukora na deteri ya karubone kuri buri mwana wa **. |
| ** 4. Ikirego cyo gufata nabi ibiyobyabwenge byababyeyi (Ikirego cyahoze ari abafatanyabikorwa) ** | Uwahoze ari umufatanyabikorwa avuga kuri telefone ko ukoresha ibiyobyabwenge bitemewe (fentanyl, methamphetamine, cocaine) cyangwa kunywa inzoga hafi y'abana. |
** Ntugashyikirize igikombe cyinkari zidakurikiranwa kumukozi wa CPS niba utarigeze uvugana ninama ** (amakosa yumunyururu-wo-kurera hamwe nibyiza bituruka ku mbuto ya poppy, imiti ikonje dextromethorphan, ibuprofen, cyangwa imiti ya ADHD Adderall nibisanzwe kumurongo uhendutse wibiza.). Ahubwo, saba avoka wawe ategure ako kanya ** SAMHSA Yemewe na Laboratwari (Quest Diagnostics / LabCorp) GC / MS Umusatsi Follicle cyangwa Ikizamini cyo Kwemeza Uburiri **, gitanga ubumenyi bwa siyansi budashoboka bwerekana ibiyobyabwenge bya zeru mu minsi 90 ishize. |
| ** 5. Kwirengagiza Uburezi / Ukuri cyangwa Raporo yo Kwiga murugo ** | Ku wa kabiri, umuturanyi abona abana bakinira mu gikari saa 11h00 hanyuma ahamagara CPS atazi umuryango amashuri yemewe n'amategeko, cyangwa umwana wabuze iminsi 12 yishuri kubera asima / indwara idakira. | Koranya leta yawe ** Itangazo ryintego yo murugo murugo (NOI). (Amashyirahamwe nka ** Urugo rwishuri ryigisha amategeko ()HSLDA) ** gutanga 24/7 byihutirwa byoherejwe kubashinzwe kwiga murugo gusura CPS). |
Warning
Niki ** "Ibitaro byubuvuzi" ** niki wakora mugihe umuganga wihutirwa yanze kukurekura umwana wawe cyangwa kubimurira mubindi bitaro? Iyo umwana azanywe muri ER afite umutwe, kuvunika, cyangwa indwara zidakira, ibitaro byimbere ** Itsinda rishinzwe kurengera abana (CPT) ** irashobora gushira by'agateganyo ** 24-kugeza-72-amasaha yo gukingira ibitaro ** mugihe uhamagara CPS. ** Ntuzigere ufata umwana wawe kumubiri hanyuma wiruke muri ER kugirango ufate kumugaragaro **, ibyo bizahita bitera abapolisi Amber Alert no gukuraho urukiko rwihutirwa (Ex Parte Removal Order). Guma neza kuryama k'umwana wawe, gumana ikinyabupfura na buri muforomo, uhite usaba umuvugizi w’ibitaro **, usabe kopi y’amashusho yose (CT/MRI/X-ray DICOM disiki) kubitekerezo byigenga byabana bato ba radiologue igitekerezo cya kabiri, kandi ushake inararibonye ** Ubuvuzi bwihohoterwa rikorerwa abana / Umushinjacyaha wunganira ** uwo munsi.
Icyiciro cya 4: Ni ryari UKWIYE kwemerera igenzura ryateganijwe, riyobowe na avoka?¶
Tegereza, niba Ivugurura rya Kane ryakwemerera kuvuga "Oya" kugirango winjire muri CPS udafite icyemezo, bivuze ko ugomba kwanga ko CPS ibona inzu yawe kugirango iperereza ryiminsi 45 yose?
** Ntabwo ari ngombwa, kandi aha niho ingamba zemewe n'amategeko zikiza imiryango: **
1. ** Kuki Kwanga ku rubaraza ku munota wa 1 ari Ubwenge **: Gukomanga utabimenyeshejwe saa 19h00 bigufata hanze, nta avoka, nta mutangabuhamya, ndetse mbere yuko umenya icyo uregwa. Kujya hanze, werekana ko umwana ari muzima kandi neza ku idirishya / ibaraza, no gusaba amasaha 24 kugeza kuri 48 yo kuvugana na avoka wawe bihagarika kubaza ibibazo bikonje.
2. ** Impamvu Yateganijwe, Iminota 15 "Kugenzurwa Kugenda" Nyuma yamasaha 48 Akenshi Akenshi Arangiza Urubanza Ako kanya **:
- Dufate ko uwahoze ari uwo bashakanye yarakaye yahamagaye umurongo wa telefoni maze akabeshya ko * "Mu rugo nta biryo bihari, amashanyarazi yazimye, kandi hari umwobo hasi." *
- Niba wanze kuvugana muminsi 30, umukozi ushinzwe imibereho yababaye ashobora kujya kumucamanza wurukiko rwumuryango agasaba ** Iteka ryinjira ryiperereza / Icyemezo cyo gufasha mubushakashatsi **.
- Ahubwo, iyo umaze kuvugana na avoka wawe (cyangwa ukazana umutangabuhamya utuje, utagira aho ubogamiye mucyumba cyawe), uteganya gahunda ya ** ngufi, yiminota 10 ** aho umukozi ushinzwe umutekano yinjiye, akareba rimwe mubyumba byawe bitagira ikizinga, firigo yuzuye, amazi atemba, hamwe nabana bishimye, hanyuma ukagenzura agasanduku kumpapuro zabo.Running Water: Yes, Food: Yes, Beds: Yes, Visible Hazards: None) iha abashinzwe umutekano ibyo bakeneye byose kugirango ** bahagarike iperereza nka "Nta shingiro" muricyumweru kimwe ** kandi ntuzongere kukubabaza.
Urutonde-Ingingo 6 Mbere yo Gusura Urugo Rwose¶
Niba wowe na avoka wawe bahisemo kwemerera urugo rugufi rwo gutambuka kugirango ufunge dosiye:
1. ** Kugenzura Shingiro SPS igomba Kugenzura **: Buri lisiti ya leta ya CPS isaba kugenzura: ** 1. ** Gukora amazi atemba nu musarani usukuye; ** 2. ** Ubushyuhe bwo gukora / amashanyarazi; ** 3. ** Ibiryo bihagije muri firigo na kabine; ** 4. ** 5. ** Gukora ibyuma bisohora umwotsi; **
2. ** Gira Umutangabuhamya Ukuze Utuje Uhari mucyumba **: Saba umuvandimwe wizewe, umushumba, umuturanyi, cyangwa avoka wawe kwicara bucece mucyumba cyo kuraramo wanditse inyandiko yanditse yigihe cyo gutangiriraho, igihe cyanyuma, nibibazo byose byabajijwe.
3. ** Komeza Gusura Incamake, Ikinyabupfura, kandi Wibande gusa ku kirego cyihariye **: Subiza gusa ikibazo cyihariye cyabajijwe hamwe na bugufi "Yes" cyangwa "No". Ntukitange amateka yubuzima bwawe bwose, ntukitotomba birebire kubyerekeye uwahoze mwashakanye, kandi ntugashyire umukono kumpapuro zisohoka.
Icyiciro cya 5: Niki wakora niba CPS ikuyemo umwana wawe cyangwa igatanga ikirego cyurukiko (72-Hour Shelter Care Hearing)¶
Mubintu bidasanzwe kandi byangiza CPS nabapolisi bakora ikurwaho ryihutirwa ryumwana wawe (Protective Custody / Ex Parte Removal):
- ** Menya Uburenganzira Bwawe Byemewe n'amategeko bwo Kuburanisha Urukiko Ako kanya (Mubisanzwe mu masaha 24 kugeza 72 y'akazi) **:
- Yaba CPS cyangwa abapolisi ntibashobora gufata umwana gusa bakabagumana ibihe byose. Muri buri ntara ya Amerika, intara ya Kanada, hamwe n’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze bw’Ubwongereza, ikigo gisabwa n’amategeko kuzana ikirego imbere y’umucamanza w’urukiko rw’abana bato / mu gihe cy’amasaha 24 kugeza kuri 72 (usibye muri wikendi / ibiruhuko) ** kugira ngo byihutirwa ** Kwita ku buhungiro / Gufunga / Iburanisha ry’uburinzi bwihutirwa ** (cyangwa itegeko ryo gukingira byihutirwa **)
EPOkumva ** hakurikijwe ingingo ya 44 y'itegeko ry’abana mu Bwongereza 1989).
- Yaba CPS cyangwa abapolisi ntibashobora gufata umwana gusa bakabagumana ibihe byose. Muri buri ntara ya Amerika, intara ya Kanada, hamwe n’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze bw’Ubwongereza, ikigo gisabwa n’amategeko kuzana ikirego imbere y’umucamanza w’urukiko rw’abana bato / mu gihe cy’amasaha 24 kugeza kuri 72 (usibye muri wikendi / ibiruhuko) ** kugira ngo byihutirwa ** Kwita ku buhungiro / Gufunga / Iburanisha ry’uburinzi bwihutirwa ** (cyangwa itegeko ryo gukingira byihutirwa **)
- ** Uburenganzira bwawe kuburanira Urukiko (
Public Defender / Panel Counsel) **:- Niba icyifuzo cyurukiko cyatanzwe kandi ukaba udashobora kwigurira umunyamategeko wigenga, ** ufite uburenganzira bwemewe n'amategeko hafi yububasha bwose bwo kugira urukiko rwigenga rwashyizweho nubushinjacyaha bwunganira abana bato bashinzwe kuguhagararira ** muburanisha ryambere ryamasaha 72. Mugere mu rukiko byibura iminota 60 hakiri kare kugira ngo mubonane na avoka wagenwe mbere yuko umucamanza afata intebe.
- ** Ako kanya Tanga urutonde rwumuryango wizewe (
Kinship PlacementIbyingenzi) **:- Mu mategeko ya federasiyo (** Guteza Imbere Intsinzi no Kongera Amategeko yo Kurera,
42 U.S.C. § 671(a)(19)** na sitati yo guhitamo benewabo), niba umucamanza ategeka ko hashyirwa igihe gito hanze yurugo mugihe cyiperereza, ** urukiko na CPS bagomba guhitamo uburenganzira bwo gushyira umwana mubyara ukuze kandi ubishaka (Sogokuru, Nyirasenge, Nyirarume, Umuvandimwe ukuze) cyangwa inshuti yumuryango wa hafi (Fictive Kin) ** aho gushyira umwana mumurera utazi. - Ako kanya andika amazina yuzuye yemewe, amatariki y'amavuko, aderesi, na numero za terefone ya 2 kugeza kuri 3 benewabo bizewe bafite igenzura ryimbere kandi bashobora kujyana abana murugo mumasaha 72 mugihe avoka wawe arwanira kwanga icyifuzo.
- Mu mategeko ya federasiyo (** Guteza Imbere Intsinzi no Kongera Amategeko yo Kurera,
- ** Reba niba Federal
Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA)Bikurikizwa **:- Muri Amerika, niba wowe cyangwa umwana wawe ari umunyamuryango wiyandikishije, cyangwa wemerewe kuba umunyamuryango nkumwana w’ibinyabuzima w’umunyamuryango, w’umuryango w’Abanyamerika Kavukire / Alaska Kavukire , amategeko ya federasiyo ( Itegeko ryita ku mibereho y’abana mu Buhinde,
25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.**) ishyiraho inzitizi zisumba izindi mu mategeko mu mategeko y'Abanyamerika arwanya gukuraho CPS ("Active Efforts"ibisabwa, kumenyeshwa itegeko ishami ryamategeko ryumuryango ICWA, hamwe nubuziranenge bwabatangabuhamya). Bwira umucamanza n'umwunganizi wawe ku munota wa mbere w’iburanisha niba umuryango wawe ufite umurage gakondo w'Abanyamerika.
- Muri Amerika, niba wowe cyangwa umwana wawe ari umunyamuryango wiyandikishije, cyangwa wemerewe kuba umunyamuryango nkumwana w’ibinyabuzima w’umunyamuryango, w’umuryango w’Abanyamerika Kavukire / Alaska Kavukire , amategeko ya federasiyo ( Itegeko ryita ku mibereho y’abana mu Buhinde,
Icyiciro cya 6: Urubanza rumaze gusozwa, kubona inyandiko yawe irangiye (Central Registry Appeal)¶
- ** Buri gihe Usabe Ibaruwa Yanditse Ifunga Yanditse **: N'igihe umukozi ushinzwe imibereho myiza akubwiye kuri terefone * "Byose bisa neza, ndangije ikibazo cyawe" *, burigihe ubasaba kuboherereza ubutumwa bwanditse ** Itangazo ryanditse ryo kumenya imanza ((
Unfounded/Ruled Out) ** kandi ubike muri dosiye yawe yumuryango uhoraho. - ** Niba wakiriye ibaruwa ivuga ko Raporo yari
"Substantiated"cyangwa"Indicated", Kujurira Ako kanya **:- Intara yose ifite igihe ntarengwa, ntarengwa (akenshi ** iminsi 15, 30, cyangwa 60 gusa ya kalendari ** uhereye kumunsi wacapishijwe ku ibaruwa imenyesha.) Gutanga icyifuzo cyanditse gisaba ** Iburanisha ry’ubutegetsi / Ubujurire bw’iyandikwa rusange **.
- Nubwo CPS itigeze ikujyana mu rukiko kandi ntanarimwe yakuyeho umwana wawe, ibaruwa yubuyobozi "Yerekanwe / Ifatika" yashyize rwihishwa izina ryawe muri leta ** Ihohoterwa rikorerwa abana ** mu myaka 7 kugeza 28 keretse iyo wohereje urupapuro rwubujurire mbere yigihe ntarengwa. Umaze gutanga ubujurire bwubutegetsi, umutwaro uhindukira kuri CPS kugirango ugaragaze ikibazo cyabo imbere yumucamanza w amategeko atabogamye (
ALJ), aho ababyeyi bahagarariwe nabajyanama bahirika ibihumbi icumi byanditse mubitabo byanditse nabi.
Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa¶
Can CPS take my kids away just because my house is messy, dishes are in the sink, or laundry is piled up?
**No.** There is a strict legal line between ** ordinary family clutter / messy housekeeping** and **Environmental Neglect (an imminent physical health hazard)**. Dirty dishes in the sink, toys scattered across the living room rug, unmade beds, or baskets of unfolded laundry do **not** meet the legal definition of child neglect anywhere in the country. CPS can only intervene over home conditions if the environment poses an **immediate, demonstrable danger to the child's physical health**, such as rotting garbage and animal feces covering the floors where a crawling infant eats, exposed live electrical wiring, zero running water or heat in sub-freezing weather, or blocked fire exits (`hoarding` to a degree that emergency responders cannot enter). If CPS knocks while you are behind on housework, you can step onto the porch, show the kids are clean and healthy, and take 24 hours to tidy up before scheduling any walkthrough.
If CPS brings a uniformed police officer to my door, does that mean they have a warrant and I have to let them inside?
**No.** CPS investigators routinely request a **"Civil Standby / Police Welfare Check Assist"** from local police simply because the social worker wants a uniformed officer standing behind them on the porch for safety or intimidation. **A police officer standing next to a social worker does NOT give either of them a warrant to enter your home.** Both the police officer and the CPS worker are bound by the Fourth Amendment. Politely ask the police officer through the door or on the porch: *"Officer, do you have a judge-signed search warrant or court order to enter my house today?"* If the officer says no, you have the exact same constitutional right to step outside (or bring your child to the window so the officer can verify the child is safe and unharmed on their body-worn camera) and decline warrantless entry into your living space.
Can I find out who called the CPS hotline on my family, and can I sue them for making a false report?
By statute in all 50 US states, Canada, and the UK, **CPS is legally prohibited from telling you the name of the person who called the hotline**, even after the investigation is closed as 100 percent Unfounded. However, in the vast majority of cases, the specific wording and timing of the allegations make it obvious who called. Furthermore, while laws grant "good-faith immunity" to people who report genuine concerns, **knowingly and maliciously making a false Child Protective Services report is a crime (a misdemeanor or felony in almost every state, such as California Penal Code § 11172, Texas Family Code § 261.107, and New York Penal Law § 240.50)** AND gives you the right to ask a Family Court or Civil Court judge to issue a **Subpoena to CPS in camera** to unmask a malicious false reporter for criminal referral, civil defamation lawsuits, and family court custody sanctions.
What is a CPS "Safety Plan" and what happens if I refuse to sign it?
A **CPS Safety Plan** is an out-of-court contract drafted by a caseworker that asks a parent to "voluntarily" agree to strict conditions, such as requiring one parent to move out of the house, requiring a grandmother to move in and supervise you 24/7 with your own children, or placing the children in a relative's house for 30 days. Why does CPS ask you to sign a "voluntary" Safety Plan instead of going to a judge? **Often because CPS knows they do NOT have enough legal evidence to convince a judge to sign a court order.** However, caseworkers sometimes warn parents: *"If you don't sign this Safety Plan right now, we may have to remove the children and go to court."* Never sign a Safety Plan blind at your kitchen table. Tell the worker: *"I want to keep my child safe and I am calling my dependency attorney right now to review the proposed wording."* Often, an attorney can negotiate a non-intrusive agreement or call the supervisor's bluff if there is zero legal basis for removal.
Can CPS force me to take a drug test at my front door?
**A CPS social worker cannot legally force you to provide a urine, oral swab, or hair sample without a Judge-Signed Court Order.** Any drug test you take for a social worker during an open investigation is legally considered 100 percent "voluntary". Before agreeing to hand a urine sample or mouth swab to a caseworker, consult a dependency attorney: first, in states where recreational or medical **cannabis (`THC`)** is legal for adults 21+, positive `THC` tests alone are increasingly barred by state law (such as in California `AB 2595`, New York, and New Jersey) from being treated as automatic child neglect unless the child was actually endangered or exposed to secondhand smoke/edibles, yet inexperienced workers still use positive `THC` dip-sticks to pressure parents into 6-month service plans. Second, if you have nothing in your system and want to clear your name immediately, having your lawyer send you to an accredited medical laboratory (`LabCorp` / `Quest`) gives you a reliable medical chain of custody.
What are my rights in the United Kingdom (`Section 47 Children Act 1989`) or Canada (`CAS` / `MCFD`) during a social services visit?
• **United Kingdom (`Children Act 1989`)**: When Local Authority Children's Social Care receives a referral, they either offer a voluntary **Early Help / Section 17 Child in Need Assessment** (which requires parental consent) or open a **Section 47 Child Protection Enquiry** (where there is reasonable cause to suspect significant harm). Even under a Section 47 enquiry, **a social worker has NO legal power of forced entry into your home without your permission** unless accompanied by police exercising immediate life-saving powers under **Section 46 (`Police Protection`, max 72 hours)** or holding a court-issued **Emergency Protection Order (`EPO`, Section 44)**. You have the right to free legal advice from a **Law Society Children Law Accredited Solicitor** (and 100% free non-means-tested **Legal Aid** if the local authority issues a **Public Law Outline `PLO` Pre-Proceedings Letter** or applies for a Care Order). Contact the **Family Rights Group (`frg.org.uk` or `0808 801 0366`)** immediately for free UK legal guidance.
• ** Kanada (`Children's Aid Society / CAS` muri Ontario, `MCFD` muri BC, `CFS` muri Alberta / Manitob)
Inkomoko yagenzuwe¶
- ** Amerika. Ishami ry'ubuzima na serivisi z'abantu: Ubuyobozi bw'abana n'imiryango (
ACF/ Ibiro by’abana, Amerika)childwelfare.gov). - ** Inkiko z'Ubujurire zo muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika Mbere y’Itegeko Nshinga (Amerika) **: * Imipaka ya kane n'iya cumi n'enye z'ivugurura ku mibereho y'abakozi bashinzwe imibereho myiza idafite uburenganzira bwo kwinjira mu rugo no gushakisha amashusho y'abana bato * (
Calabretta v. Floyd, 189 F.3d 808 (Ku ya 9 Nzeri 1999);Gates v. Texas Dept. of Protective and Regulatory Services, 537 F.3d 404 (Ku ya 5 Nzeri 2008);Doe v. Heck, 327 F.3d 492 (Ku ya 7 Nzeri 2003);Troxel v. Granville, 530 Amerika 57 (2000)). - ** Urugaga rw'Abavoka b'Abanyamerika (ABA, Amerika) **: * Ikigo cyita ku bana n'amategeko: Ihuriro ry’igihugu rihagarariye ababyeyi n’amahame ngenderwaho y’abavoka bahagarariye ababyeyi mu manza no kwirengagiza * (
americanbar.org/groups/public_interest/child_law). - ** Biro ishinzwe Ubuhinde (BIA, Ishami ry’imbere muri Amerika) **: * Amabwiriza yo gushyira mu bikorwa itegeko rigenga imibereho myiza y’abana mu Buhinde (
ICWA,25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.na25 C.F.R. Part 23) * (bia.gov/bia/ois/dhs/icwa). - ** Ishami rishinzwe uburezi & Itsinda ryita ku burenganzira bw’umuryango (Ubwongereza) **: * Gukorera hamwe mu kurinda abana amabwiriza yemewe n'amategeko * na * Itegeko ry’abana 1989 Igice cya 17, 44, 46, na 47 Amabwiriza y’uburenganzira bw’ababyeyi * (
gov.uk,frg.org.uk).