Các trường hợp khẩn cấp ngoài trời vào mùa đông: nước lạnh, bị lạc trong tuyết, mất trắng và giữ ấm cho đến khi được giải cứu¶

Winter outdoors is beautiful and unforgiving. A fall through lake ice, a sudden whiteout on a ridge, a sledding crash on an icy slope or a wrong turn at dusk can become life threatening within an hour, because cold takes away strength, judgment and heat all at once. Most people who survive winter emergencies do three things well: they stop and think before they act, they protect themselves from cold and wind, and they make it easy for rescuers to find them.

This guide covers cold water immersion, getting lost in snow, hiking in a whiteout, sledding and skiing accidents, building a shelter and signaling, staying warm until rescue arrives, and the preparation that makes all of this easier. It builds on nơi hoang dã hạ thân nhiệt và lạnh, rơi qua băng và lost while hiking or camping.

Làm điều này ngay bây giờ¶

1. Hãy ngừng di chuyển nếu bạn bị lạc, mất phương hướng hoặc mất điện. Đừng tiếp tục bước đi với hy vọng tìm được đường đi. Ngồi trên ba lô hoặc một lớp cách nhiệt, tránh gió.
2. Gọi số khẩn cấp tại địa phương của bạn (911 ở Hoa Kỳ và Canada, 112 trên toàn Liên minh Châu Âu, 999 ở Vương quốc Anh) nếu bạn có tín hiệu hoặc gửi tin nhắn bằng tin nhắn vệ tinh hoặc đèn hiệu định vị cá nhân. Tin nhắn văn bản đôi khi được thực hiện trong khi cuộc gọi thoại thì không. Nhìn thấy số khẩn cấp cho các nước khác.
3. Mặc mọi lớp khô mà bạn có, bao gồm mũ, găng tay và áo chống gió. Hãy tránh gió và tuyết và cách nhiệt với mặt đất.
4. If you have fallen into cold water, follow the steps in the cold water section below: control your breathing, keep your head above the surface, and get out and warm as fast as you can.
5. Eat and drink something warm and sweet if you have it. Your body burns food to make heat.
6. Giúp bạn dễ dàng được tìm thấy: ở yên một chỗ, sử dụng còi, đặt các vật sáng ở nơi mở, giữ ấm điện thoại và chuyển sang chế độ tiết kiệm pin.

Cold water immersion¶

Cold water kills in stages, and the first stage is not hypothermia. The sudden shock of cold water causes an involuntary gasp and fast breathing, which can lead to drowning in the first minute. The widely taught "1-10-1" rule from Canadian water safety groups gives a good picture of how events unfold in water around 10 degrees Celsius (50 degrees Fahrenheit) or colder.

Thời gian thay đổi tùy theo nhiệt độ nước, quần áo, kích thước cơ thể và thể lực, vì vậy hãy coi chúng như một hướng dẫn chứ không phải là một sự đảm bảo. Mọi người đã sống sót lâu hơn trong nước lạnh, và những người khác chết ít hơn. Áo phao cải thiện đáng kể cơ hội của bạn vì nó giúp bạn nổi khi cơ bắp ngừng hoạt động.

Nếu bạn rơi qua băng¶

1. Do not panic. Expect the gasp reflex, and control your breathing by staying calm for the first minute.
2. Turn toward the direction you came from, since that ice held you before.
3. Place your forearms on the unbroken ice and kick your legs to bring your body flat to the surface.
4. Kick as if swimming, and drag yourself out onto the ice with your arms, then roll away from the hole. Do not stand up until you are well away from the broken area.
5. Crawl or roll back to shore along the path you came from.
6. Get to shelter and start warming up, even if you feel fine, because cold continues to drain your body heat.

For ice safety, rescue techniques and ice thickness guidance, read rơi qua băng. Ice thickness is never certain. Many agencies advise at least 10 centimeters (4 inches) of clear, hard ice for walking, but rivers, springs, currents and snow cover can make ice weak in places, so check with local authorities and avoid ice you do not know.

If you cannot get out¶

Stay still in the HELP position (Heat Escape Lessening Posture) if you have a lifejacket: hold your knees to your chest and your arms tight against your sides. This keeps heat in the core. If you are with others, huddle together. Do not swim long distances, because swimming speeds heat loss. Swim only if a boat, shore or a floating object is close.

Rescuing someone else¶

Do not run onto the ice. Call your local emergency number first. Then, if it is safe, reach with a long object such as a ladder, branch or rope from solid ground, or throw a rope, ring buoy or something that floats. Keep yourself low and spread out on the ice if you must go on it, with something to spread your weight. Many rescuers become victims, so do not put yourself at risk.

After you are out of the water¶

1. Get out of the wind and into shelter, a car, a building or a tent.
2. Remove wet clothing, which takes heat from your body, and replace it with dry layers. If you have no dry clothes, wring out wet items and wrap yourself in a blanket, space blanket or sleeping bag.
3. Wrap the body, head and neck, and insulate from the ground.
4. Give warm, sweet drinks if the person is awake and can swallow. Avoid alcohol and caffeine.
5. Handle the person gently. Rough movement can trigger heart rhythm problems in a very cold person.
6. Call your local emergency number for anyone who has been immersed, even if they seem fine. Water in the lungs and a falling temperature can show up later.

For full steps, see hạ thân nhiệt và tê cóng. If the person is unresponsive and not breathing normally, start CPR and continue until help arrives. Cold victims can recover after a long time without a pulse, so do not stop early. See CPR.

Snowmobiles, ATVs and vehicles on ice¶

Vehicles break through ice far more easily than people. If you ride or drive on frozen lakes, check ice thickness and conditions locally, wear a flotation suit, carry ice picks around your neck, and avoid riding at night. For what to do after a breakthrough, see snowmobile or ATV broken through lake ice. For boats and open water in winter, read boating capsizing and cold water survival.

Getting lost in snow¶

Snow hides trails, flattens landmarks and covers footprints, and short winter days leave little time to correct a mistake. Cold and tiredness also reduce clear thinking. The aim is to avoid making things worse.

Use the STOP method¶

• Stop. Do not take another step. Sit down, drink, eat and breathe.
• Think. Where did you last know your position? How long ago? How much daylight, food, water and clothing do you have? Who knows your plan?
• Observe. Look at the weather, terrain, wind and your battery. Check your map, GPS and phone. Note any shelter nearby.
• Plan. Decide whether to stay or go, and what to do first. If in doubt, stay put.

Stay or go¶

Most search and rescue teams advise lost people to stay in one place unless they are in danger or know exactly how to reach safety. A stationary person is easier to find and uses less energy. Move only if:

• You know with certainty where the nearest safe place is, and you can reach it in good time and safe conditions.
• Your current spot is unsafe, for example in an avalanche path, under a cornice, on thin ice or in a flood zone.
• You have to move a short distance to reach shelter from wind or to find an open area for signaling.

If you move, mark your route with sticks, rocks or brightly colored items so you can return, and leave a note if you are leaving a vehicle. Follow your own tracks back when you can see them. Do not follow a stream or a ridge unless you know where it leads, and avoid steep slopes and cornices in poor visibility.

If you have phone coverage¶

Call or text your local emergency number, give your location in detail, and say that you are lost in snow. Share your coordinates if your phone can show them, and keep the phone close to your body so it stays warm, because batteries die fast in cold. Send brief messages instead of making long calls. Turn the screen brightness down, close other apps and use airplane mode between messages if you want to save power. In some countries you can send an emergency text. If you carry a personal locator beacon or satellite messenger, activate it and keep it in the open with a clear view of the sky.

Whiteout and poor visibility¶

A whiteout occurs when blowing or falling snow and flat light remove depth and contrast. People lose their sense of up and down, and they walk in circles or off a drop.

phải làm gì¶

1. Stop at once if you cannot see your feet, the horizon or the person ahead. Do not move toward a place you cannot see.
2. Stay together. Rope up or stay within touch of the group if conditions are severe, and count heads often.
3. Put on layers and a face covering. Take shelter from the wind behind a rock, a tree or a trench in the snow.
4. Use your map, compass and GPS to check where you are, and do not trust your sense of direction in a whiteout. People walk in curves without realizing it.
5. If you must move, choose a safe line, move slowly, and probe the ground ahead with a pole or ski pole. Avoid slopes, edges and open water.
6. Follow your tracks back if they are still visible and the route is safe, or wait for a break in the weather.
7. Do not leave the group or send one person ahead to scout alone.

For driving in blizzards and blowing snow, read ground blizzard, blowing snow whiteout and shelter rope tether lines. If you are in a car, stay with the vehicle, and see hỏng xe.

Snow blindness¶

Bright snow can burn the eyes within hours, even on cloudy days. Wear sunglasses or goggles with full UV protection. If vision blurs and eyes feel gritty, cover them with a damp cloth and rest in the dark. See snow blindness.

Sledding and skiing accidents¶

Sledding, skiing and snowboarding cause thousands of injuries every winter, most from falls and collisions. Head injuries and spinal injuries are the most serious. Children and beginners are at higher risk, and sledding on roads, near trees or on icy slopes is especially dangerous.

Preventing injuries¶

• Wear a helmet designed for snow sports when you ski, snowboard or sled. Bicycle helmets do not cover the same impacts.
• Trước tiên hãy ngồi hoặc đặt chân lên xe trượt và tránh đi xuống bằng đầu.
• Choose slopes with a clear, gentle run out and no trees, rocks, fences, roads, water, or parked cars.
• Avoid icy or crowded hills and do not sled at night without light.
• Keep a safe distance from others and look before you start.
• Do not tow sleds behind vehicles.
• Match the activity to your skill, and take lessons.
• Check conditions and any avalanche warnings in the mountains. If you plan to leave marked trails, carry the right training and gear, and travel with trained companions.

After a crash¶

1. Stop and check the scene. Make sure that you and the injured person are out of the path of others, and mark the spot by crossing skis or sleds uphill of the person.
2. Call for help from ski patrol or your local emergency number. Give the exact location.
3. Do not move anyone with possible head, neck, or back injury. Keep the person still and warm, and support the head in the position found. See chấn thương cột sống.
4. Check breathing and begin CPR if the person is unresponsive and not breathing normally.
5. Control bleeding with firm pressure, and treat for shock by keeping the person warm and lying down.
6. Insulate the person from the snow with a pack, a coat or a sleeping pad, and cover their head and neck.
7. Watch the person for signs of head injury, such as confusion, vomiting, drowsiness or worsening headache. See chấn thương đầu.
8. Treat broken bones by splinting in the position found when you must wait a long time. See gãy xương và bong gân.

For more on slope injuries and what to do, see skiing, snowboarding and slope accidents. For the particular danger of falling headfirst into snow around trees, read tree well immersion and deep snow suffocation.

Avalanche terrain¶

Avalanches kill people who travel in steep backcountry terrain without training. If you leave controlled areas, check the local avalanche forecast, take a course, and carry a transceiver, probe and shovel, and know how to use them. If a companion is buried, switch to search mode and begin the search at once, since survival chances drop rapidly in the first 15 minutes. This guide does not replace avalanche training.

Shelter and staying warm until rescue¶

When rescue will not come for hours, shelter becomes your first priority. It stops wind, keeps you dry and reduces heat loss. Do this before you are exhausted, and before dark.

Choose a location¶

• Pick a spot out of the wind, away from avalanche slopes, cornices, cliffs, flood zones, and dead or heavy laden trees.
• Look for natural windbreaks such as a large rock, dense evergreen trees, a hollow or a drift. Avoid tree wells, which are dangerous pits around trunks.
• Stay visible if you want to be found, for example at the edge of an open area rather than deep in the woods.

Build a quick shelter¶

1. Insulate from the ground first. Snow and cold ground take heat faster than air. Sit or lie on your pack, foam pad, spare clothes, a layer of evergreen branches or any dry material.
2. Make a windbreak. Use your tent, a tarp, a space blanket or a wall of snow blocks. Even a simple wall helps.
3. Dig a snow trench. In deep snow, dig a trench slightly longer than your body, cover it with a tarp or branches, and pile snow on top. Leave a vent.
4. Build a snow cave only if you have training. It takes hours and wet clothing, and you must keep a ventilation hole open and the entrance below the sleeping platform. Do not seal yourself in.
5. Use a bivouac sack or emergency blanket. A bivy bag keeps wind and moisture out. A space blanket reflects some heat but works best inside a bag or under a jacket.
6. Share heat. Sit close with others, back to back or side by side, with the smallest person in the middle.

Stay warm¶

• Wear layers: a wicking base, an insulating mid layer and a windproof, waterproof shell. Wool and synthetic fabrics stay warm when damp, while cotton does not.
• Keep your head, neck, hands and feet covered. Put on dry socks and keep your boots loose so circulation is not blocked.
• Avoid sweating. Take off a layer before you start working hard, and put it back when you stop.
• Eat small snacks often, especially fats and sugars. Drink warm liquids when possible, and drink water even if you are not thirsty.
• Do not eat snow when you are cold. It lowers body temperature. Melt it first in a container using a stove, or under your clothing in a sealed bottle if you have no stove.
• Tránh uống rượu và thuốc lá. Rượu làm giãn mạch máu và tăng tốc độ mất nhiệt.
• Move your arms and legs and tense your muscles in short bursts to generate heat. Do not exercise to exhaustion.
• Keep dry. Brush off snow, and dry gloves or socks near your body.
• Use heat packs inside clothing near the core, not directly against skin.

lửa¶

Nếu bạn có bật lửa, diêm và vật liệu khô, ngọn lửa sẽ mang lại sự ấm áp, tín hiệu và nâng cao tinh thần. Xây dựng nó trên nền bằng những khúc gỗ hoặc đá xanh trên tuyết, giữ nó nhỏ và có mái che, đồng thời tránh xa nơi trú ẩn của bạn và những cành cây có tuyết rơi. Không bao giờ đốt lửa bên trong hang tuyết kín mà không có hệ thống thông gió và không bao giờ sử dụng bếp trong lều kín. Nhìn thấy cacbon monoxit.

Signaling for rescue¶

Rule of three is the international distress pattern: three whistle blasts, three shouts, three fires or three flashes. Use it, then listen for an answer, which may be two signals.

Recognizing cold injuries¶

Check yourself and your companions often. Cold impairs judgment, so a sleepy or confused person may not know they are in trouble.

Xem hạ thân nhiệt và tê cóng và nơi hoang dã hạ thân nhiệt và lạnh cho các bước điều trị. Không chà xát vùng da bị tê cóng, không sử dụng nhiệt trực tiếp và không để bàn chân bị tê cóng tan nếu bạn phải đi lại trên đó và có nguy cơ bị đóng băng trở lại.

Luồng quyết định khi có sự cố xảy ra ngoài trời¶

flowchart TD
    A["Trường hợp khẩn cấp mùa đông ngoài trời"] --> B{"Trong nước hay trên băng vỡ?"}
    B -->|"Có"| C["Kiểm soát hơi thở, nổi, đá vào mép băng<br/>rồi ra ngoài rồi khởi động"]
    B -->|"Không"| D{"Bị thương hay không thể đi lại?"}
    D -->|"Có"| E["Kêu cứu, cách nhiệt người đó<br/>và giữ họ yên"]
    D -->|"Không"| F{"Bị mất hoặc bị mất trắng?"}
    F -->|"Có"| G["Dừng lại, suy nghĩ, quan sát và lập kế hoạch<br/>ở yên trừ khi không an toàn"]
    F -->|"Không"| H["Kiểm tra thời tiết và ánh sáng ban ngày<br/>và quay về sớm"]
    C --> I["Nơi trú ẩn, lớp khô, đồ uống ấm"]
    E --> I
    G --> I
    I --> J["Báo hiệu bằng còi, bánh răng sáng sủa"]
    J --> K["Tiết kiệm năng lượng và nhiệt<br/>và chờ cứu hộ"]

Chuẩn bị trước khi đi¶

Trường hợp khẩn cấp tốt nhất trong mùa đông là trường hợp không bao giờ xảy ra. Việc chuẩn bị tốn ít chi phí và làm cho mọi việc ở trên trở nên dễ dàng hơn.

Lập kế hoạch và nói với ai đó¶

• Check the weather forecast, avalanche bulletin, ice reports and daylight hours. Turn back when conditions change.
• Leave a trip plan with someone reliable: route, group size, vehicle description, expected return time and what to do if you are late.
• Travel with others where possible, and keep the group together.
• Choose routes that match the least experienced person's ability.
• Bắt đầu sớm, đặt thời gian quay vòng và tuân thủ nó.

Mang theo những thứ cần thiết¶

• Bản đồ, la bàn và GPS hoặc điện thoại có tính phí với bản đồ ngoại tuyến. Nhìn thấy sự sống còn của điện thoại thông minh ngoại tuyến nếu bạn muốn một tùy chọn dựa trên điện thoại.
• Extra insulating layers, a hat, gloves, and a waterproof shell
• Emergency shelter, such as a bivy sack or large heavy duty bag, and a foam pad
• Headlamp with spare batteries
• Whistle, mirror and a personal locator beacon or satellite messenger for remote areas
• Food and a hot drink in an insulated bottle, with more than you expect to need
• Fire starters, a lighter and waterproof matches
• First aid kit with a space blanket and heat packs. See first aid kit.
• Knife or multitool, and repair items
• Sun protection and goggles
• Ice picks or rescue spikes if you travel on frozen water

Keep spare batteries and your phone inside a warm pocket. Lithium batteries last longer in cold than alkaline cells. Store essentials in a pack that you carry, and not in the car.

Kết hợp trang bị cho chuyến đi¶

Khi di chuyển bằng ô tô, hãy để sẵn bộ đồ mùa đông trong xe. Nhìn thấy bộ dụng cụ cứu hộ bão tuyết mùa đông cho xe và car emergency kit. Đối với việc đi bộ ra ngoài, một gói hành lý trong ngày với những vật dụng trên chỉ mất vài phút chuẩn bị.

Danh sách kiểm tra trước chuyến đi chơi mùa đông¶

• Tôi đã kiểm tra thông tin về thời tiết, băng và tuyết lở.
• Ai đó đã có kế hoạch của tôi và thời gian quay trở lại.
• Tôi mang theo bản đồ, la bàn và một chiếc điện thoại đã sạc pin cùng với một cục sạc dự phòng.
• Tôi có thêm nhiều lớp, mũ, găng tay và vỏ, cùng với một nơi trú ẩn khẩn cấp.
• Tôi có thức ăn, đồ uống nóng, còi và đèn pha.
• I have a lighter and fire starters.
• Tôi đội mũ bảo hiểm khi tham gia các môn thể thao trên tuyết và chọn băng nếu tôi băng qua băng.
• Tôi biết cách điều trị tình trạng hạ thân nhiệt và tê cóng.

Câu hỏi thường gặp¶

Tôi nên làm gì đầu tiên nếu rơi vào nước đóng băng?¶

Hãy giữ bình tĩnh và kiểm soát hơi thở trong phút đầu tiên, vì sốc lạnh sẽ gây ra hiện tượng thở hổn hển có thể dẫn đến đuối nước. Giữ đầu của bạn trên mặt nước, quay về phía nơi bạn đến, đặt cánh tay của bạn lên băng và đá để kéo mình phẳng trên bề mặt, sau đó lăn ra khỏi hố. Hãy nhanh chóng sưởi ấm và gọi số khẩn cấp tại địa phương ngay cả khi bạn cảm thấy ổn.

Tôi nên ở lại hay tiếp tục đi bộ nếu bị lạc trong tuyết?¶

Stay put in most cases, since a person who stays in one place is easier to find and loses less energy and heat. Move only if you know for certain where safety is, if your position is dangerous, or to get out of the wind. Make a shelter, insulate yourself from the ground, and signal with a whistle, bright items and your phone.

Làm thế nào để giữ ấm cho đến khi người cứu hộ đến?¶

Put on dry layers, cover your head, hands and feet, insulate from the snow, and get out of the wind. Eat small snacks often and drink warm fluids, avoid sweating and alcohol, and huddle with others if you can. Keep moving your arms and legs in short bursts, and keep your phone warm so that it works.

What are the warning signs of a serious sledding or skiing injury?¶

Treat any head strike with loss of consciousness, confusion, vomiting, severe headache, neck or back pain, numbness or weakness, or a bent limb as serious. Keep the person still and warm and call ski patrol or your local emergency number. Do not move someone with a possible spinal injury unless they are in immediate danger.

Đã kiểm tra nguồn¶

This guide was checked against the National Weather Service (United States) winter weather and wind chill pages, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (United States) guidance on hypothermia and frostbite, the National Park Service (United States) winter safety advice, the American Red Cross winter safety and first aid pages, the Canadian Red Cross and the Lifesaving Society of Canada cold water guidance, the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (United Kingdom) cold water shock advice, the National Health Service (United Kingdom) hypothermia page, the Met Office (United Kingdom) winter weather advice, Mountain Rescue England and Wales guidance on lost and stranded walkers, and Health Canada winter safety pages. Where agencies differ on times or distances, the more cautious figures are used.

Học sơ cứu¶

A hands-on first aid course gives you the practice that makes a real difference in the cold, when fingers are numb and thinking is slow. The Red Cross, St John Ambulance and local providers teach wilderness first aid, CPR and hypothermia care. Take a course before winter and bring a friend.

Hướng dẫn liên quan¶

• Vùng hoang dã hạ thân nhiệt và lạnh
• Rơi qua băng
• Bị lạc khi đi bộ đường dài hoặc cắm trại
• Hạ thân nhiệt và tê cóng
• Skiing, snowboarding and slope accidents