Ukufakwa komgqomo wokusanhlamvu kanye nezingozi zemishini yePTO yasepulazini¶

Izindawo zokugcina okusanhlamvu kwezolimo, izisele zokudla, kanye nemigqa yokushayela ugandaganda (PTO) ibalwa phakathi kwezindawo zokusebenza eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngenxa yokuthi ummbila ogelezayo, ukolweni, ubhontshisi wesoya, namabele kuziphathisa okoketshezi oluminyanisa kakhulu kuyilapho ama-augers athulula egijima, umuntu omdala onyathela okusanhlamvu okunyakazayo udonswa ukushona okhalo ngaphansi kwamasekhondi angu-5 futhi acwiliswe ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwamasekhondi angu-20. Uma okusanhlamvu sekufinyelele ukuphakama kwesifuba, ukungqubuzana okusemaceleni nokume mpo kwezinhlamvu kudala ukumelana nokukhipha amandla okudlula amakhilogremu angu-400 kuya kwangu-700 (amakhilogremu angu-900 kuya kwangu-1,500) wamandla, okwenza kube nzima ngokomzimba ukukhipha isisulu ngentambo kuyilapho sigxoba ubambo lwaso luqine ngokukhipha umoya wonke.

Okungathetheleli ngokulinganayo ama-stub shafts angagadiwe wokuthatha amandla kagandaganda (PTO) stub spin at 540 noma 1,000 revolutions ngomzuzu (RPM) kanye nezisele zefolishi ezisesikhaleni esivalekile ezigcwele i-nitrogen dioxide (\(NO_2\)) enobuthi noma i-oxygen-displacing carbon dioxide (\(CO_2\)). Ngo-540 RPM, ishafti ye-PTO ephothayo isonga amamitha angu-2.1 (amafidi angu-7) ejakhethi yesisebenzi noma i-bootlace ezungeze umugqa wensimbi ngomzuzwana owodwa, okubangela ukunqanyulwa kwezicubu okubuhlungu ngokushesha, i-scalping, noma ukuphuka komgogodla. Ukwazi ukuthi zivalwa kanjani ama-augers akhiphayo futhi uvule amafeni okufaka umoya ngokushesha, kungani abatakuli kungafanele bagxumele emgqonyeni wokusanhlamvu ngaphandle komzila wokuphila noma badonse isisulu esingcwatshwe ngezandla, indlela yokukhipha injini kagandaganda kadizili ngesikhathi sokugxambukela kwe-PTO, kanye nendlela yokugwema ukusabela kwegesi ye-silo ebulala abantu abaningi kusindisa izimpilo epulazini.

Yenza lokhu manje¶

1. Vala i-auger ekhipha okusanhlamvu ngokushesha bese UVULA isiphephetha-moya sokungenisa umoya uma othile evaleleke kokusanhlamvu. Ungalokothi uzame ukudonsa umuntu ogqitshiwe ngentambo; ukusika amandla ku-auger engezansi kumisa ukudonsa okuya phansi khona manjalo, kuyilapho kukhanyisa isiphephetha-moya sokungenisa umoya (isifudumezi sicinyiwe) siphephetha umoya omusha ngezinhlamvu ukuze isisulu esicwiliswe emanzini sikwazi ukuphefumula.
2. Ungalokothi ugxumele emgqonyeni wokusanhlamvu noma ungene esiseleni esibhemayo/esikhipha umoya ngaphandle kwehhanisi eliboshiwe nezinto zokuphefumula. Ngaphezu kwengxenye yawo wonke umgqomo wokusanhlamvu kanye nezisele ezishonile kungaba abatakuli abaphuthuma ukuze basindise ilungu lomndeni noma osebenza nabo futhi ngokushesha bagwinywe izindonga zokusanhlamvu eziwayo noma baquleke ngemizuzwana nge-silo gas engabonakali.
3. Vala injini kagandaganda noma ukhiphe i-clutch ye-PTO ngaphambi kokuthi uthinte noma ubani obhajwe emugqeni wokushayela. Donsa inkinobho yokuvala amafutha edizili ebomvu, ucime ukhiye wokukhanyisa, noma susa i-PTO engagement lever ukuba ingathathi hlangothi, bese uklinya amasondo kagandaganda; ungalokothi uzame ukubamba noma ukudonsa isisulu ngenkathi i-shaft isaphenduka.
4. Shiya izingubo ezidabukile, eziboshwe ngokuqinile ku-PTO shaft bese ugcoba i-tourniquet ezithweni ezinqanyuliwe ngokushesha. Sika isisulu sikhululeke endwangu esontekile usebenzisa izikere ezisindayo noma ummese womsebenzi ngaphandle kokuhlehlisa i-shaft emuva uma ukwenza kanjalo kuhambisa amathambo aphukile, futhi usebenzise i-tourniquet yezentengiselwano 5 ukuya ku-7 amasentimitha angaphezu kwama-traumatic amasentimitha angu-2
5. Ungamkhiphi isisulu kumshini wokundiza, i-corn head, noma ama-baler roller ngokuhlehlisa amandla omshini. Ukubuyisela emuva amarola ezolimo anamandla noma ama-auger kubangela ukuchotshozwa kwesibili okulimazayo nokudabuka; vala umlilo kagandaganda futhi usebenzise izisabalali ezisebenza ngogesi, ojeke, noma izikrufu ukuze uqaqe indlu ezungeze umlenze.
6. Shayela abezimo eziphuthumayo ngokushesha futhi ucacise "ishubhu lokuhlenga iqoqo lokusanhlamvu" noma "ukukhishwa kwemishini esindayo" ocingweni. Iminyango yamavolontiya yamavolontiya yasemaphandleni idinga isaziso kusenesikhathi ukuze ithumele amashubhu e-cofferdam okusanhlamvu akhethekile, amaloli okusanhlamvu, nama-ambulensi omoya; shayela inombolo yakho yasendaweni yezimo eziphuthumayo (911 e-United States naseCanada, 112 ngaphesheya kwe-European Union, 999 e-United Kingdom) noma uhlole izinombolo eziphuthumayo.

flowchart TD
    Start["I-Farm Grain Bin, iSilo, noma i-PTO Machinery Emergency"] --> Type{"Hlobo luni lwesimo esiphuthumayo esenzekayo?"}
    Type -->|"Grain Bin Entrapment"| AugerOff["1. Vala ukuthulula i-auger ngokushesha<br/>2. VULA ifeni yokungenisa umoya (i-heater IVALIWE)<br/>3. Shayela ku-911/112/999 ukuthola i-Grain Rescue Tube"]
    Type -->|"I-PTO Shaft noma i-Auger Entanglement"| PTOOff["1. Khipha i-PTO bese UVALA injini kagandaganda<br/>2. Ungalokothi uhlehlise imishini enamandla<br/>3. Faka i-tourniquet ukopha kakhulu"]
    Type -->|"Umuntu Ogoqekile ESilo noma Emgodini Womquba"| GasStop["MISA: Ungalokothi ungene ngaphandle kwephakethe lomoya le-SCBA<br/>Vula i-silo blower noma i-pit ventilation fan<br/>Shayela ku-911 / 112 / 999 ukuze uthole i-Confined Space Rescue"]
    AugerOff --> BuriedLevel{"Ingabe ikhanda lesisulu lisengaphezu kokusanhlamvu?"}
    BuriedLevel -->|"Yebo: Ukhalo noma Ukujula Kwesifuba"| Cofferdam["UNGAMdonsi isisulu ngezintambo<br/>amashidi e-plywood aphansi ukuze ame<br/>Linda izicishamlilo ukuthi zifake ishubhu le-cofferdam"]
    BuriedLevel -->|"Cha: Kucwiliswe ngokuphelele emanzini"| CutBin["Sika izimbobo zosizo ezimise okuka-V ngokulinganayo eduze kwesisekelo sezindonga zensimbi ukuze ukhiphe okusanhlamvu kuyilapho ifeni ishaya umoya"]
    PTOOff --> Amputation{"Ingabe isitho noma idijithi inqunywe ngokuphelele?"}
    Amputation -->|"Yebo"| SavePart["Lawula ukopha kwesiphunzi nge-tourniquet, bopha ingxenye ehlukanisiwe nge-gauze emanzi ngaphakathi kwesikhwama sepulasitiki eqhweni"]
    Amputation -->|"Cha"| Stabilize["Zinzisa insimbi ebethelwe noma isitho esichotshoziwe endaweni, vula onogada bomshini noma izindlu ngokucophelela"]

I-Physics ye-grainbin bin entrapment nokuthi kungani ungakwazi ukukhipha isisulu¶

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani ukufakwa okusanhlamvu kubulala ngemizuzwana, kufanele uqonde izinsimbi eziwuketshezi kanye nokungqubuzana kwezinhlamvu zezitshalo ezigciniwe. Uma kuvulwe i-auger ethulayo enkabeni engezansi yomgqomo, okusanhlamvu awehli ngokulinganayo emgqonyeni njengamanzi aphuma kubhavu. Kunalokho, okusanhlamvu kugeleza ukusuka phezulu kwendawo emaphakathi iqonde phansi phakathi nendawo eqondile emaphakathi (ukugeleza kwefaneli) kuya esangweni le-sump elingezansi ngesivinini esingamamitha angu-1.5 ukuya kwangu-3 (amafidi angu-5 ukuya kwangu-10) ngomzuzu.

Why pulling a trapped victim with a rope is fatal¶

Lapho umuntu engcwatshwe okusanhlamvu kujule okhalweni noma esifubeni, osebenza nabo abanezisusa ezinhle bavame ukumjikijela ibhande lokudonsa noma intambo eboshelwe kugandaganda noma ukuphakamisa bese bezama ukuyihuqa iqonde phezulu. Ungalokothi uzame ukukhipha isisulu esingcwatshiwe esisanhlamvu.

1. Ukukhiya okuwumbudumbudu kanye nokungqubuzana: Okusanhlamvu okomile kunesisindo esingaba amakhilogremu angama-750 nge-cubic meter ngayinye (amaphawundi angama-47 nge-cubic foot, noma amaphawundi angama-56 kuye kwangama-60 ngebhasheli ngalinye lommbila nokolweni). Lapho umfutho okhuphukayo usetshenziswa emzimbeni ongcwatshiwe, izinhlamvu ezizungezile zikhiyelana ndawonye zibe amakhothamo abheke phansi ngokumelene namabhuzu, amadolo, okhalo, nezingubo zomuntu oshonile.
2. Spinal and joint separation: Pulling a waist-deep adult out of grain requires more than 400 kilograms (900 pounds) of vertical force, while a completely buried adult requires over 680 kilograms (1,500 pounds) of force. The human spinal column and shoulder joints suffer catastrophic dislocation, nerve avulsion, and separation at forces far below the force required to overcome the grain friction.
3. Restrictive asphyxiation: Every time a person buried chest-deep in grain exhales, their ribcage contracts by 2 to 3 centimeters (1 inch), and the surrounding fluid-like grain immediately slides inward to fill that tiny space. When the victim tries to inhale, the locked grain cannot be pushed back outward by the diaphragm muscles. Within minutes, the victim suffocates from mechanical chest compression (traumatic asphyxia) even if their head is completely above the grain surface.

Step-by-step emergency response for grain bin entrapment¶

If you discover someone trapped or buried in a grain bin, gravity wagon, or flat storage building, execute these steps in exact sequence.

1. If you are the person sinking in flowing grain (self-survival)¶

If you are inside a bin and the grain suddenly gives way beneath your feet:

1. Do not try to walk or climb upward in the center of the bin: The center of the bin is the high-velocity vertical suction core. Move immediately toward the outer corrugated steel bin wall, where the grain is stationary until the central funnel widens.
2. If you are pulled into the central cone and cannot reach the wall: Drop flat onto your back or stomach immediately to spread your surface area (snowshoe effect) before your legs sink vertically into the funnel.
3. If you are being pulled completely under the surface of the grain: Take a deep breath, cross your arms over your chest to give your ribcage expansion space, and cup both hands tightly over your nose and mouth (or pull the collar of your shirt or cap over your face). Dry corn or wheat consists of roughly 35 to 40 percent void air space between the kernels; cupping your hands in front of your mouth prevents individual kernels from being sucked into your windpipe (bronchial aspiration) so you can breathe the interstitial air trapped between the kernels while rescuers cut open the bin.

2. Immediate actions for bystanders outside the bin¶

1. Shut off all unloading augers, conveyors, and gravity gates immediately: Throw the main electrical disconnect lever at the base of the bin or shut off the tractor PTO driving the sweep auger. Stopping the grain flow stops the downward sinking instantly.
2. Switch ON the grain bin aeration / drying fan (with the burner/heater OFF): Every second counts for a buried victim who is suffocating in warm, dusty grain. Turning on the bottom aeration fan forces cool, fresh outside air upward through the perforated bin floor and through the spaces between the kernels, cooling the victim and purging carbon dioxide from around their face. Verify that the propane or natural gas drying burner is turned OFF so you do not blow superheated air into the bin.
3. Call 911, 112, or 999 immediately: State clearly: "We have a person trapped in a grain bin at [address], approximate bin size is [X] bushels/tons, we need the Fire Department Grain Rescue Tube and Confined Space Team."
4. Lock out and tag out the auger switches: Place a padlock on the auger electrical breaker or station a person directly in front of the control panel so no arriving worker accidentally turns the auger back on.
5. Reassure the victim if their head is visible and stabilize the grain slope:
6. Instruct the victim to stay calm, breathe slowly with their upper chest, and not struggle, as wriggling causes them to sink deeper and causes surrounding grain slopes to slide down over their head.
7. If the victim is sunk in the center of an inverted cone with steep walls of grain towering above their head, never walk down that grain slope, which will trigger an avalanche that buries their face.
8. Only if a rescuer is wearing a full-body harness attached to an overhead lifeline with zero slack, and is standing on wide plywood sheets or a horizontal roof ladder laid across the grain surface to distribute weight, should they pass a dust mask, safety glasses, or oxygen mask to the victim.

3. Cofferdam rescue tube vs. cutting the grain bin walls¶

Fire departments use two primary engineering methods to extricate a grain entrapment victim depending on whether the victim's head is visible above the grain:

• Method A: Victim is partially buried (head visible) -> Deploy a Grain Rescue Tube (Cofferdam):
• Rescuers standing on plywood working platforms push interlocking curved aluminum or high-density polyethylene panels vertically down into the grain in a circle completely surrounding the victim.
• Once the cylinder is locked around the victim, rescuers use a portable mini-auger (powered by a cordless drill), a high-powered grain vacuum truck, or coffee cans/buckets to scoop out the grain only from the inside of the tube.
• As the grain inside the tube is removed, the tube is pushed deeper until the pressure on the victim's chest and legs is relieved and they can climb up a ladder placed inside the cylinder.
• Method B: Victim is completely submerged (head below grain) -> Cut the steel bin walls:
• When a victim is completely buried under meters of grain and cannot be seen, digging from the top takes too long. Instead, firefighters cut open the exterior corrugated steel walls of the bin using rescue circular saws with metal-cutting blades or reciprocating saws (never oxy-acetylene torches, which ignite explosive grain dust).
• Critical engineering rule for cutting bin walls: Never cut one single huge hole on one side of a grain bin. Draining thousands of tons of grain out of a single side opening creates massive eccentric lateral loading that buckles the steel bin walls and pulls the entire bin roof down onto the victim and rescuers.
• Instead, rescuers cut 4 to 6 symmetrical V-shaped or triangular relief flaps evenly spaced around the entire 360-degree circumference of the bin (at the 12, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 o'clock positions), located just below the estimated height of the buried victim, allowing the grain to flow out evenly onto the ground around the bin until the victim is uncovered.

4. Medical care after grain bin extrication¶

Once freed from the grain, the victim requires immediate trauma and critical-care evaluation:

• Airway clearance: Check the mouth and throat for corn kernels, soybean hulls, and dense organic dust. Suction the airway and administer high-flow humidified oxygen. Even if the victim appears alert initially, inhaled organic grain dust and fungal spores can cause delayed acute chemical pneumonitis, severe asthma-like bronchospasm, or Farmer's Lung hours later.
• Prevent post-extrication collapse (crush/compartment syndrome and orthostatic shock): For the duration of the entrapment, the surrounding grain acted like a giant anti-shock garment pressing blood out of the legs into the upper body. If you hoist a victim who has been buried for 30 to 90 minutes straight up vertically, blood pools instantaneously into their dilated leg veins while potassium and lactic acid flush into the heart, causing sudden cardiac arrest (rescue death). Keep the victim horizontal as soon as their legs are freed, start intravenous fluids before complete decompression if paramedics are inside the bin, and treat for hypothermia noma heat illness kuye ngokushisa komgqomo.

Igesi yeSilo (\(NO_2\)) nomgodi womquba (\(H_2S\)) izimo eziphuthumayo zesikhala esivalekile¶

Izisele zombhoshongo ezigcwele ummbila oluhlaza osanda kuqotshwa, amabele, i-alfalfa, noma i-oats, kanye nemigodi yobulongwe bemfuyo engaphansi komhlaba, akhiqiza amagesi angabonakali, abulalayo abulala abalimi nayo yonke imindeni yabazoba abatakuli ngemizuzu.

Ungavinjelwa kanjani futhi uphendule kanjani ezimweni eziphuthumayo zegesi ye-silo¶

1. Ungangeni ngokuphelele esiseleni sombhoshongo esisanda kugcwaliswa emavikini angu-2 kuya kwangu-3 okuqala: Izinga eliphezulu kakhulu legesi ye-nitrogen dioxide (\(NO_2\)) kwenzeka emahoreni okuqala angu-48 kuya kwangu-72 ngemva kokunquma ifolishi eliluhlaza (ikakhulukazi ummbila ocindezelwe isomiso noma izitshalo ezivundiswe kakhulu ezinamazinga aphezulu e-nitrate).
2. Bheka futhi uhogele ngaphambi kokusondela ku-chute yesisele noma igumbi lokuphakelayo: Ngenxa yokuthi i-\(NO_2\) inzima ngokuphindwe ngo-1.58 kunomoya, ithululela phansi isitebhisi sesiledi esime mpo njengamanzi angabonakali namachibi aphansi esibayeni esinamathiselwe noma igumbi lokuphakelayo. Bheka inkungu ephuzi ngokuphuzi noma ebomvu ehamba eduze naphansi, amabala aphuzi kusilaji noma ukhonkolo, iphunga elibukhali elifana ne-bleach, noma izinyoni ezifile, izimpukane, noma amagundane alele phansi kwe-chute.
3. Sebenzisa isiphephetha sefoji se-silo okungenani imizuzu engama-30 ngaphambi kokungena (uma ukungena kungenakugwema ngemva kwamasonto amathathu): Gcina iminyango yegumbi lesilo kanye nesikhala sophahla esiphezulu sivulekile, vula isifutha sefolishi esisebenza ngogandaganda ukumpompa umoya omkhulu ohlanzekile phezulu kwepayipi lokugcwalisa, futhi ugcine isiphephetha sisebenza sonke isikhathi lapho noma ubani engaphakathi ngenkathi egqoke i-multi-gas.
4. Ungalokothi ufake isisele noma umgodi womquba ukuze uhlenge umuntu ogoqiwe ngaphandle kwe-Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA): Imaski yothuli lwephepha noma isiphefumulo se-cartridge sinikeza isivikelo esingu-zero ekuntulekeni komoyampilo, \(CO_2\), noma ukugxila okuphezulu \(NO_2\) / \(H_2S\). Uma ubona umuntu elele equlekile ngaphakathi kwesisele noma umgodi womquba, hlala ngaphandle, vula isiphephetha-moya noma abalandeli bokungenisa umoya ngaphandle, vula iminyango yengodi yangaphandle, bese ushayela ku-911, 112, noma 999 ukuze uthole ukutakula i-SCBA yomnyango wezomlilo.
5. Funa ukuqashelwa esibhedlela okuyisibopho kwamahora angu-48 kunoma ubani ohogela igesi yesililo: Ngisho noma umlimi ekhwehlela ngemva kokuphefumula umoya wegesi yesisele esiphuzi futhi ezizwa ejwayeleke ngokuphelele ngemva kwemizuzu engu-20, i-nitric acid eyakheka emaphashini akhe iyaqhubeka nokucekela phansi izindonga zemithambo yegazi buthule. **Emahoreni angu-6 kuya kwangu-30 kamuva, lapho silele embhedeni, amaphaphu esisulu angagcwala uketshezi kungazelelwe (i-acute flash pulmonary edema), okubangela ukuqunjelwa okubulalayo.

I-PTO kagandaganda, i-auger, kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo zokubopha ibhali¶

I-power take-off (PTO) stub shaft ngemuva kukagandaganda idlulisela amandla enjini eluhlaza kuma-rotary mowers, ama-grain augers, izisabalali zomquba, amabhali ayindilinga, kanye nama-post-hole diggers.

• 540 RPM shafts zungezisa izikhathi ezingu-9 njalo ngesekhondi elilodwa, esonga amamitha angu-2.1 (amafidi angu-7) wezingubo ngomzuzwana.
• 1,000 RPM shafts zungezisa 16.6 izikhathi njalo ngesekhondi elilodwa, esonga amamitha angu-4 (amafidi angu-13) wezingubo ngomzuzwana.
• Isikhathi sokusabela komuntu sokubona ukuthi izingubo zigobile futhi ziyekwa kuthatha cishe amasekhondi angu-0.5 kuya kwangu-0.75. Ngesikhathi ubuchopho bakho bubhalisa ukuthi intambo yesicathulo exegayo, intambo yesicathulo esinamahood, i-cuff ye-coverall ephukile, noma izinwele ezinde sezithinte i-PTO shaft ephothayo noma i-universal joint knuckle, i-shaft isivele izungeza izikhathi ezi-5 kuya kweziyi-12 futhi yadonsa isitho noma umzimba wakho emgqeni wokushayela.

Impendulo yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo ku-PTO noma ukufakwa kwemishini¶

1. Vala injini kagandaganda namandla e-PTO ngokushesha:
2. Gxumela ekhabetheni likagandaganda (usuka ohlangothini oluphephile olukude nolayini oshayelayo) noma ufinyelele izilawuli ukuze ususe i-PTO engagement lever/switch to VALI (Disengaged) bese ucishaukhiye wokuba khona UVALE.
3. Kogandaganda bakadizili abayimishini amadala lapho ukujika ukhiye kunqamula ukushajwa kwebhethri ngaphandle kokumisa iphampu yomjovo kadizili, donsa inkinobho ebomvu yokushusha iFuel Shutoff (Stop) yonke indlela futhi uyibambe kuze kube yilapho injini kadizili ima, noma umise injini ngokusika umoya.
4. Setha ibhuleki likagandaganda wokupaka bese ubeka amabhulokhi okhuni noma amatshe ngaphansi kwamathayi kagandaganda ukuze umshini ungakwazi ukugingqika futhi uzungeleze ulayini wokushayela.
5. Assess the victim for life-threatening arterial hemorrhage first:
6. PTO entanglements frequently tear an arm or leg completely off at the shoulder, elbow, or knee, or cause catastrophic open fractures.
7. If bright red blood is spurting or pooling rapidly from a mangled or amputated limb, apply a commercial windlass tourniquet (such as a CAT or SOFTT-W) 5 to 7 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) above the injury site (directly on the upper arm or thigh, never over a joint) and twist the windlass rod until all bleeding stops completely. Note the exact time of application on the victim's forehead.
8. Never put the machine in reverse to "unwind" a trapped person:
9. If a person's arm, leg, or torso is wrapped around a PTO shaft, pulled into a grain auger tube, or wedged between round baler rollers or corn-picker snapping rolls, never start the tractor or reverse the PTO/hydraulics to back them out. Powered reversal inflicts massive additional crushing, shearing, and arterial tearing.
10. How to free a victim wrapped tightly to a PTO shaft:
11. Often, a victim's coverall, jacket, or heavy denim pants are wound so tightly around the steel shaft that the fabric acts like a steel band pinning their body against the driveline.
12. Cut the clothing away from the victim's body using trauma shears or a curved seat-belt cutter hook, leaving the tightly wound roll of cloth attached to the shaft rather than trying to unwind the victim's broken body around the bar.
13. If a limb is wedged inside the universal joint yoke or auger flighting, wait for fire department heavy rescue crews to cut the steel shaft with hydraulic cutters or plasma/reciprocating saws while cooling the metal with water, or use sockets and wrenches to unbolt the telescoping PTO shaft halves from the tractor stub shaft so the shaft section can be transported with the patient if impaled.
14. Preserve any amputated hand, arm, foot, or fingers properly:
15. Once the victim is stabilized and bleeding is controlled, search the immediate ground or machinery housing for the severed body part (only after verifying the machine is 100 percent locked out).
16. Rinse loose dirt or chaff off the amputated part gently with sterile saline or clean bottled water (do not scrub).
17. Goqa ingxenye ehlukanisiwe nge-gauze oyinyumba eswakanyiswe ngosawoti, uyivale ngaphakathi kwesikhwama sepulasitiki esingangenisi amanzi, bese ubeka leso sikhwama esivalekile ngaphakathi kwesitsha sesibili esigcwele iqhwa eligaywe namanzi.
18. Ungalokothi ubeke isitho esinqanyuliwe noma umunwe ngokuqondile eqhweni elingenalutho noma eqhweni elomile, futhi ungalokothi ulicwilise ngokuqondile emanzini awuketshezi, njengoba ukubanda kubhubhisa izicubu ezincane zemithambo futhi kwenza ukutshalwa kabusha kokuhlinzwa kungenzeki. Thumela ingxenye epholile ku-ambulensi efanayo noma endizeni enophephela emhlane nesiguli.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa¶

Iziqondiso ezihlobene¶

• Severe bleeding and tourniquet application
• Ukulimala kwe-Crush kanye ne-compartment syndrome
• Broken bones, fractures, and sprains
• Ukulimala emsebenzini kanye nezingozi zezimboni
• I-Carbon monoxide nokuhogela intuthu usizo lokuqala
• Asthma attacks and acute respiratory distress

Imithombo ihloliwe¶

• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA, United States): Grain Handling Facilities Standard (29 CFR 1910.272) and Agricultural Machine Guarding (29 CFR 1928.57)
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH / CDC, United States): Preventing Entrapment and Suffocation Caused by the Unstable Surfaces of Stored Grain and Silo Gas / Manure Pit Confined Space Alerts
• Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom): Safe Working with Agricultural Power Take-Off (PTO) Drive Shafts, Grain Storage, and Slurry Gases (AIS9 / G167)
• Purdue University Agricultural Safety and Health Program (United States): Summary of U.S. Agricultural Confined Space-Related Injuries and Fatalities and Grain Rescue Tube Extrication Protocols
• Canadian Agricultural Safety Association (CASA, Canada): BeGrainSafe Firefighter Grain Entrapment Rescue Training Manual and Farm Machinery Entanglement Guidelines