Winter outdoor emergencies: cold water, getting lost in snow, whiteouts, and staying warm until rescue¶

Winter outdoors is beautiful and unforgiving. A fall through lake ice, a sudden whiteout on a ridge, a sledding crash on an icy slope or a wrong turn at dusk can become life threatening within an hour, because cold takes away strength, judgment and heat all at once. Most people who survive winter emergencies do three things well: they stop and think before they act, they protect themselves from cold and wind, and they make it easy for rescuers to find them.

This guide covers cold water immersion, getting lost in snow, hiking in a whiteout, sledding and skiing accidents, building a shelter and signaling, staying warm until rescue arrives, and the preparation that makes all of this easier. It builds on በረኻታት ምጉዳል ሙቐትን ቁሪን ምዃኑ’ዩ።፣ falling through ice እና lost while hiking or camping.

እዚ ሕጂ ግበሩ¶

1. Stop moving if you are lost, disoriented or in a whiteout. Do not keep walking in the hope of finding the way. Sit on your pack or an insulating layer, out of the wind.
2. Call your local emergency number (911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom) if you have a signal, or send a message with a satellite messenger or personal locator beacon. Text messages sometimes go through when voice calls do not. See ናይ ህጹጽ እዋን ቁጽሪ ንኻልኦት ሃገራት።
3. ቆቢዕ፡ ጓንቲን ንፋስ ዘይኣትዎ ሸልን ሓዊስካ ነፍሲ ወከፍ ዘለካ ደረቕ ንጣብ ተኸደን። ካብ ንፋስ ወጺእካ ካብ በረድ ውረድ፡ ካብ መሬት ድማ ንርእስኻ ተነጽላ።
4. If you have fallen into cold water, follow the steps in the cold water section below: control your breathing, keep your head above the surface, and get out and warm as fast as you can.
5. Eat and drink something warm and sweet if you have it. Your body burns food to make heat.
6. Make yourself easy to find: stay in one place, use a whistle, put bright items in the open, and keep your phone warm and switched to low power mode.

Cold water immersion¶

Cold water kills in stages, and the first stage is not hypothermia. The sudden shock of cold water causes an involuntary gasp and fast breathing, which can lead to drowning in the first minute. The widely taught "1-10-1" rule from Canadian water safety groups gives a good picture of how events unfold in water around 10 degrees Celsius (50 degrees Fahrenheit) or colder.

ግዜታት ምስ ሙቐት ማይ፡ ክዳውንቲ፡ ዓቐን ኣካላትን ብቕዓትን ስለ ዝፈላለ፡ ከም መምርሒ እምበር ከም ውሕስነት ኣይትሕዞ። ሰባት ኣብ ዝሑል ማይ ኣዝዩ ዝነውሐ ግዜ ክጸንሑ ከለዉ፡ ካልኦት ድማ ብውሑድ ማይ ሞይቶም። ናይ ህይወት ኣድሕን ጃኬት ንዕድላትካ ኣዝዩ የመሓይሽ፣ ምኽንያቱ ጭዋዳታትካ ስራሕ ምስ ኣቋረጹ ኣብ ምሕንባስ ይሕግዘካ።

ብበረድ እንተወዲቕካ¶

1. ኣይትስንብድ። ነቲ ናይ ምሕንባስ ሪፍለክስ ተጸበዮ፣ ንመጀመርታ ደቒቕ ህድእ ኢልካ ብምጽናሕ ድማ ምስትንፋስካ ተቖጻጸሮ።
2. እቲ በረድ ቅድሚ ሕጂ ሒዙካ ስለ ዝነበረ፡ ናብቲ ዝመጻእካሉ ኣንፈት ተጠውዮ።
3. ቅድመ-ቅልጽምካ ኣብቲ ዘይተሰብረ በረድ ኣቐምጦ እሞ ኣእጋርካ ረጊጽካ ኣካላትካ ጸፍጺፍካ ናብ ላዕሊ ንምምጻእ።
4. ከም ትሕንብስ ረጊጽካ ብቕልጽምካ ናብቲ በረድ ጎቲትካ ውጻእ፣ ድሕሪኡ ካብቲ ጉድጓድ ርሓቕ። ካብቲ ዝተሰብረ ቦታ ኣጸቢቕካ ክሳብ እትረሓቕ ደው ኣይትበል።
5. በቲ ዝመጻእካሉ መንገዲ ስሓብ ወይ ተመሊስካ ናብ ገምገም ባሕሪ ተንከባለል።
6. ናብ መዕቆቢ ኣቲኻ ዋላ ጽቡቕ እንተተሰምዓካ ምውዓይ ጀምር፡ ምኽንያቱ ቁሪ ንዋዒ ኣካላትካ ምፍሳስ ይቕጽል።

ንውሕስነት በረድ፡ ሜላታት ምድሓን ህይወትን መምርሒ ርጉድና በረድን፡ ኣንብብ falling through ice. ርጉድና በረድ ፈጺሙ ርግጸኛ ኣይኮነን። ብዙሓት ትካላት ንእግሪ ምጉዓዝ እንተወሓደ 10 ሴንቲሜተር (4 ኢንች) ንጹርን ተሪርን በረድ ክህሉ ይመኽራ፡ እንተኾነ ግን ሩባታት፡ ምንጪታት፡ ውሕጅን ሽፋን በረድን ኣብ ገለ ቦታታት በረድ ድኹም ክገብሮ ስለ ዝኽእል፡ ምስ ሰበስልጣን ከባቢ ርኸብ እሞ ዘይትፈልጦ በረድ ኣወግድ።

ክትወጽእ እንተዘይክኢልካ¶

ናይ ህይወት ኣድሕን ጃኬት እንተሃልዩካ ኣብ HELP position (Heat Escape Lessening Posture) ጽናሕ: ብርክኻ ኣብ ኣፍልብኻ ቅልጽምካ ድማ ኣብ ጎድኒኻ ኣጽኒዕካ ምሓዝ። እዚ ድማ ዋዒ ኣብ ሕመረት ይጸንሕ። ምስ ካልኦት እንተ ዄንካ፡ ብሓባር ተጠርነፍ። ነዊሕ ርሕቀት ኣይትሕንብስ፣ ምኽንያቱ ምሕንባስ ምጥፋእ ሙቐት የቀላጥፎ። ጃልባ፡ ገማግም ባሕሪ ወይ ዝንሳፈፍ ነገር ኣብ ቀረባ ምስ ዝኸውን ጥራይ ምሕንባስ።

ካልእ ሰብ ምድሓን።¶

ኣብ ልዕሊ በረድ ኣይትጎዪ። መጀመርታ ኣብ ከባቢኹም ዝርከብ ቁጽሪ ህጹጽ ረድኤት ደውሉ። ድሕሪኡ ውሑስ እንተኾይኑ ካብ ጽኑዕ መሬት ብነዊሕ ነገር ከም መሳልል፡ ጨንፈር ወይ ገመድ ምብጻሕ፡ ወይ ድማ ገመድ፡ ቀለቤት ቦይ ወይ ዝንሳፈፍ ነገር ደርብዮ። ንነብስኻ ትሑት ጌርካ ኣብ ልዕሊኡ ክትከይድ እንተድኣ ኣለካ ኣብቲ በረድ ተዘርግሖ፣ ክብደትካ ዝዝርግሕ ነገር ሒዝካ። ብዙሓት ረድኤት ዝህቡ ሰባት ግዳያት ይዀኑ፣ ስለዚ ንርእስኻ ኣብ ሓደጋ ኣይተእትዋ።

ካብ ማይ ምስ ወጻእካ¶

1. ካብ ንፋስ ወጺእካ ናብ መጽለሊ፡ መኪና፡ ህንጻ ወይ ዳስ ውሰድ።
2. ካብ ኣካላትካ ሙቐት ዝወስድ ርጥብ ዝበለ ክዳውንቲ ኣውጺእካ ብደረቕ ንጣብ ተክኦ። ደረቕ ክዳን እንተዘይብልካ፡ ርጥብ ዝበለ ነገራት ጨፍሊቕካ ኣብ ኮቦርታ፡ ስፔስ ኮቦርታ ወይ ድቃስ ቦርሳ ምጥቕላል።
3. ኣካላት፡ ርእስን ክሳድን ጠቕሊልካ ካብ መሬት ነጸላ።
4. እቲ ሰብ ንቑሕ እንተኾይኑን ክውሕጥ እንተኽኢሉን ውዑይን ጥዑምን መስተ ሃብ። ኣልኮላዊ መስተን ካፈይንን ምውጋድ።
5. ነቲ ሰብ ቀስ ኢልካ ኣተሓሕዞ። ረሳሕ ምንቅስቓስ ኣብ ኣዝዩ ዝሑል ሰብ ጸገማት ህርመት ልቢ ከበግስ ይኽእል።
6. ዝኾነ ሰብ ዝጠሓለ ሰብ ዋላ ጽቡቕ እንተመሰለ ኣብ ከባቢኻ ዘሎ ናይ ህጹጽ ረድኤት ቁጽሪ ደውል። ማይ ኣብ ሳንቡእን ምውራድ ሙቐትን ድሒሩ ክረአ ይኽእል።

ንምሉእ ስጉምትታት ርአ ምጉዳል ሙቐትን በረድን ምህላው. እቲ ሰብ ምላሽ እንተዘይሂቡን ንቡር ትንፋስ እንተዘይሂቡን፡ CPR ጀምር እሞ ሓገዝ ክሳብ ዝመጽእ ቀጽል። ግዳያት ሰዓል ብዘይ ናህሪ ድሕሪ ነዊሕ ግዜ ክሓውዩ ይኽእሉ እዮም፣ ስለዚ ብኣግኡ ደው ኣይትበሉ። ረአ ሲፒኣር.

ስኖሞባይላት፡ ኤቲቪን ተሽከርከርትን ኣብ በረድ¶

ተሽከርከርቲ ካብ ሰባት ኣዝየን ብቐሊሉ ንበረድ ይሰብራ። ኣብ በረድ ዝበዝሖ ቀላያት ትዝውር ወይ ትዝውር እንተ ዄንካ፡ ኣብ ከባቢኻ ርጉድ ዝበለ በረድን ኩነታትን መርምር፡ ፍሎቴሽን ኮስትሞ ተኸደን፡ ኣብ ክሳድካ በረድ ምልቃም ሒዝካ ምኻድ፡ ብለይቲ ካብ ምዝዋር ተቖጠብ። ድሕሪ ምብራር እንታይ ክትገብር ከም ዘለካ ርአ ብበረድ ቀላይ ዝተሰብረት ናይ በረድ መኪና ወይ ኤቲቪ. ንጀላቡን ክፉት ማይን ኣብ ክረምቲ ኣንብብ ጃልባ ምግልባጥን ዝሑል ማይ ምድሓንን ምዃኑ’ዩ።.

ኣብ በረድ ምጥፋእ¶

በረድ ንመገዲ ይሓብእ፣ ምልክታት መሬት የጸፍሕን ኣሰር እግሪ ይሽፍንን፣ ሓጸርቲ መዓልታት ክረምቲ ድማ ጌጋ ንምእራም ውሑድ ግዜ ይገድፉ። ቁሪን ድኻምን እውን ንጹር ኣተሓሳስባ ይንክዮ። እቲ ዕላማ ነገራት ካብ ምግዳድ ንምድሓን እዩ።

STOP ዝብል ሜላ ተጠቐም¶

• ዓገብ። ካልእ ስጉምቲ ኣይትውሰድ። ኮፍ በል፡ ስተ፡ ምብላዕን ኣስተንፍስን።
• ሕሰብ። ንመወዳእታ ግዜ መርገጺኻ ኣበይ ፈሊጥካ? ቅድሚ ክንደይ ግዜ? ክንደይ ብርሃን መዓልቲ፡ መግቢ፡ ማይን ክዳንን ኣለካ? መደብካ መን ይፈልጥ?
• ተዓዘብ። ኩነታት ኣየር፡ መሬት፡ ንፋስን ባትሪኻን ርአ። ካርታኻን ጂፒኤስካን ስልክኻን ርአ። ኣብ ቀረባኻ ዝኾነ መዕቆቢ ኣስተውዕል።
• ውጥን። ክትጸንሕ ዲኻ ክትከይድ፡ መጀመርታ ድማ እንታይ ክትገብር ከም ዘለካ ውሰድ። ኣብ ጥርጣረ እንተሃልዩካ ጽናሕ።

ጽናሕ ወይ ኪድ¶

Most search and rescue teams advise lost people to stay in one place unless they are in danger or know exactly how to reach safety. A stationary person is easier to find and uses less energy. Move only if:

• You know with certainty where the nearest safe place is, and you can reach it in good time and safe conditions.
• Your current spot is unsafe, for example in an avalanche path, under a cornice, on thin ice or in a flood zone.
• You have to move a short distance to reach shelter from wind or to find an open area for signaling.

If you move, mark your route with sticks, rocks or brightly colored items so you can return, and leave a note if you are leaving a vehicle. Follow your own tracks back when you can see them. Do not follow a stream or a ridge unless you know where it leads, and avoid steep slopes and cornices in poor visibility.

If you have phone coverage¶

Call or text your local emergency number, give your location in detail, and say that you are lost in snow. Share your coordinates if your phone can show them, and keep the phone close to your body so it stays warm, because batteries die fast in cold. Send brief messages instead of making long calls. Turn the screen brightness down, close other apps and use airplane mode between messages if you want to save power. In some countries you can send an emergency text. If you carry a personal locator beacon or satellite messenger, activate it and keep it in the open with a clear view of the sky.

Whiteout and poor visibility¶

A whiteout occurs when blowing or falling snow and flat light remove depth and contrast. People lose their sense of up and down, and they walk in circles or off a drop.

እንታይ ንግበር¶

1. Stop at once if you cannot see your feet, the horizon or the person ahead. Do not move toward a place you cannot see.
2. Stay together. Rope up or stay within touch of the group if conditions are severe, and count heads often.
3. Put on layers and a face covering. Take shelter from the wind behind a rock, a tree or a trench in the snow.
4. ካርታኻ፡ ኮምፓስካን ጂፒኤስካን ተጠቒምካ ኣበይ ከምዘለኻ ምፍታሽ፡ ኣብ ምጽራይ ኣንፈትካ ድማ ኣይትእመን። ሰባት ከይተረድኦም ብጠውዮም ይኸዱ።
5. ክትግዕዝ እንተድኣ ኣለካ፡ ውሑስ መስመር ምረጽ፡ ቀስ ኢልካ ምንቅስቓስ፡ ነቲ ኣብ ቅድሜኻ ዘሎ መሬት ድማ ብዓንዲ ወይ ዓንዲ ስኪ መርምር። ቁልቁለት፣ ወሰናስንን ክፉት ማይን ምውጋድ።
6. ገና ዝርአ እንተኾይኑን እቲ መስመር ውሑስ እንተኾይኑን መስመራትካ ንድሕሪት ተኸተል፡ ወይ ድማ ኣብ ኩነታት ኣየር ዕረፍቲ ተጸበ።
7. Do not leave the group or send one person ahead to scout alone.

For driving in blizzards and blowing snow, read ground blizzard, blowing snow whiteout and shelter rope tether lines. If you are in a car, stay with the vehicle, and see መኪና ምብትታን እዩ።.

Snow blindness¶

Bright snow can burn the eyes within hours, even on cloudy days. Wear sunglasses or goggles with full UV protection. If vision blurs and eyes feel gritty, cover them with a damp cloth and rest in the dark. See snow blindness.

Sledding and skiing accidents¶

Sledding, skiing and snowboarding cause thousands of injuries every winter, most from falls and collisions. Head injuries and spinal injuries are the most serious. Children and beginners are at higher risk, and sledding on roads, near trees or on icy slopes is especially dangerous.

ምክልኻል መጉዳእቲ¶

• Wear a helmet designed for snow sports when you ski, snowboard or sled. Bicycle helmets do not cover the same impacts.
• Sit or lie feet first on sleds, and avoid going down headfirst.
• Choose slopes with a clear, gentle run out and no trees, rocks, fences, roads, water, or parked cars.
• Avoid icy or crowded hills and do not sled at night without light.
• Keep a safe distance from others and look before you start.
• Do not tow sleds behind vehicles.
• Match the activity to your skill, and take lessons.
• Check conditions and any avalanche warnings in the mountains. If you plan to leave marked trails, carry the right training and gear, and travel with trained companions.

After a crash¶

1. Stop and check the scene. Make sure that you and the injured person are out of the path of others, and mark the spot by crossing skis or sleds uphill of the person.
2. Call for help from ski patrol or your local emergency number. Give the exact location.
3. Do not move anyone with possible head, neck, or back injury. Keep the person still and warm, and support the head in the position found. See spinal injuries.
4. Check breathing and begin CPR if the person is unresponsive and not breathing normally.
5. Control bleeding with firm pressure, and treat for shock by keeping the person warm and lying down.
6. Insulate the person from the snow with a pack, a coat or a sleeping pad, and cover their head and neck.
7. Watch the person for signs of head injury, such as confusion, vomiting, drowsiness or worsening headache. See ናይ ርእሲ መጉዳእቲ.
8. Treat broken bones by splinting in the position found when you must wait a long time. See ዝተሰብረ ኣዕጽምትን ምጭብባጥን.

For more on slope injuries and what to do, see skiing, snowboarding and slope accidents. For the particular danger of falling headfirst into snow around trees, read tree well immersion and deep snow suffocation.

Avalanche terrain¶

Avalanches kill people who travel in steep backcountry terrain without training. If you leave controlled areas, check the local avalanche forecast, take a course, and carry a transceiver, probe and shovel, and know how to use them. If a companion is buried, switch to search mode and begin the search at once, since survival chances drop rapidly in the first 15 minutes. This guide does not replace avalanche training.

Shelter and staying warm until rescue¶

When rescue will not come for hours, shelter becomes your first priority. It stops wind, keeps you dry and reduces heat loss. Do this before you are exhausted, and before dark.

Choose a location¶

• Pick a spot out of the wind, away from avalanche slopes, cornices, cliffs, flood zones, and dead or heavy laden trees.
• ተፈጥሮኣዊ መከላኸሊ ንፋስ ከም ዓቢ ከውሒ፡ ጽዑቕ ወትሩ ሓምለዋይ ኣግራብ፡ ቆፎ ወይ ድሪፍት ድለ። ካብ ዒላታት ኣግራብ ምውጋድ፣ እዚኦም ድማ ኣብ ዙርያ ጅርባታት ሓደገኛታት ጉድጓዳት እዮም።
• ክትረኽቦ እንተደሊኻ ርኡይ ኩን፣ ንኣብነት ኣብ ወሰን ክፉት ቦታ ኣብ ክንዲ ኣብ ዕምቆት ጫካ።

ቅልጡፍ መዕቆቢ ምህናጽ¶

1. መጀመርታ ካብ መሬት ተነጽሎ። በረድን ዝሑል መሬትን ካብ ኣየር ብዝቐልጠፈ ሙቐት ይወስዱ። ኣብ ልዕሊ ዕሹግ ንብረትካ፡ ፎም ፓድካ፡ ትርፊ ክዳውንትኻ፡ ንጣር ወትሩ ሓምላይ ዝኾኑ ጨናፍርካ ወይ ዝኾነ ደረቕ ንብረት ኮፍ በል ወይ ደቅስ።
2. ንፋስ መከላኸሊ ስርሑ። ዳስካ፣ ተርፕ፣ ናይ ቦታ ኮቦርታ ወይ መንደቕ ናይ በረድ ብሎኮታት ተጠቐም። ቀሊል መንደቕ እውን እንተኾነ ይሕግዝ እዩ።
3. ናይ በረድ ጕድጓድ ምዅዓት። ኣብ ዓሚቝ በረድ ካብ ኣካላትካ ቁሩብ ዝነውሐ ሸንኮለል ኰዒትካ ብታርፕ ወይ ብጨናፍር ሸፊንካ ኣብ ልዕሊኡ በረድ ምድማር። መውጽኢ ንፋስ ግደፍ።
4. ልምምድ ምስ ዝህልወካ ጥራይ በዓቲ በረድ ስርሑ። ሰዓታትን ርጥብ ዝበለ ክዳንን ዝወስድ ኮይኑ፡ ንፋስ ዝኣትወሉ ቀዳድ ክፉት ኮይኑ እቲ መእተዊ ድማ ኣብ ትሕቲ እቲ መደቀሲ መድረኽ ክትገብሮ ኣለካ። ንርእስኻ ኣይትዓጽዋ።
5. ናይ ባይቮክ ሳእኒ ወይ ናይ ህጹጽ እዋን ኮቦርታ ተጠቐም። ባይቪ ቦርሳ ንፋስን ርስሓትን ንኸይወጽእ ይገብር። ናይ ቦታ ኮቦርታ ገለ ሙቐት ዘንጸባርቕ ኮይኑ ግን ኣብ ውሽጢ ቦርሳ ወይ ኣብ ትሕቲ ጃኬት ዝበለጸ ይሰርሕ።
6. ሙቐት ምክፋል። ምስ ካልኦት ብቐረባ ኮፍ በል፣ ድሕሪት ድሕሪት ወይ ጎኒ ንጎኒ፣ እቲ ዝነኣሰ ሰብ ኣብ ማእከል።

ውዑይ ኩን።¶

• ምልባስ ንጣብ: ዊኪንግ መሰረት: መከላኸሊ ማእከላይ ንጣብን ንፋስ ዘይኣትዎ: ማይ ዘይኣትዎ ሸልን። ሱፍን ስነ-ጥበባዊ ጨርቅን ርጥብ ምስ ዝኸውን ውዑይ ክኸውን ከሎ፡ ጡጥ ግን ከምኡ ኣይኮነን።
• ርእስኻ፡ ክሳድካ፡ ኣእዳውካን እግርኻን ተሸፊኑ ይጸንሕ። ደረቕ ካልሲ ተኸዲንካ ቡትስካ ልሕሉሕ ግበር ምእንቲ ዑደት ደም ከይዕጾ።
• ካብ ረሃጽ ምውጋድ። ቅድሚ ኣበርቲዕካ ስራሕ ምጅማርካ ሓደ ንጣብ ኣውጽእ፣ ደው ምስ በልካ ድማ ንድሕሪት ኣቐምጦ።
• ብዙሕ ግዜ ንኣሽቱ ምቁር መግቢ ምብላዕ ብፍላይ ስብሕን ሽኮርን ምብላዕ። ብዝተኻእለ መጠን ውዑይ ፈሳሲ ስተ፡ ዋላ እኳ እንተዘይጸምእካ ማይ ስተ።
• ኣብ ዝሑል እዋን በረድ ኣይትብላዕ። ሙቐት ኣካላትና የጉድል። መጀመርታ ምድጃ ተጠቒምካ ኣብ መትሓዚ ኣፍስሶ፣ ወይ ምድጃ እንተዘይብልካ ኣብ ትሕቲ ክዳውንትኻ ኣብ ዝተዓሸገ ጥርሙዝ ኣፍስሶ።
• ኣልኮላዊ መስተን ትምባኾን ካብ ምጥቃም ኣወግድ። ኣልኮላዊ መስተ ንሰራውር ደም የስፍሕን ምጥፋእ ሙቐት የቀላጥፎን።
• ቅልጽምካን እግርኻን ኣንቀሳቕስ እሞ ጭዋዳታትካ ብሓጺር ምፍንጃር ምውጥዋጥ ዋዒ ንምፍጣር። ክሳብ ድኻም ኣካላዊ ምንቅስቓስ ኣይትግበር።
• ደረቕ ይኹን። በረድ ብብራሽ ኣውጽእ፣ ኣብ ጥቓ ኣካላትካ ድማ ጓንቲ ወይ ካልሲ ኣንቅጽ።
• ኣብ ውሽጢ ክዳውንቲ ኣብ ጥቓ ሕመረት እምበር ብቐጥታ ኣንጻር ቆርበት ዘይኮነስ ናይ ሙቐት ዕሹግ ተጠቐም።

ሓዊ¶

ቀሊልን ማሽንን ደረቕ ንብረትን እንተሃልዩካ ሓዊ ሙቐት፣ ምልክትን ሞራልን ይህብ። ኣብ ልዕሊ በረድ ኣብ ልዕሊ ቀጠልያ ዕንጨይቲ ወይ ኣኻውሕ ኣብ መድረኽ ስርሓዮ፣ ንእሽቶን ጽላልን ዘለዎ ይኹን፣ ካብቲ በረድ ዘውድቕ መዕቆቢኻን ጨናፍር ኣግራብካን ኣርሕቖ። ኣብ ውሽጢ ዕጹው በዓቲ በረድ ብዘይ ንፋስ ሓዊ ፈጺምካ ኣይተቃጽል፣ ኣብ ውሽጢ ዕጹው ዳስ ድማ ምድጃ ፈጺምካ ኣይትጠቐም። ርአ ካርቦን ሞኖክሳይድ.

ንህይወት ምድሓን ምልክት ምሃብ¶

Rule of three is the international distress pattern: three whistle blasts, three shouts, three fires or three flashes. Use it, then listen for an answer, which may be two signals.

Recognizing cold injuries¶

Check yourself and your companions often. Cold impairs judgment, so a sleepy or confused person may not know they are in trouble.

ርአ ምጉዳል ሙቐትን በረድን ምህላው እና በረኻታት ምጉዳል ሙቐትን ቁሪን ምዃኑ’ዩ። for treatment steps. Do not rub frostbitten skin, do not use direct heat, and do not let a frostbitten foot thaw if you must walk on it and risk refreezing.

Decision flow when something goes wrong outdoors¶

flowchart TD
    A["Winter emergency outdoors"] --> B{"In water or on broken ice?"}
    B -->|"እወ"| C["Control breathing, float, kick to the ice edge<br/>and get out then warm up"]
    B -->|"ኣይፋልን።"| D{"Injured or unable to walk?"}
    D -->|"እወ"| E["Call for help, insulate the person<br/>and keep them still"]
    D -->|"ኣይፋልን።"| F{"Lost or in a whiteout?"}
    F -->|"እወ"| G["Stop, think, observe and plan<br/>stay put unless unsafe"]
    F -->|"ኣይፋልን።"| H["Check weather and daylight<br/>and head back early"]
    C --> I["Shelter, dry layers, warm drinks"]
    E --> I
    G --> I
    I --> J["Signal with a whistle, light and bright gear"]
    J --> K["Conserve energy and heat<br/>and wait for rescue"]

Preparing before you go¶

The best winter emergency is the one that never happens. Preparation costs little and makes everything above easier.

Plan and tell someone¶

• Check the weather forecast, avalanche bulletin, ice reports and daylight hours. Turn back when conditions change.
• Leave a trip plan with someone reliable: route, group size, vehicle description, expected return time and what to do if you are late.
• Travel with others where possible, and keep the group together.
• Choose routes that match the least experienced person's ability.
• Start early, set a turn around time and keep to it.

Carry the essentials¶

• Map, compass and a charged GPS or phone with offline maps. See offline smartphone survival if you want a phone based option.
• Extra insulating layers, a hat, gloves, and a waterproof shell
• Emergency shelter, such as a bivy sack or large heavy duty bag, and a foam pad
• ናይ ቅድሚት መብራህቲ ምስ ትርፊ ባትሪ
• ፊስካ፣ መስትያት ከምኡ’ውን ንርሑቕ ከባቢታት ዝኸውን ውልቃዊ ሎኬተር ቢኮን ወይ ሳተላይት መልእኽተኛ
• መግብን ውዑይ መስተ ኣብ ዘይተነጸለ ጥርሙዝ፡ ካብቲ ከድልየካ ትጽቢትካ ንላዕሊ
• ሓዊ ዝጅምሩ መሳርሒታት፣ መቐለሊን ማይ ዘይኣትዎን መትሓዚታት
• First aid kit with a space blanket and heat packs. See first aid kit.
• Knife or multitool, and repair items
• Sun protection and goggles
• Ice picks or rescue spikes if you travel on frozen water

Keep spare batteries and your phone inside a warm pocket. Lithium batteries last longer in cold than alkaline cells. Store essentials in a pack that you carry, and not in the car.

Match gear to the trip¶

For vehicle travel, keep a winter kit in the car. See vehicle winter blizzard survival kit እና ናይ መኪና ህጹጽ ዕጥቂ. For going out on foot, a day pack with the items above takes only a few minutes to prepare.

Checklist before a winter outing¶

• I checked weather, ice and avalanche information.
• Someone has my plan and return time.
• ካርታ፡ ኮምፓስን ቻርጅ ዝገበረት ስልክን፡ ተወሳኺ ፓወር ባንክን ሒዘ እየ ዝኸይድ።
• ተወሳኺ ንጣር፡ ቆቢዕ፡ ጓንቲን ሸልን ኣለኒ፡ ተወሳኺ ናይ ህጹጽ መዕቆቢ ኣለኒ።
• መግቢ፡ ውዑይ መስተ፡ ፊስካን ናይ ቅድሚት መብራህትን ኣለኒ።
• መብራህትን ሓዊ ዝጅምሩን ኣለኒ።
• ንናይ በረድ ስፖርት ቁራዕ ርእሲ እገብር፣ በረድ እንተሰጊረ ድማ በረድ ይመርጽ።
• ንሃይፖተርሚያን ፍሮስትባይትን ከመይ ጌርካ ከም እትፍውስ እፈልጥ እየ።

ብተደጋጋሚ ዝሕተቱ ሕቶታት¶

ኣብ በረድ ማይ እንተወዲቐ መጀመርታ እንታይ ክገብር ኣለኒ?¶

ንመጀመርታ ደቒቕ ህድእ ኢልካ ምትንፋስካ ተቖጻጸር፣ ምኽንያቱ ዝሑል ስንባደ ናብ ምጥሓል ከብጽሕ ዝኽእል ምሕንፋጽ የስዕብ። ርእስኻ ልዕሊ ማይ ኣቐምጥ፣ ናብቲ ዝመጻእካሉ ገጽካ ተጠውዩ፣ ቅልጽምካ ኣብ ልዕሊ በረድ ኣቐሚጥካ ንነብስኻ ጸፍጺፍካ ናብቲ ላዕሊ ክትስሕባ ርግጽ፣ ድሕሪኡ ካብቲ ነዃል ርሓቕ። ቀልጢፍካ ሙቐት ውሰድ እሞ ዋላ ጽቡቕ እንተተሰምዓካ ኣብ ከባቢኻ ዘሎ ቁጽሪ ህጹጽ ረድኤት ደውል።

ኣብ በረድ እንተ ጠፊአ ኣብ ቦታኡ ድየ ክጸንሕ ወይስ ምጉዓዝ ክቕጽል?¶

ኣብ ሓደ ቦታ ዝጸንሕ ሰብ ብቐሊሉ ክትረኽቦን ጸዓትን ሙቐትን ስለ ዝስእንን ኣብ መብዛሕትኡ እዋን ጽናሕ። ድሕነት ኣበይ ከምዘሎ ርግጸኛታት ምስ እትፈልጥ፡ ኣቀማምጣኻ ሓደገኛ እንተኾይኑ ወይ ካብ ንፋስ ንምውጻእ ጥራይ ኢኻ ተንቀሳቐስ። መጽለሊ ግበር፡ ካብ መሬት ነጺልካ፡ ብፊስካ ምልክት ግበር፡ ድሙቓት ነገራትን ስልክኻን።

መድሓኒት ክሳብ ዝመጹ ከመይ ጌረ እየ ውዑይ ዝጸንሕ?¶

ደረቕ ንጣብ ምልባስ፡ ርእስኻ፡ ኣእዳውካን እግርኻን ሸፊንካ፡ ካብ በረድ ተነጽሎ፡ ካብ ንፋስ ድማ ውጻእ። ብዙሕ ግዜ ንኣሽቱ ምቁር መግብታት ምብላዕን ውዑይ ፈሳሲ ምስታይን፡ ረሃጽን ኣልኮላዊ መስተ ምውጋድን፡ እንተኺኢልካ ድማ ምስ ካልኦት ምትሕብባር። ቅልጽምካን እግርኻን ብሓጺር ምፍንጃር ምንቅስቓስ ቀጽል፡ ስልክኻ ድማ ንኽትሰርሕ ውዑይ ይኹን።

ኣብ ስልዝ ወይ ስኪንግ ከቢድ መጉዳእቲ ዘስዕቡ ናይ መጠንቀቕታ ምልክታት እንታይ እዮም?¶

ዝኾነ ናይ ርእሲ ምውቃዕ ምስ ምጥፋእ ሕልና፣ ምድንጋር፣ ተምላስ፣ ከቢድ ሕማም ርእሲ፣ ቃንዛ ክሳድ ወይ ሕቖ፣ ምድናስ ወይ ድኻም፣ ወይ ድማ ዝተጠውየ መሓውር ከም ከቢድ ጌርካ ምሕካም። ነቲ ሰብ ስቕ ኢሉን ውዑይን ኣቐምጦ እሞ ፓትሮል ስኪ ወይ ኣብ ከባቢኻ ዝርከብ ቁጽሪ ህጹጽ ረድኤት ደውል። ኣብ ዓንዲ ሕቖ ክጎድእ ዝኽእል ሰብ ኣብ ቅጽበታዊ ሓደጋ እንተዘይኮይኑ ኣይተንቀሳቕሶ።

ምንጭታት ተፈቲሾም¶

እዚ መምርሒ እዚ ምስ ናይ ሃገራዊ ኣገልግሎት ኩነታት ኣየር (ኣመሪካ) ናይ ክረምቲ ኩነታት ኣየርን ንፋስ ዝሑል ገጻትን፣ ናይ ማእከላት ምቁጽጻርን ምክልኻልን ሕማማት (ኣመሪካ) መምርሒታት ብዛዕባ ምጉዳል ሙቐትን በረድን፣ ናይ ሃገራዊ ፓርክ ኣገልግሎት (ኣመሪካ) ናይ ክረምቲ ድሕነት ምኽሪ፣ ናይ ኣሜሪካ ቀይሕ መስቀል ናይ ክረምቲ ድሕነትን ቀዳማይ ረድኤትን ገጻት፣ ናይ ካናዳ ቀይሕ መስቀልን ናይ ካናዳ ናይ ህይወት ኣድሕን ማሕበርን ናይ ዝሑል ማይ መምርሒታትን፣ ሃገራዊ እዩ። ትካል ህይወት ኣድሕን (ዓባይ ብሪጣንያ) ዝሑል ማይ ስንባደ ዝህብ ምኽሪ፣ ሃገራዊ ኣገልግሎት ጥዕና (ዓባይ ብሪጣንያ) ገጽ ምጉዳል ሙቐት፣ ናይ ሜት ኦፊስ (ዓባይ ብሪጣንያ) ናይ ክረምቲ ኩነታት ኣየር ምኽሪ፣ ናይ ማውንተይን ረስኪው እንግሊዝን ዌልስን መምርሒ ኣብ ዝጠፍኡን ዝተዓጽዉን እግረኛታት፣ ከምኡ’ውን ናይ ጥዕና ካናዳ ናይ ክረምቲ ድሕነት ገጻት። ትካላት ብግዜ ወይ ርሕቀት ኣብ ዝፈላለያሉ፡ ዝያዳ ጥንቁቕ ኣሃዛት ይጥቀሙ።

ቀዳማይ ረድኤት ተማሃሩ¶

ብኢድ ዝግበር ናይ ቀዳማይ ረድኤት ኮርስ ኣብ ቁሪ፡ ኣጻብዕቲ ኣብ ዝደናገሩሉን ምሕሳብ ምዝሕሓልን ናይ ብሓቂ ለውጢ ዘምጽእ ልምምድ ይህበካ። ቀይሕ መስቀል፡ ኣምቡላንስ ቅዱስ ዮሃንስን ናይቲ ከባቢ ወሃብቲ ኣገልግሎትን ቀዳማይ ረድኤት በረኻ፡ CPRን ክንክን ምጉዳል ሙቐትን ይምህሩ። ቅድሚ ክረምቲ ኮርስ ውሰድ እሞ ዓርክኻ ኣምጽእ ።

ተዛመድቲ መምርሒታት¶

• በረኻታት ምጉዳል ሙቐትን ቁሪን።
• ብበረድ ምውዳቕ
• ኣብ ምጉዓዝ ወይ ኣብ ካምፒንግ ዝጠፍአ
• ትሑት ሙቐትን ፍሮስትባይትን
• ስኪይንግ፣ ስኖቦርዲንግን ሓደጋታት ቁልቁለትን።