ຮອຍຂີດຂ່ວນຂອງທ່າເຮືອຂົວ, ເຮືອຂ້າມຟາກຕຳເສົາຂົວ, ຫຼື ການຂະຫຍາຍຂາເຂົ້າກັນໃນຄວາມຮ້ອນທີ່ຮຸນແຮງ: ການຮັບຮູ້ການຕົກຂອງເຮືອ ແລະ ການຫັນປ່ຽນທັນທີ.¶

When a flooded river's horseshoe vortex excavates deep hydraulic pier scour beneath a highway bridge's underwater foundation pilings until a concrete pier drops 15 to 60 centimeters (6 to 24 inches) into the riverbed, when a runaway barge tow or cargo ship loses propulsion or steering and strikes a bridge pier or fender dolphin (vessel allision) with tens of thousands of tons of kinetic energy, or when a summer heat dome (40°C+ / 104°F+) ລັອກເຫຼັກເປັນສະນິມຂອງຂົວ ** ນິ້ວມືຫຼືຂໍ້ຕໍ່ຂະຫຍາຍໂມດູນ ** ຈົນກ່ວາຄວາມກົດດັນຂອງຄວາມຮ້ອນທີ່ບີບອັດຢ່າງຮຸນແຮງ ** buckles ເສັ້ນທາງຄອນກີດຫຼື chords ເຫຼັກກ້າ ** ຂຶ້ນໄປເຂົ້າໄປໃນທາງລາດ 45 ອົງສາໃນຄວາມໄວສູງ, ຜູ້ຂັບຂີ່ມີ ** ຫນ້ອຍກວ່າ 30 ຫາ 120 ວິນາທີ ** ເພື່ອປ້ອງກັນການສັນຈອນ, ໂຄງສ້າງ, ເສັ້ນທາງທີ່ຕິດຢູ່ຂ້າງຫນ້າ. plunging ເຂົ້າໄປໃນ chasm ໄດ້. ໃນ​ທົ່ວ​ສະຫະລັດ​ອາ​ເມ​ລິ​ກາ​ແລະ​ໃນ​ທົ່ວ​ໂລກ, ຂົວ​ໄຮ​ໂດ​ລິກ​ໄດ້​ເກີດ​ອຸບັດ​ຕິ​ເຫດ​ໃນ​ຂະນະ​ທີ່​ເກີດ​ໄພ​ນ້ຳ​ຖ້ວມ​ເປັນ​ສາ​ເຫດ​ອັນ​ດັບ 1 ຂອງ​ຂົວ​ທາງ​ຫຼວງ​ທີ່​ເກີດ​ຄວາມ​ລົ້ມ​ແຫຼວ (accounting for nearly 60% of all collapses), followed closely by vessel/barge allisions and overload/thermal buckling. Call your local emergency number (911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom) via our ຕົວເລກສຸກເສີນ directory immediately, read the Bridge Identification Number (BIN) or Milepost to the dispatcher, and consult our sibling guides on bridge closure, ferry shutdown, and isolated island or peninsula supply crisis, car in water, ແລະ ນໍ້າຖ້ວມກະທັນຫັນ.

Surviving an imminent bridge collapse, barge allision, or thermal expansion joint blowup requires executing four protocols established by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA National Bridge Inspection Standards [NBIS] & HEC-18 Evaluating Scour at Bridges), the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), and AASHTO: spotting the five visual and tactile pre-collapse indicators (a sudden dip in the bridge guardrail/parapet horizon line, a dropped expansion-joint step-off, swaying streetlight poles, massive log-jam debris rafts piled against piers, or rhythmic metallic "rifle-shot" pings), backing or reversing off an unstable bridge span immediately while angling your vehicle with hazard lights and high beams across the approach embankment (off the span itself) to stop oncoming cars from driving into the void, unbuckling seatbelts and rolling down electric car windows preemptively whenever you are trapped on a bridge during a barge strike, earthquake, or structural groan, and reporting a runaway barge allision simultaneously to 911 and the U.S. Coast Guard (VHF Channel 16) so highway authorities trigger automatic bridge-gate barriers before the span falls.

ເຮັດອັນນີ້ດຽວນີ້¶

1. Recognize the #1 Visual Clue of Imminent Pier Scour or Span Collapse BEFORE Driving Onto a Bridge: Look at the Top Line of the Concrete Parapet Wall, Guardrail, and Overhead Light Poles, Not Just the Asphalt. When an underwater bridge pier settles (scour failure) or a steel girder fractures, the dark asphalt pavement often hides the dip, especially at night or in heavy rain. Train your eyes on the horizontal sightline of the bridge's side railings, painted lane stripes, and vertical cobra-head streetlight poles: if a single streetlight pole is tilted out of alignment, if the guardrail line dips or kinks downward over a pier, or if you see a dark horizontal shadow (a 5-to-30-centimeter [2-to-12-inch] vertical step-off) at an expansion joint, SLAM ON YOUR BRAKES before crossing onto the bridge.
2. If a Barge Tow or Ship Strikes a Bridge Pier (Allision), or You Feel the Bridge Deck Drop, Sway Sideways, or Shudder Violently While You Are On It: Do NOT Stop on the Suspended Span, Drive Off Immediately or Reverse Behind an Intact Land Abutment. After a barge tow or container ship strikes a bridge support pier, a fracture-critical steel truss or prestressed concrete girder bridge may hang briefly by bent rebar or secondary bracing for 15 to 90 seconds before progressive collapse drops the entire span into the channel. If the roadway ahead of you is still connected, accelerate smoothly off the bridge onto solid land; if the span ahead has already separated or dropped, stop short, throw your transmission into Reverse (or sprint on foot toward the nearest solid-earth shoreline abutment), and get completely off the suspended structure.
3. If You Are Trapped on a Bridge That Is Shuddering, Sagging, or Being Approached by an Out-of-Control Ship/Barge: Roll Down All Car Windows Immediately and Unfasten Seatbelts While Moving Toward Shore. If a bridge span collapses into a river or bay (15 to 60+ meters [50 to 200 feet] drop), cars hit the water at 50 to 100 km/h (30 to 60 mph), crushing the front radiator/battery (which instantly kills power to electric windows) and submerging into dark, turbulent current within seconds. The moment you hear a bridge groan, see a vessel drifting toward the piers, or feel a deck drop: roll all four windows completely down, unlock all doors, release children from car seats, and unbuckle your seatbelt if your car is stopped on the span so you can exit through the open window the instant the car hits the water.
4. Once You Are Safely Off the Bridge on Solid Ground (Behind the Approach Abutment): Block the Approach Lanes With Your Hazard Lights / Flares and Wave Oncoming Drivers to Stop (Highway-to-Vessel Darkness Trap). In major historical bridge collapses (including the 1980 Sunshine Skyway Bridge, the 2002 I-40 Webbers Falls barge allision, and the 1987 Schoharie Creek scour collapse), the majority of fatalities occurred after the span had already fallen, when oncoming cars and semi-trucks drove at 100 km/h (65 mph) off the broken edge in rain, fog, or darkness because they could not see the missing span below the horizon crest. Park your vehicle on the solid earth roadbed (at least 30 meters / 100 feet BEFORE the bridge abutment) with all hazard flashers, high beams, and road flares lit, and stand safely behind the roadside guardrail waving a flashlight or bright jacket to stop approaching traffic.
5. For Extreme-Heat Expansion Joint Buckling ("Thermal Blowup" ສຸດ 38°C+ / 100°F+ Days): Never Attempt to "Jump" a Buckled Concrete Slab or Protruding Steel Finger Joint at Highway Speed. When extreme heat expands concrete bridge decks and jammed expansion joints lock up, the concrete slab or steel joint plate erupts upward into a 15-to-60-centimeter (6-to-24-inch) jagged ramp or open gap exposing the river below. Hitting a buckled expansion joint at highway speed shears off front suspension axles, ruptures oil pans/EV battery packs, and launches vehicles over the bridge parapet wall. Brake firmly in a straight line (do not swerve violently near a low bridge railing), stop in your lane with hazard lights on, and call 911 + State DOT.
6. If You Witness a Barge Tow or Ship Collide With ANY Bridge Pier (Even If the Bridge Still Looks Intact from the Water or Shore): Call 911 AND Hail the U.S. Coast Guard on VHF Channel 16 Immediately. Even a "glancing" barge bump that knocks away timber/concrete fender pilings or cracks a concrete pier column can leave a highway or railroad bridge one heavy freight train or semi-truck away from catastrophic collapse (as occurred in the 1993 Big Bayou Canot Amtrak disaster, where a barge displaced a rail bridge span by 1 meter in fog 8 minutes before a passenger train arrived). Give the exact Bridge Name, Highway/Rail Line, and Waterway Mile Marker so 911 and the DOT Traffic Management Center (TMC) can shut down highway and rail traffic within 60 seconds.

Decision tree: Recognizing bridge pier scour, barge allision, and thermal joint buckling in real time¶

flowchart TD
    A["Motorist, Boater, or Pedestrian Approaching or Crossing a Bridge During Flood, Extreme Heat, or Barge/Ship Transit"] --> B{"What structural hazard or warning sign are you observing?"}
    B -->|"Flooded River + Massive Tree Debris Raft Against Piers, Guardrail Horizon Dip, Tilted Light Pole, or Step-Off at Joint"| C["SCENARIO 1: Hydraulic Pier Scour / Foundation Settlement"]
    B -->|"Runaway Barge Tow / Cargo Ship Drifting Toward Pier OR Just Struck Pier/Fender"| D["SCENARIO 2: Vessel Allision (Barge / Ship Strike)"]
    B -->|"Extreme Heat (38°C+/100°F+) + Concrete Slab Tent-Buckled Upward, Steel Finger Joint Popped Up, or Loud Rifle-Shot Bang"| E["SCENARIO 3: Thermal Expansion Joint Lockup / Deck Blowup"]
    C --> F{"Are you currently ON the bridge span or BEFORE the bridge abutment?"}
    D --> F
    F -->|"ON THE BRIDGE SPAN"| G["ROLL WINDOWS DOWN NOW -> Do NOT stop on suspended span -> Drive forward off bridge if deck intact OR reverse/sprint back behind solid land abutment"]
    F -->|"BEFORE THE BRIDGE ABUTMENT (On Solid Earth)"| H["STOP AT LEAST 30m (100 ft) BEFORE ABUTMENT -> Turn on Hazards/Flares -> Block approach lanes to stop oncoming cars from driving into void -> Call 911 + DOT"]
    G --> I{"Did the bridge span collapse into the water with vehicles?"}
    I -->|"YES: Vehicles in Water"| J["Car in Water Protocol: Unbuckle seatbelt -> Exit through open/broken side window BEFORE car sinks -> Swim to shore upstream of debris -> Call 911 & USCG Ch 16"]
    I -->|"NO: Escaped onto solid ground"| H
    E --> K["ເບຣກຢ່າງແໜ້ນໜາເປັນເສັ້ນຊື່ (ຢ່າລ້ຽວເຂົ້າຂົວ) -> ຢຸດຢູ່ຫຼັງເບກທີ່ຕິດຢູ່ຂ້າງຫຼັງດ້ວຍເຄື່ອງແຟັບອັນຕະລາຍຢູ່ -> ໂທ 911 & DOT ດ້ວຍ Bridge ID #"]

ສ່ວນທີ 1: 5 ສັນຍານເຕືອນໂຄງສ້າງກ່ອນການຍຸບລົງທີ່ຜູ້ຂັບຂີ່ທຸກຄົນຕ້ອງຮູ້¶

ບໍ່ວ່າຂົວຈະລົ້ມຈາກ ການຖົມນໍ້າຖ້ວມໃຕ້ນໍ້າ, ການກັດເຊາະຂອງແຜ່ນເຫຼັກກ້າທີ່ແຕກຫັກ ຫຼື ເສັ້ນເຕັນຫຼັງຄວາມເຄັ່ງຕຶງ, ການຕີເຮືອ, ຫຼື ການກັດກັ້ນຄວາມຮ້ອນດ້ວຍຄວາມຮ້ອນສູງ, ໂຄງສ້າງດັ່ງກ່າວເຮັດໃຫ້ ຂໍ້ຄຶດທາງກາຍະພາບທີ່ບໍ່ສາມາດຜິດໄດ້ຫ້າຂໍ້ ພາຍໃນນາທີ ຫຼືຊົ່ວໂມງກ່ອນການລົ້ມລົງທັງໝົດ:

Part 2: Scenario-by-Scenario Deep Dive (Scour, Barge Allisions, and Thermal Buckling)¶

Scenario 1: Flood-Induced Hydraulic Bridge Pier Scour (FHWA HEC-18 Mechanics)¶

Why did the 1987 Schoharie Creek Thruway Bridge (New York), the 1995 I-5 Arroyo Pasajero Bridge (California), and the 2009 Malahide Viaduct (Ireland) collapse suddenly into flooded rivers while drivers were crossing? 1. The Three Types of Bridge Scour: - Local Pier Scour: Water striking the upstream face of a pier dives downward and forms a horseshoe vortex at the base, scooping out a deep conical hole around the pilings. - Contraction Scour: When a wide flooded river is squeezed through a narrow bridge opening between earthen embankments (or blocked by a raft of uprooted trees), water velocity accelerates dramatically (Bernoulli / continuity effect), eroding the entire riverbed floor downward across the full width of the bridge. - Abutment Scour: Swirling wake vortices (wake eddies) eat away the earthen highway fill behind the concrete wingwalls at the ends of the bridge, creating a hollow cavern underneath the highway approach asphalt right where cars enter the bridge. 2. Why the "Approach Asphalt Sinkhole" Is Just as Deadly as a Dropped Span: - Even if the concrete bridge piers survive on deep bedrock pilings, abutment scour frequently washes out the gravel fill directly beneath the first 3 to 6 meters (10 to 20 feet) of highway pavement leading onto the bridge. - The thin 15-centimeter (6-inch) crust of blacktop hangs over an empty cavern until the next car's front tires punch straight through into the raging river below. Never drive onto a flooded bridge approach if you see cracks, water bubbling up through the pavement, or washed-out guardrail posts at the wingwalls.

Scenario 2: Barge Tow and Cargo Ship Bridge Allisions (Highway & Rail Bridges)¶

In maritime and civil engineering, when a moving vessel strikes a stationary bridge pier, it is called an allision. Because water is incompressible and vessels carry immense mass: - A standard 15-barge inland river tow on the Mississippi, Ohio, or Illinois River weighs 22,000 to 27,000 metric tons; ກຳ​ປັ່ນ​ບັນທຸກ​ນ້ຳ​ໜັກ​ໃນ​ມະຫາ​ສະໝຸດ ຫຼື​ບັນທຸກ​ຫຼາຍ​ລຳ​ທີ່​ເຂົ້າ​ສູ່​ທ່າ​ກຳ​ປັ່ນ​ຫຼື​ຄອງ​ຝັ່ງ​ມີ​ນ້ຳໜັກ 50,000 to 150,000+ metric tons. - ເຖິງແມ່ນວ່າຢູ່ໃນຄວາມໄວ drifting ຊ້າຂອງ 6 knots (11 km/h / 7 mph), ລົດ​ຂົນ​ສົ່ງ​ຫຼື​ເຮືອ​ບັນ​ທຸກ​ສົ່ງ​ຜົນ​ກະ​ທົບ​ອອກ​ຕາມ​ລວງ​ນອນ​ເກີນ 10,000 ຫາ 100,000+ ກິ​ໂລ​ນິວ​ຕັນ (1,000 to 10,000+ tons-force), ທັນທີທີ່ຕັດຖັນຊີມັງທີ່ບໍ່ມີການປະກອບອາວຸດ ຫຼືເຫຼັກກ້າຂາງໍ ຖ້າເຮືອພາດ ຫຼື overwhelms ລະບົບປ້ອງກັນ fender / rock dolphins.

ຈະເຮັດແນວໃດຖ້າເຈົ້າກຳລັງຂັບລົດຢູ່ເທິງຂົວທ່າເຮືອລະດັບສູງ ຫຼືຂ້າມແມ່ນ້ຳ ແລະເບິ່ງເຮືອ ຫຼືເຮືອອອກຈາກຊ່ອງ: 1. ຂໍ້​ຄຶດ​ເຫັນ​ຂອງ​ການ​ຄວບ​ຄຸມ​ການ​ສູນ​ເສຍ​ເຮືອ ("ເຮືອ​ຕາຍ" ຫຼື Rudder ລົ້ມ​ເຫລວ): - ​ໄຟ​ດາດ​ຟ້າ ​ຂອງ​ກຳ​ປັ່ນ​ບັນ​ທຸກ​ເຮືອ ແລະ ໄຟ​ເຮືອນ​ຂົວ​ກະ​ພິບ​ກະ​ພິບ​ກະ​ທັນ​ຫັນ ຫຼື​ມືດ​ໄປ ** (main generator/engine blackout), ມີຄວັນສີດຳໜາໆອອກຈາກອຸໂມງ ຂະນະທີ່ນັກວິສະວະກອນພະຍາຍາມເປີດທາງເຂົ້າຂ້າງທາງສຸກເສີນຄືນໃໝ່, ** ເສົາຄ້ອນຂ້າງໜຶ່ງ ຫຼື ທັງສອງຕົກລົງພ້ອມກັບດອກໄຟສີສົ້ມ ແລະ ຄວັນຄວັນສີສົ້ມ ** ເພື່ອພະຍາຍາມລາກກຳປັ່ນໃຫ້ຢຸດ, ຫຼື ເຮືອ ** ສຽງດັງແຕກ 5 ຫຼືຫຼາຍກວ່ານັ້ນ, ແຂ້ວເລ່ືອສັ້ນ, ໄວ ** (ການເດີນເຮືອສາກົນ ** ອັນຕະລາຍ / * ” ສັນຍານບໍ່ສາມາດຢຸດໄດ້. - ໃນ​ແມ່​ນໍ້າ​ໃນ​ນ​້​ໍ​າ​, ລົດ​ຂົນ​ສົ່ງ​ຫຼາຍ​ພາ​ສາ​ໄດ້​ຫັນ ** ກວ້າງ (sideways) ໄປ​ເຖິງ​ແມ່​ນ້ຳ​ທີ່​ຢູ່​ເໜືອ​ທ່າ​ເຮືອ​ຂົວ ("ຖ້ຽວ​ອ້ອມ"), ຊຶ່ງ​ໝາຍ​ຄວາມ​ວ່າ​ກະແສ​ນ້ຳ​ຈະ​ຕີ​ຝັ່ງ​ຂອງ​ເຮືອ​ເຂົ້າ​ສູ່​ທ່າ​ເຮືອ​ຂົວ​ກົງ​ກ່ອນ​ຈະ​ຫັກ​ສາຍ​ເຫຼັກ​ກ້າ ("breakaway barges"). 2. ** ປ່ອງຢ້ຽມຄວາມຢູ່ລອດ 60 ວິນາທີຂອງເຈົ້າຢູ່ເທິງດາດຟ້າຂົວ:* - Never stop your car on the bridge span to film the ship or barge with your phone. - ມ້ວນປ່ອງຢ້ຽມທັງໝົດລົງໃນທັນທີ, ເລັ່ງລົດກະແຈ/ກະໂປງທີ່ໂຈະລົງໃສ່ທາງດິນແຂງ, ຖ້າການສັນຈອນທາງໜ້າຖືກຢຸດຢູ່ເທິງຂົວ, **ເອົາລົດຂອງເຈົ້າເຂົ້າໄປຈອດ, ປ່ອຍກະແຈໃສ່ໄຟ, ແລ້ວແລ່ນລົງຈາກຂົວທາງຫຼັງຂົວດິນ **.

ສະຖານະການທີ 3: ການລັອກຮ່ວມການຂະຫຍາຍດ້ວຍຄວາມຮ້ອນທີ່ຮຸນແຮງ, ການປັກສຽບຊັ້ນດາດຟ້າ ແລະຂົວ "ການຕິດຂັດຄວາມຮ້ອນ"¶

Every bridge expands and contracts with temperature (a 300-meter [1,000-foot] steel or concrete bridge span expands by 10 to 20 centimeters [4 to 8 inches] between winter and a 40°C [104°F] summer afternoon). To absorb this growth, bridges use steel finger joints, modular elastomeric strip-seal joints, and sliding PTFE/rocker bearings. 1. How Extreme Heat Causes a Highway Bridge "Thermal Blowup": - Over years of service, winter road salt, sand, and incompressible gravel pack tightly into expansion joint gaps, or steel rocker bearings rust solid ("frozen bearings"). - When an extreme heatwave heats the sunlit bridge deck to 55°C to 65°C (130°F to 150°F), the expanding concrete slabs have nowhere to go. Axial compression builds past 20 to 30 MPa (3,000 to 4,500 psi) until the concrete deck slab explodes upward in a tent-shaped buckle, or a steel expansion-joint plate shears its anchor bolts and pops 20 to 40 cm (8 to 16 inches) straight up into the traffic lane. - In Steel Truss Bridges: If a frozen bearing prevents a steel truss bridge from expanding on a 40°C ມື້, chords ເຫຼັກຕ່ໍາຫຼືເທິງສາມາດ ** ເຫັນໄດ້ຊັດເຈນ bow sideways (lateral-torsional thermal buckling), ລຸດລົງພື້ນຖະໜົນ 15 to 30 cm. 2. ** ຂົວ​ທີ່​ຍ້າຍ​ອອກ​ໄດ້ (Bascule, Swing, and Vertical-Lift Bridges) ການຕິດຢູ່ໃນຄື້ນຄວາມຮ້ອນ: - ໃນລະດູຮ້ອນ, ຂົວເຫຼັກທີ່ສາມາດເຄື່ອນຍ້າຍໄດ້ຂະຫຍາຍອອກຫຼາຍຊັງຕີແມັດ, ເຮັດໃຫ້ໃບເຫຼັກທີ່ເຄື່ອນຍ້າຍໄດ້ ** ຕິດແຫນ້ນຢູ່ໃນກະແຈທີ່ປິດຂອງມັນ ** (ຫຼືຂະຫຍາຍໃນຂະນະທີ່ການສັນຈອນທາງເຮືອເປີດ, ດັ່ງນັ້ນໃບ ** ບໍ່ສາມາດປິດລົງໄດ້ ). - ໜ່ວຍດັບເພີງເທດສະບານ ຫຼື ພະນັກງານ DOT ມັກຈະຕ້ອງ ສີດນ້ຳໃສ່ບໍລິເວນຂົວເຫຼັກ ປະມານ 30 ຫາ 60 ນາທີ ເພື່ອໃຫ້ເຫລັກເຢັນລົງ ແລະ ຍັບຍັ້ງເຫຼັກອອກພໍທີ່ຈະປິດປະຕູໄດ້. ** ຫ້າມຂັບລົດຜ່ານປະຕູຕັກເຕືອນທີ່ຕ່ຳລົງ, ຖ້າໃບບັ້ງໄຟທີ່ຕິດດ້ວຍຄວາມຮ້ອນບໍ່ຕິດບາງສ່ວນ, ນ້ຳໜັກຂອງລົດອາດເຮັດໃຫ້ໃບມີນ້ຳໜັກໜຽວໄດ້ຢ່າງບໍ່ຄາດຄິດ.

ສ່ວນທີ 3: ວິທີການລາຍງານຂໍ້ບົກພ່ອງຂົວທີ່ສໍາຄັນດັ່ງນັ້ນວິສະວະກອນ DOT ປິດ span ທັນທີ¶

ຂົວທາງຫຼວງ ແລະທາງລົດໄຟທຸກແຫ່ງໃນສະຫະລັດ, ອັງກິດ, ການາດາ, ແລະຢູໂຣບມີເອກະລັກ ໝາຍເລກປະຈຳຕົວຂົວ (BIN) ຫຼື ເລກໂຄງສ້າງ ທີ່ຕິດໃສ່ແຜ່ນປ້າຍໂລຫະໃສ່ຝາດ້ານຂ້າງທາງຄອນກຣີດ ຫຼື ດ້ານຫຼັງຂອງທາງລົດໄຟ, ແລະ ຂົວທາງລົດໄຟທຸກສາຍຂ້າມທາງ ຫຼື ທາງນ້ຳມີສີຟ້າ ແລະ ສີຂາວ ລະບົບແຈ້ງເຕືອນສຸກເສີນ (ENS) ເຊັນ ລາຍ​ຊື່​ເບີ​ໂທ​ລະ​ສັບ​ຂອງ​ທາງ​ລົດ​ໄຟ 24 ຊົ່ວ​ໂມງ​ແລະ DOT Crossing / Milepost Number.

ເມື່ອໂທຫາ 911/112/999 ເພື່ອລາຍງານການໂຈມຕີເຮືອ, ການຕັ້ງຖິ່ນຖານຂອງທ່າເຮືອ, ຫຼື buckled expansion joint: 1. ** ລະບຸຄໍາເວົ້າ * "ຄວາມລົ້ມເຫຼວຂອງໂຄງສ້າງຂົວ, ປິດຂົວທັນທີ"* ທໍາອິດ: ** ຜູ້ສົ່ງມອບໄດ້ຮັບຫລາຍພັນຄົນຂອງການໂທ pothole ປົກກະຕິ; ເຮັດໃຫ້ມັນຊັດເຈນວ່າ ** ທ່າເຮືອໂຄງສ້າງ, girder, ຫຼືສ່ວນຂະຫຍາຍໄດ້ລົ້ມເຫລວຫຼືຖືກຕີໂດຍເຮືອ ** ດັ່ງນັ້ນຕໍາຫຼວດຂອງລັດແລະ DOT ໄດ້ຖືກສົ່ງກັບ ** ລະຫັດ 3 ໄຟແລະ sirens ** ເພື່ອສະກັດທັງສອງສົ້ນຂົວ. 2. ** ໃຫ້​ສະ​ຖານ​ທີ່​ແນ່​ນອນ​: ** ເລກ​ເສັ້ນ​ທາງ​, ທິດ​ທາງ​ການ​ເດີນ​ທາງ (Northbound / Southbound), ຊື່ແມ່ນ້ຳ/ຫ້ວຍ, ທາງອອກ ຫຼື ໄມລ໌ທີ່ໃກ້ທີ່ສຸດ, ແລະ ໝາຍເລກຂົວ ຖ້າເຫັນໄດ້. 3. ** ອະທິບາຍຂໍ້ຄຶດດ້ານໂຄງສ້າງສະເພາະ:** ລະບຸວ່າ (ກ) ເຮືອ/ກຳປັ່ນຕົກລົງທ່າເຮືອ, (ຂ) ເສັ້ນຂອບຟ້າ ຫຼືຊັ້ນດາດຟ້າໄດ້ sagged / ຫຼຸດລົງຢ່າງເຫັນໄດ້ຊັດ, **© ແຜ່ນເຫຼັກຮ່ວມກັນໄດ້ buckled ດ້ານເທິງ exposing rebar / ນ້ໍາຂ້າງລຸ່ມຂອງລົດບັນທຸກ **, ຫຼື ** (ir)overheight strike) ເອົາເຫຼັກໂຄ້ງ ຫຼື ແຂວນຊີມັງ ຂ້າມເລນ **.

ຄໍາແນະນໍາການຊ່ວຍເຫຼືອຄັ້ງທໍາອິດແລະການຊ່ວຍເຫຼືອນ້ໍາຢູ່ໃນຫນ້ານີ້ແມ່ນສໍາລັບການຊີ້ນໍາສຸກເສີນເທົ່ານັ້ນແລະບໍ່ເຄີຍທົດແທນການຝຶກອົບຮົມຢ່າງເປັນທາງການ. ພວກເຮົາແນະນຳໃຫ້ເຂົ້າຮຽນຫຼັກສູດການປະຖົມພະຍາບານຂັ້ນຕົ້ນ, CPR, ແລະຄວາມປອດໄພທາງນ້ຳ** ທີ່ໄດ້ຮັບການຮັບຮອງຈາກ ອົງການກາແດງອາເມລິກາ, ລົດສຸກເສີນ St John, ຫຼື ອົງການກາແດງ ຫຼື ວົງເດືອນແດງແຫ່ງຊາດ ຂອງທ່ານ.

ໝາຍເລກສຸກເສີນລະດັບພາກພື້ນ ແລະພິທີການຂອງອົງການ¶

• ** ສະ​ຫະ​ລັດ​ອາ​ເມລິ​ກາ​:** ໂທ​ຫາ 911 ທັນ​ທີ​ເພື່ອ​ໃຫ້​ຕໍາ​ຫຼວດ​ແຫ່ງ​ລັດ​ແລະ ພະ​ແນກ​ການ​ຂົນ​ສົ່ງ​ແຫ່ງ​ລັດ​ຂອງ​ທ່ານ (DOT ສູນ​ຄຸ້ມ​ຄອງ​ການ​ຈະ​ລາ​ຈອນ​) ** ປິດ​ຂົວ​. ຖ້າ​ກຳ​ປັ່ນ​ຫຼື​ກຳ​ປັ່ນ​ຕຳ​ທ່າ​ເຮືອ​ຂົວ​ຢູ່​ໃນ​ທາງ​ນ້ຳ​ທີ່​ສາມາດ​ເດີນ​ທາງ​ໄດ້, ຂໍ​ຊົມ​ເຊີຍ​ກອງ​ຍາມ​ຝັ່ງ​ຂອງ​ສະ​ຫະ​ລັດ (USCG) ທັນທີໃນທະເລ VHF Channel 16 (156.8 MHz)** ຫຼື​ໂທ​ຫາ ສູນ​ບັນ​ຊາ​ການ​ຂະ​ແຫນງ​ການ USCG ທີ່​ໃກ້​ທີ່​ສຸດ ** (33 CFR 165 ເຂດ​ການ​ນຳ​ທາງ​ທີ່​ມີ​ລະ​ບຽບ ແລະ ການ​ປິດ​ທາງ​ນ້ຳ​ສຸກ​ເສີນ). ຖ້າເຮືອບັນທຸກ ຫຼືຍານພາຫະນະຕຳ ຂົວທາງລົດໄຟ, ໃຫ້ໂທຫາ 24/7 ລະບົບແຈ້ງເຫດສຸກເສີນທາງລົດໄຟ (ENS) ໝາຍເລກ 1-800 ຢູ່ເທິງປ້າຍສີຟ້າຢູ່ຂົວ/ທາງຂ້າມ (ຫຼືໃຫ້ຜູ້ສົ່ງມອບUSDOT Crossing Inventory Number**) ເພື່ອໃຫ້ຜູ້ຂົນສົ່ງທາງລົດໄຟສາມາດສົ່ງໄດ້ທັນທີ ການຢຸດລົດໄຟບວກ (PTC) / ວິທະຍຸສຸກເສີນ ** ເພື່ອຢຸດລົດໄຟທີ່ໃກ້ເຂົ້າມາ. ຄວາມ​ປອດ​ໄພ​ຂົວ​ແມ່ນ​ຄຸ້ມ​ຄອງ​ໂດຍ ລັດ​ຖະ​ບານ​ກາງ​ທາງ​ຫຼວງ​ບໍ​ລິ​ຫານ (FHWA) ມາດຕະຖານກວດກາຂົວແຫ່ງຊາດ (NBIS, 23 CFR Part 650), FHWA HEC-18 (ການ​ປະ​ເມີນ​ຜົນ Scour at Bridges) (ຊຶ່ງ​ມອບ​ໝາຍ​ໃຫ້ ** ແຜນ​ການ​ປະ​ຕິ​ບັດ [POA[NBIS Item 113 Code <= 3]), and AASHTO LRFD Guide Specifications for Vessel Collision Design of Highway Bridges.
• ສະຫະລາດຊະອານາຈັກ: ໂທຫາ 999 ທັນທີສຳລັບການຕອບໂຕ້ຂອງຕຳຫຼວດ ແລະຍາມຝັ່ງ. ສຳລັບເຫດສຸກເສີນທາງໂຄງສ້າງທາງດ່ວນ ແລະ ຖະໜົນສາຍໃຫຍ່, ໃຫ້ໂທຫາ ທາງຫຼວງແຫ່ງຊາດເທິງ 0300 123 5000 (England), Traffic Scotland (0800 028 1414), or Traffic Wales (0300 123 1213). CRITICAL UK RAIL BRIDGE RULE: Every road bridge over or under a railway in Great Britain displays a yellow-and-black Network Rail Bridge Identification Plate with a 3-letter code and bridge number: if any vehicle or barge strikes a railway bridge, call the Network Rail 24-Hour Emergency Line immediately on 03457 11 41 41 (ຫຼື 999) and quote the bridge code before any train crosses. Scour management follows Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB) ມາດຕະຖານ BD 97/12 (ການ​ປະ​ເມີນ​ຜົນ​ຂອງ Scour ແລະ​ການ​ປະ​ຕິ​ບັດ​ບົບ​ໄຮ​ໂດຼ​ລິກ​ອື່ນໆ​ທີ່​ໂຄງ​ສ້າງ​ທາງ​ດ່ວນ) ແລະ CIRIA C742 (ຄູ່ມືກ່ຽວກັບ Scour ຢູ່ຂົວ ແລະໂຄງສ້າງໄຮໂດລິກອື່ນໆ).
• Canada: Call 911 immediately, and for vessel strikes on navigable waters contact Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) ການສື່ສານທາງທະເລ ແລະການບໍລິການຈະລາຈອນ (MCTS) on VHF Channel 16 ຫຼື *16 on a cell phone. Provincial bridge inspections and scour closures follow the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CSA S6) and Transport Canada Navigation Protection Program.
• European Union: Call 112 across all EU member states, and alert coastal/inland waterway authorities on VHF Channel 16 / RIS (River Information Services). Bridge structural design for thermal expansion, hydraulic scour, and ship/barge impact is governed by Eurocode 1 (EN 1991-1-5 Thermal Actions & EN 1991-1-7 Accidental Actions , Impact from Ships and Road Vehicles).
• Australia and New Zealand: Call 000 (Australia) or 111 (New Zealand). Bridge scour and vessel impact standards follow Austroads AS 5100 and Waka Kotahi Bridge Manual. See ຕົວເລກສຸກເສີນ.

ຄຳຖາມທີ່ມັກຖາມເລື້ອຍໆ¶

How can you tell if a bridge is about to collapse from underwater flood scour before driving onto it?¶

Before driving onto any bridge over a flooded river, look ahead along the top horizontal sightline of the concrete side barriers, guardrails, and overhead streetlight poles rather than just looking at the wet pavement. If an underwater bridge pier has been undermined by hydraulic scour and settled into the riverbed, you will see a visible dip, sag, or V-shaped kink in the guardrail horizon line, a streetlight pole leaning out of alignment, or a sharp vertical step-off (ledge) at an expansion joint. You should also refuse to cross if a massive raft of uprooted trees and logs is piled against the upstream piers or if floodwater is touching the horizontal steel or concrete girders.

ເຈົ້າຄວນເຮັດແນວໃດໃນທັນທີຫາກເຈົ້າຢູ່ເທິງຂົວເມື່ອເຮືອບັນທຸກ ຫຼືກຳປັ່ນບັນທຸກສິນຄ້າບຸກໂຈມຕີທ່າເຮືອ (ພັນທະມິດ)?¶

ຢ່າຢຸດຢູ່ເທິງຂົວທີ່ໂຈະໄວ້ເພື່ອເບິ່ງ ຫຼືຖ່າຍຮູບເງົາ. ​ໄດ້​ເອົາ​ກະ​ດູກ​ໄຟ​ຟ້າ​ທັງ​ສີ່​ຕຳ​ລົງ​ໃນ​ທັນ​ທີ (​ເພື່ອ​ໃຫ້​ເຈົ້າ​ສາມາດ​ຫຼົບ​ໜີ​ໄດ້​ຖ້າ​ລົດ​ລົງ​ໄປ​ໃນ​ນ້ຳ ​ເຮັດ​ໃຫ້​ລະບົບ​ໄຟຟ້າ​ລົດ​ເຈົ້າ​ຂາດ), ​ແລະ ຖ້າ​ທາງ​ຂ້າງ​ໜ້າ​ຍັງ​ຄົງ​ຢູ່, ​ໃຫ້​ຂັບ​ຂີ່​ອອກ​ຈາກ​ຂົວ​ໄປ​ສູ່​ດິນ​ແຂງ​ທາງ​ຫຼັງ​ແຄມ​ຝັ່ງ. ຖ້າໄລຍະທາງຂ້າງໜ້າໄດ້ແຍກອອກແລ້ວ ຫຼື ການສັນຈອນຖືກປິດກັ້ນເທິງຂົວທີ່ສັ່ນສະເທືອນ, ຖອຍຫຼັງ ຫຼື ປ່ອຍລົດຂອງເຈົ້າໄປດ້ວຍຕີນ ແລະ ແລ່ນກັບຫຼັງທາງດິນແຂງ, ຈາກນັ້ນ ກີດຂວາງການສັນຈອນທີ່ກຳລັງຈະມາດ້ວຍໄຟອັນຕະລາຍ ເພື່ອບໍ່ໃຫ້ຜູ້ຂັບຂີ່ເຂົ້າໃກ້ທາງຫັກ.

ເປັນຫຍັງລົດຫຼາຍຄັນຈຶ່ງຂັບອອກຈາກຂອບຂົວທີ່ພັງລົງມາ ເຊັ່ນ: ຂົວ Sunshine Skyway ຫຼື Schohrie Creek ຫຼັງຈາກຂົວໄດ້ຕົກລົງແລ້ວ?¶

ໃນຂົວລະດັບສູງໂຄ້ງ ແລະ ຂົວທາງຫຼວງຊົນນະບົດທີ່ບໍ່ມີແສງສະຫວ່າງໃນຍາມຝົນຕົກໜັກ, ໝອກ, ຫຼືມືດ, ໄຟໜ້າຄາງຕ່ຳຂອງຜູ້ຂັບຂີ່ຈະສະຫວ່າງພຽງແຕ່ 45 ຫາ 60 ແມັດ (150 ຫາ 200 ຟຸດ) ຂອງທາງປູຢາງສີດຳທີ່ປຽກຢູ່ຂ້າງໜ້າ, ແລະຍອດແນວຕັ້ງຂອງຂົວຈະເຊື່ອງຊ່ວງທີ່ຂາດຫາຍໄປຈົນຮອດ 1 ວິນາທີ. ເມື່ອທ່ານຫຼົບໜີ ຫຼືຢຸດຂົວທີ່ລົ້ມລົງ, ບູລິມະສິດສູງສຸດຂອງເຈົ້າ (ໃນຂະນະທີ່ຢູ່ເທິງພື້ນດິນແຂງຢ່າງໜ້ອຍ 30 ແມັດ / 100 ຟຸດ ກ່ອນທີ່ທາງຈະລົດລົງ) ແມ່ນເປີດໄຟກະພິບອັນຕະລາຍ, ໂຄມໄຟສູງ, ຫຼືດອກໄຟຂ້າມທາງຜ່ານເພື່ອເຕືອນຜູ້ຂັບຂີ່ທີ່ກຳລັງຈະມາຮອດກ່ອນທີ່ເຂົາເຈົ້າຈະໄປເຖິງຊ່ອງຫວ່າງ.

ເປັນຫຍັງຂົວຄອນກຣີດ ແລະຂໍ້ຕໍ່ທີ່ຂະຫຍາຍອອກໄປຂ້າງເທິງ ໃນລະຫວ່າງທີ່ຄື້ນຄວາມຮ້ອນໃນລະດູຮ້ອນຮ້າຍແຮງ?¶

ຂົວຄອນກຣີດແລະເຫຼັກກ້າຂະຫຍາຍອອກຢ່າງຫຼວງຫຼາຍເມື່ອລັງສີແສງຕາເວັນເຮັດໃຫ້ຄວາມຮ້ອນຂອງພື້ນຖະຫນົນເຖິງ 55-65 ອົງສາເຊນຊຽດ (130-150 ອົງສາຟາເຣນຮາຍ). ໂດຍປົກກະຕິ, ຂໍ້ຕໍ່ນິ້ວມືເຫຼັກແລະຂໍ້ຕໍ່ຂະຫຍາຍ elastomeric ດູດຊຶມການເຄື່ອນໄຫວນີ້. ແນວໃດກໍ່ຕາມ, ຖ້າຂໍ້ຕໍ່ຂະຫຍາຍແມ່ນບັນຈຸດ້ວຍກ້ອນຫີນໃນລະດູໜາວທີ່ບໍ່ສາມາດບີບອັດໄດ້ ຫຼື ໜິ້ວຫີນເຫລັກມີສະໝຸນໄພແຂງ, ຫລາຍພັນໂຕນຂອງຄວາມກົດດັນຄວາມຮ້ອນທີ່ບີບອັດຖືກສ້າງຂື້ນຢູ່ຕາມຊັ້ນດາດຟ້າຈົນກ່ວາແຜ່ນຊີມັງສອງແຜ່ນແຂງກະດ້າງຂຶ້ນຄືກັບ tent ຫຼືຕັດ bolts ໃສ່ແຜ່ນເຫຼັກກ້າ. ເບຣກເປັນເສັ້ນຊື່ໆ ໂດຍບໍ່ມີການລ້ຽວເຂົ້າໃສ່ຮາວຂົວ, ເປີດໄຟອັນຕະລາຍຂອງທ່ານ, ແລະໂທຫາ 911 ແລະ DOT.

ຄູ່ມືທີ່ກ່ຽວຂ້ອງ¶

• ການປິດຂົວ, ການປິດເຮືອຂ້າມຟາກ, ແລະວິກິດການສະໜອງຂອງເກາະ ຫຼືແຫຼມ
• ລົດຢູ່ໃນນ້ໍາ
• ນໍ້າຖ້ວມກະທັນຫັນ
• ຂົວຂ້າມທາງລົດໄຟຖືກກີດຂວາງເປັນເວລາຫຼາຍຊົ່ວໂມງໂດຍລົດໄຟຂົນສົ່ງສິນຄ້າທີ່ຢຸດ: ລົດສຸກເສີນ bypass ແລະບໍ່ເຄີຍກວາດພາຍໃຕ້ລົດ
• ຄວາມຮ້ອນທີ່ຮຸນແຮງ

ແຫຼ່ງຂໍ້ມູນແລະຄໍາແນະນໍາຢ່າງເປັນທາງການ¶

• ** ບໍລິຫານທາງຫຼວງຂອງລັດຖະບານກາງ (FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation):** ກົມວິສະວະກຳໄຮໂດຼລິກເລກທີ່ 18 (HEC-18: ປະເມີນຜົນ Scour at Bridges), ມາດຕະຖານກວດກາຂົວແຫ່ງຊາດ (NBIS, 23 CFR Part 650: ແຜນປະຕິບັດງານຂອງຂົວ Scour-Critical Bridge ຂອງການກວດກາສະມາຊິກ ແລະ Fracture-Critical), ແລະຄໍາແນະນໍາດ້ານວິຊາການ T5140.23 (ການປະເມີນ Scour ຢູ່ຂົວ).
• ** ຄະ​ນະ​ກໍາ​ມະ​ການ​ຄວາມ​ປອດ​ໄພ​ການ​ຂົນ​ສົ່ງ​ແຫ່ງ​ຊາດ (NTSB) ແລະ ໜ່ວຍຍາມຝັ່ງສະຫະລັດ (USCG):** ລາຍງານອຸປະຕິເຫດທາງຫຼວງ ແລະທາງທະເລກ່ຽວກັບໄພພິບັດຂົວ ແລະ ເຮືອຂ້າມຟາກ (ຂົວ Schoharie Creek Thruway ພັງລົງ, I-40 Webbers Falls Barge Allision, Sunshine Skyway Bridge Allision, Big Bayou Canot Rail Bridge Displacement, and Francis Scott Key Bridge Allision: Automation.
• ** ສະມາຄົມອາເມລິກາຂອງເຈົ້າຫນ້າທີ່ທາງດ່ວນແລະການຂົນສົ່ງ (AASHTO):** ຂໍ້ມູນສະເພາະຂອງການອອກແບບຂົວ LRFD (ການເຄື່ອນໄຫວຮ່ວມຂອງການຂະຫຍາຍຕົວຄວາມຮ້ອນ, ເຫດການທີ່ຮຸນແຮງ II ເຮືອລົ້ມຕາຍການອອກແບບການໂຫຼດ, ແລະລັດຈໍາກັດ Scour Hydraulic).
• ** ສະ​ມາ​ຄົມ​ຄົ້ນ​ຄ​້​ວາ​ອຸດ​ສາ​ຫະ​ກໍາ​ການ​ກໍ່​ສ້າງ​ສະ​ຫະ​ປະ​ຊາ​ຊະ​ອາ​ນາ​ຈັກ​ແລະ​ຂໍ້​ມູນ​ຂ່າວ​ສານ (CIRIA) & Network Rail:** CIRIA C742 (ຄູ່ມືກ່ຽວກັບ Scour ຢູ່ຂົວ ແລະໂຄງສ້າງໄຮໂດລິກອື່ນໆ), DMRB BD 97/12, ແລະ Network Rail Bridge Strike Protocol ແລະການລາຍງານສຸກເສີນ.
• ** ສ. Gordon Giesbrecht (ມະຫາວິທະຍາໄລ Manitoba) ແລະສະມາຄົມເພື່ອຄວາມກ້າວຫນ້າຂອງຢາລົດຍົນ (AAAM):** ອະນຸສັນຍາການຢູ່ລອດຂອງລົດ Submersion Survival ("SWOC": Seatbelts, Windows, Out, Children, First Floating Escape Window 60-ວິນາທີ).