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Ivyihutirwa vy'ugusenyuka kw'ubutunzi n'uguhagarara kwihuta

Igitigiri c'ivyihutirwa gitandukanye hakurikijwe igihugu. Iyi paji ikoresha 911, inomero ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Canada. Ibindi bihugu vyinshi bikoresha 112, 999 canke uwundi mubare. Rondera umubare w'igihugu cawe.

Igihe uriko urashikirwa n’icamunara ry’ugufata inzu ejo mu gitondo, 25 kw’ijana vy’umushahara w’umushahara bigusiga udashobora kugura ibifungurwa, umusoro kuri konti ya banki, ugucika kw’amashanyarazi, canke ikirego c’ubukazi c’imyenda y’abanyagihugu, uguhanahana imyenda gusanzwe akenshi biragenda buhoro cane. Muri ivyo bihe vyihutirwa, Itegeko ry’Igihugu ry’Igihugu ry’Igihombo (ryategekanijwe kuri 11 U.S.C. 362 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, rifise ibihuye n’amategeko hakurikijwe Itegeko ry’Igihombo n’Igihombo muri Kanada, Itegeko ry’Igihombo 1986 mu Bwongereza) ni *6Bankrupcy) ryinshi cane *61. itegeko ry’ivyihutirwa mu mategeko y’abaguzi n’ubudandaji buto.

Igihe nyene ikirego co gusenyuka gishirwako ikidodo n’umunyamabanga w’urukiko rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, mbere biciye ku rwandiko rwihutirwa rw’impapuro 3 "Skeleton Petition" rwashikirijwe iminota 15 imbere y’uko urukiko rwo gufata ivy’ubutunzi rufatwa, itegeko ry’urukiko rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ryitwa Automatic Stay by operation ritangura gukora. Ivyo bica bituma umuntu wese afise umwenda, ikigo co gutora amahera, nyen’inzu, ishirahamwe ry’amazi, canke uwujejwe gufata amahera abandanya guhamagara amahera, guca imanza, gutanga umushahara, gutanga amakori kuri banki, gusubira gufata imodoka, canke kugurisha amahera. Iyi nkuru iragufasha intambwe ku yindi mu kuntu Automatic Stay ikora, ingene wohitamwo hagati ya Igice ca 7 (Guhagarika / Gutangura bushasha) na Igice ca 13 (Ukwishura umushahara / Uwuzigama mu nzu) canke Igice ca V Igice ca 11 igihe skeletinning is emergency n’ubucuruzi buto buto, ingene wotanga dosiye y’igihe c’ubucuruzi butobuto, ingene wotanga amakuru y’ivyihutirwa amakosa y’imbere y’ugusenyuka yo kwirinda ubu nyene.

Ivyo ubikore ubu

  1. Menya isaha nyayo n’itariki nyayo y’igikorwa c’uwugufitiye umwenda ukeneye guhagarika (ugufata ivy’ugucuruza, ugusubira gufata ivy’umuntu, umusi wo gutanga umushahara, canke guhagarika kwirukanwa): Igihugu c’Ugusenyuka kw’Igihugu gikingira gusa umutungo ukiriko ufise inyungu zitegekanijwe n’amategeko canke ziringaniye. Iyo ushizeho igice ca 13 c’ugusenyuka kw’ubutunzi ku isaha icenda n’iminota 55 z’ijoro imbere y’icamunara ry’ugufata ivy’umuntu ku isaha cumi n’itanu z’ijoro, icamunara rihagarara mu buryo butegekanijwe n’amategeko kandi inzu yawe irakizwa; iyo urindiriye gushika isaha cumi n’itanu z’ijoro inyuma y’aho igikoresho co gucapura kiguye, Igihugu c’Igihugu ntigishobora gusubiramwo ugurisha kwarangiye (11 U.S.C. 1322©(1)).
  2. Ntukoreshe amahera yawe ya 401(k), IRA, canke amakonti yawe y’ikiruhuko c’izabukuru kugira ngo wishyure amakarata y’inguzanyo, amafaranga y’ubuvuzi, canke amafaranga y’ugufata ivy’umuntu: Iri ni ryo kosa rimwe rudende ry’agahomerabunwa imiryango ibabaye ikora. Mu itegeko rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ryerekeye ugusenyuka kw’ubutunzi (11 U.S.C. 522(b)(3)(C) na 522(d)(12)), amakonti y’ikiruhuko c’izabukuru (401(k), 403(b), 457, amapensiyo, imigambi yo gusangira inyungu, n’amakonti y’ikiruhuko c’izabukuru ashobora guhabwa umusoro ku madolari arenga miliyoni 100.000. ntashobora gukorwa n’abafise umwenda canke uwujejwe ivy’ugusenyuka**. Gukoresha amahera yawe y’ikiruhuko c’izabukuru yakingiwe kugira ngo wishyure imyenda idafise umutekano yari gukurwaho ku madolari 0 y’Amerika mu kigabane ca 7, birasenyura ikiruhuko cawe c’izabukuru co muri kazoza ku buntu kandi bikazana igihano c’umusoro c’ibice 10 kw’ijana ca IRS co gukura amahera mbere y’igihe.
  3. Ntukigere wishura inguzanyo ku bagize umuryango, abagenzi, canke abo mufatanije ubucuruzi ("Abanyamuryango"), kandi ntukigere wimurira uburenganzira bw'imodoka canke inyandiko y'inzu mu izina ryawe imbere yo gutanga: Mu 11 U.S.C. 547(b)(4)(B), iyo wishuye inguzanyo incuti canke umugenzi wawe mu umwaka wuzuye imbere yo gutanga ikirego co gusenyuka, Umucungerezi w’Ishengero afise ububasha butegekanijwe n’amategeko bwo kuburanisha incuti yawe ("Insider Preference Clawback") no kumuhatira gutanga ayo mahera mu rukiko. Na wewe nyene, gusinya ku mpapuro z’umutungo canke z’umutungo ku ncuti yawe ku mafaranga ari munsi y’isoko ryose mu myaka 2 gushika ku myaka 4+ imbere y’uko uyitanga bikurikiranwa nk’Ukwimurira mu buryo bw’ubuhendanyi (11 U.S.C. 548) kandi birashobora kugukurako uburenganzira bwo gusenyuka.
  4. Hagarika gukoresha amakarita yose y'inguzanyo, amahera y'imbere, n'imirongo "Gura ubu, wishyure hanyuma" ubwo nyene: Munsi ya 11 U.S.C. 523(a)(2)(C), gusaba amahera arenga 800 gushika kuri 825 USD (indexed) mu bicuruzwa canke ibikorwa vy’agaciro ku ikarita y’umunyamwenda umwe mu misi 90 imbere yo gutanga ikirego co gusenyuka, canke gufata amahera y’imbere y’igihe arenga indays 1,000 na USD1,500. irema iciyumviro c’itegeko c’uko ubuhendanyi butashobora gukurwaho. Hindura ukoresheje debiti canke amafranga y'ibifungurwa vy'ishimikiro, amazi n'ubukode uno musi.
  5. Uzuza amashure y’isaha 1 y’impanuro z’inguzanyo zitegekanijwe zivuye mu kigo cemewe nimba hari hafi gutanga inguzanyo vyihutirwa: Mu 11 U.S.C. 109(h), nta muntu n’umwe ashobora gutanga ikirego co gusenyuka c’Igice ca 7 canke Igice ca 13 (mbere n’ikirego c’imivyimba c’impapuro 3 c’ivyihutirwa) atabanje gutanga amakuru y’iminota 45 gushika kuri 60 kuri Internet canke kuri telefone avuye ku kigo kijejwe gutanga impanuro ku bijanye n’inguzanyo cemejwe na Porogarama y’Umucungezi w’Amerika (justice.gov/ust, bigura amadolari 10 gushika kuri 25 canke ku buntu iyo urekuriwe amafaranga) kandi ugashirako Icemezo c’Impanuro.
  6. Gushira imbere umutekano wo ku mubiri n’ugufashwa n’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe mu gihe c’ugusenyuka kw’amahera canke ubucuruzi: Guhangana n’ugufunga ubucuruzi bukwi na bukwi, gufatwa n’inzu, canke gucirwa urubanza birashobora gutuma umuntu yumva arengewe. Niba wewe canke uwo mu muryango uriko urashikirwa n’ingorane zo mu mutwe, hamagara canke wandike ubutumwa ku buntu 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline (muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Canada). Iyo uwugufitiye umwenda canke uwugusubiza ivy’umuntu agerageza gukora ubukazi butemewe n’amategeko canke kwinjira ku nguvu mu nzu yawe canke aho ukora, genda ahantu heza maze uhamagare inomero y’ivyihutirwa yo mu karere kawe (911 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Kanada, 112 mu Bumwe bw’Uburaya bwose, 999 mu Bwongereza) canke usuzume inomero yacu . inomero z'ivyihutirwa ububiko.

Danger

Iyubare "Umutego wo Gusubiramwo Ugushiramwo Amadosiye" (11 U.S.C. 362©(3) na ©(4)): 1. Niba wari ufise urubanza 1 rwo gusenyuka rwari rutegerejwe kandi rwaciwe mu mezi 12 aheze: Iyo ushizeho urubanza rushasha rwo gusenyuka uno musi, Igihe co gusenyuka gica gihera inyuma y’imisi 30 gusa y’ikirangamisi kiretse iyo umuvugizi wawe ashizeho Ikibazo co kwagura igihe co gusenyuka an mbere Idirisha ry’imisi 30** ry’ugusanga urubanza rushasha rwashikirijwe mu mutima mwiza. 2. Niba wari ufise imanza 2 canke zirenga z’ugusenyuka zitarategekanijwe kandi zikaba zaciwe mu mezi 12 aheze: Gutanga ikirego ca gatatu c’ugusenyuka uno musi bitera ZERO Automatic Stay at all on Day 1 (icamunara canke gusubira gufata ivy’umuntu bishobora gukomeza uburenganzira ku bijanye n’ugutanga uburenganzira bwawe kiretse umucamanza akuyeho). Ntukigere ushiramwo kandi ugakuraho ataco wiyumviriye ikirego c’ugusenyuka ata wugiserukira ata mugambi wuzuye wo kuruheza.

Igishushanyo c'ingingo: ugutoranya abapfuye vyihutirwa (Igice ca 7 n'Igice ca 13 n'Igice ca V)

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    UrgentCheck -->|"Icamunara ryo gufata inzu canke gusubira kuronka imodoka ikenewe"| AssetCure["Igikenewe Igice ca 13 Gusenyuka (11 U.S.C. 1322(b)(5)): Guhagarika Ugurisha Ubwo nyene no Guhata Umugambi wo Gukiza Amezi 36 gushika ku 60"]
    UrgentCheck -->|"Gushiramwo umushahara, Gutanga amafaranga kuri banki, amafaranga y’ubuvuzi, amakarata y’inguzanyo, canke inguzanyo z’umunsi w’umushahara"| IncomeAssetTest{"Suzuma Inyungu y'Urugo (Ikigeragezo c'Ubushobozi) n'Uburinganire bw'Itunga Ridasonerwa"}
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    IncomeAssetTest -->|"Inyungu iri munsi y'Ikigereranyo ca Leta (canke Ikigeragezo c'Ubushobozi) N'Itunga Ryose Rivugwa n'Ibisonerwa"| FileCh7["Dosiye Igice ca 7 Gusenyuka: Bihagarika Ivy’Imibano Uyu musi Kandi Bikuraho Imyenda Idafise Ingwate mu Misi 90 gushika kuri 120 n’Amerika 0"]
    IncomeAssetTest -->|"Inyungu ni nyinshi cane ku gice ca 7 CANKE Bikenewe gukingira uburinganire bw'inzu/itunga butasonerwa"| FileCh13["Dosiye Igice ca 13 Gusenyuka: Ikingira 100% vy’Itunga mu gihe Yishura Umugabane w’Ivyinjira Bishobora Gukoreshwa mu Myaka 3 gushika kuri 5"]
    BizTest -->|"Ubucuruzi Gufunga Ubudasiba (Ivyizigiro vy'Umuntu ku giti ciwe)"| FileCh7
    BizTest -->|"Ubucuruzi buto bushoboka burakeneye gukomeza gukora no guhagarika inguzanyo/ubukode"| FileSubV["Dosiye Igice ca 11 Igice ca V Gusubira gutunganya ubucuruzi buto (canke umuntu ku giti ciwe Igice ca 13 ku bafise ubucuruzi bwite)"]

Intambwe ya 1: Ivyo Automatic Stay ihita ihagarara (N’ibintu 6 ITAHAGAZA)

Igihe ikirego co gusenyuka gishikirijwe hakurikijwe Igice ca 7, Igice ca 11, canke Igice ca 13, 11 U.S.C. 362(a) ikora nk’itegeko ryo guhagarika igihugu cose. Iyo uwugufitiye umwenda arenganye n’ibigirankana Itegeko ry’Uguhagarara kw’Igihugu amaze kumenyeshwa inomero y’urubanza rwawe, 11 U.S.C. 362(k) isaba umucamanza w’ugusenyuka kw’ubutunzi kuguha indishi nyazo, indishi z’umubabaro wo mu mutima, amafaranga y’abavoka, n’indishi z’ibihano.

Igereranyo: Ivyo Uguguma kwikora guhagarika vs.

Ibikorwa vyihutirwa vy'umuguzi Mbega Ivyo Biguma Bikora Bica Bihagarika Ubwo nyene? Uko Bikora & Ivyo Utegerezwa Gukora ku Musi wa 1
1. Icamunara ryo gufata ivy'inzu / Ugurisha kw'abacungezi EGO (100% Yahagaritswe) iyo ishizweho mbere y’uko** igikoresho co gucapura kigwa (11 U.S.C. 362(a)(3)-(5)). Fax na email Itangazo ry’Urubanza rwo Gusenyuka (rifise inomero y’urubanza y’imirongo 7) ry’imibare 7 rifise ikidodo c’igihe ry’ibiro vy’abavoka/umucungezi n’umukozi w’ingwati. Mu Igice ca 13, ukiza amadeni y’ingwati yaheze amezi 36 gushika kuri 60 mu gihe uguma ufise inzu yawe.
2. Ivyiza vy’Umushahara (Ikarata y’Inguzanyo, Ubuvuzi, Ikori, canke Inguzanyo z’Abanyeshure) EGO (100% Halted) ku manza zose z’abantu ku giti cabo, imisoro ya IRS, n’inguzanyo y’abanyeshure ya Leta AWGs (URETSE amafaranga y’abana yo mu rugo / amafaranga y’ubufasha). Ubwo nyene ushire kopi y’Itangazo ry’Itangazo ry’Igihombo ryawe Igisata c’Imishahara / Igisata c’Abantu c’umukoresha wawe maze uyirungikire umuvugizi w’uwugufitiye umwenda n’Umukuru w’Intara. Umushahara wose ushizweko inyuma y’umunota nyawo wo gutanga utegerezwa kugusubizwa; umushahara watanzwe mu misi 90 imbere yo gutanga (niba wose hamwe urenga 600 USD kandi ushizwemwo n’ibisonerwa vyawe) kenshi ushobora kugusubizwa hakurikijwe 11 U.S.C. 547 na 522(h).
3. Guhagarika amashanyarazi (umuyagankuba, gazi, amazi) EGO (Itegeko ry’Imisi 20 Guhagarara & Gusubira Gukorana) munsi ya 11 U.S.C. 366. Ishirahamwe ry’ubuhinga bwa none rirabujijwe cane n’itegeko rya Leta guhindura, kwanka, canke guca umuyagankuba wawe, gazi canke amazi kubera amafaranga y’imbere y’ugusenyuka atarishe (kandi ategerezwa gusubizaho umuyagankuba iyo aherutse guhagarara). Mu gice ca 7, amafaranga y'amazi ya kera arakurwaho 100 kw'ijana, igihe cose uhaye amafaranga y'amazi amahera abereye "ivyemezo bihagije vy'uko azokwishurwa muri kazoza" mu misi 20 umaze gutanga.
4. Gusubira gufata imodoka EGO (Ahagarika Repo) nimba imodoka ikiri mu nzira yawe. Iyo imodoka yamaze gukururwa mu misi mikeyi iheze (mbere y’ugucagura), igice ca 13 gishobora kenshi gutuma umuntu asubirayo canke agasubira gutunganya. Mu rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rwa Amerika mu rubanza rwa City of Chicago v. Fulton (592 U.S. 154), uwugurisha imodoka yari amaze gusubira kuronka imodoka imbere y’uko ayitanga, ntashobora guca arenga ku ngingo ya 362(a)(3) mu kuyifata ataco akora, rero umuvugizi wawe wo mu gice ca 13 ategerezwa gutanga ikirego co gusubiza imodoka. 542(a)** itanga uburinzi buhagije (ikimenyamenya c’ubwishingizi bwose + amahera y’umugambi w’Igice ca 13) kugira ngo umuntu asubire kuronka imfunguruzo z’imodoka imbere y’uko agura icamunara.
5. Kwirukanwa mu nzu na nyen'inzu BIVA ku kuba Nyir’inzu ARAMAZE gutsinda Urubanza rwa nyuma rw’Urukiko rwo Gutunga Imbere y’uko utanga (11 U.S.C. 362(b)(22)). Nimba nyen’inzu ATARI bwatsinze urubanza rwa nyuma rwo kwirukana: Gutanga ikirego co gusenyuka bica bihagarika ubwo nyene ikirego co kwirukana. Nimba nyen’inzu AMAZE gutsinda Urubanza rwa nyuma rwo gutunga / Ikete ryo gusubiza IMBERE y’isaha washizeko igihombo: Mu gihe ca 11 U.S.C. 362(b)(22) na (l), Uguhagarara kw’Igihugu nti guhagarika gufunga kwa sheriff KIRETSE itegeko rya Leta ryemerera umukodesha gukiza ubukode inyuma y’urubanza KANDI ushizeho Ifomu yemewe 101A n’ikirego cawe cemeza ko washize **ubukode bwa Banki ku musi ukurikira wa 30 Umunyamabanga ku musi wa 1.
6. Guhagarika uruhusha rwo gutwara imodoka kubera imanza z’imodoka z’abanyagihugu zitarishwe canke amande y’urukiko EGO ku manza z’amahera y’abashoferi b’abanyagihugu batagira ubwishingizi (Perez na Campbell, 402 U.S. 637) n’amahera menshi y’inyongera y’umuduga ashobora gukurwako. Igihe urubanza rw’impanuka y’imodoka y’abanyagihugu rushizwe mu gice ca 7 canke igice ca 13 c’ugusenyuka kwawe, DMV ya leta irabujijwe n’Itegeko ry’Ubukuru na 11 U.S.C. 525(a) mu kwanka gusubiza uruhusha rwawe rwo gutwara imodoka kubera gusa urwo rubanza rwo gukurwako ruguma rutarishwe (igihe cose ufise ubwishingizi bwa SR-22 busabwa muri kazoza).
7. Ubutungane bw’Ivyaha, Gufasha Abana / Amafaranga y’Umwana, n’Ukurera Umwana w’Ubutane OYA (Ntibihagaritswe) munsi ya 11 U.S.C. 362(b)(1) n’(b)(2). Ivyo bihe vy’uguhagarara ntivyigera bihagarara mu manza z’inkiko z’inkozi z’ikibi, amategeko yo gusubiza ivy’ubugizi bwa nabi, inshingano zikomeza zo gufasha abana (ugufasha abana canke gufata amahera y’ubufasha ku mushahara), ivy’ukurera/ugusura abana, canke amategeko yo kubuza ubugizi bwa nabi mu rugo. (Ariko rero, mu Igice ca 13, amafaranga y’ubufasha bw’abana yari yaraheze ashobora gutunganirizwa mu mugambi wo kwishura imbere y’igihe w’amezi 60 kugira ngo hahagarike ibikorwa vy’uruhusha rwa Leta/ugusuzugura mu gihe amafaranga y’ubufasha y’ubu arihwa ku gihe).

Intambwe ya 2: Igice ca 7 n’Igice ca 13 n’Igice ca V (Guhitamwo igice kibereye)

Imbere yo gutanga, gereranya ibigabane bitatu vy’intango vy’ugusenyuka kw’ubutunzi kugira ngo umenye imiterere ihuye n’amahera winjiza, itunga ryawe, n’intumbero yawe y’ivyihutirwa:

Igereranyo: Igice ca 7 n’Igice ca 13 n’Igice ca 11 Igice ca V

Ikiranga Igice ca 7 ("Itanguriro rishasha ry'ugusesagura") Igice ca 13 ("Ukwishurwa kw'Uwuronka Umushahara n'Uwuzigama mu Rugo") Igice ca 11 Igice ca V ("Gusubira gutunganya ubucuruzi buto")
Ninde ashobora gutanga Abantu ku giti cabo, ababiranye, n’amashirahamwe y’abantu bamwebamwe/LLCs zifunga, amafaranga yabo yo mu rugo ari munsi y’amafaranga yinjira mu rugo rwabo ari munsi ya Amahera yinjizwa muri Leta (canke abaheza Ifomu 122A-2 Means Test, canke bafise imyenda iri **irenga 50% y’ubudandaji butari ubw’abaguzi/b.1 707(b)(1)). Abantu ku giti cabo n’abanyamuryango bonyene gusa bafise amafaranga adasanzwe (umushahara, kwikorera, Ubwishingizi bw’ubuzima, pansiyo) kandi imyenda yabo iri mu 11 U.S.C. 109(e) imipaka itegekanijwe n’amategeko. Gukora Ubucuruzi buto (LLCs, Amashirahamwe, Ubufatanye) canke abafise ubucuruzi ku giti cabo mu gihe c’itegeko ry’Igice ca V c’imyenda (11 U.S.C. 1182).
Igihe cose co gusohoka Imisi 90 gushika kuri 120 (amezi 3 gushika kuri 4) kuva umusi wo gutanga gushika ku itegeko rya nyuma ry’urukiko rwo gukuraho umuntu. Amezi 36 gushika kuri 60 (imyaka 3 gushika kuri 5) y’amahera y’ukwezi y’umugambi, hanyuma hakaba ugukuraho amahera asigaye atagira umutekano. Gahunda yashizweho mu misi 90; umugambi wo gusubira gutunganya ibintu umara amezi 36 gushika kuri 60 mu gihe nyen’umutungo aguma mu bubasha 100% (Uwufise umwenda mu vyo afise).
Ikarita y'inguzanyo, amafaranga y'ubuvuzi n'inguzanyo z'umuntu ku giti ciwe 100 kw’ijana vyazimanganywe ku madolari 0 (zero amahera y’ukwezi yigeze guhabwa abaguzi batagira umutekano). Urishura gusa ivyo Disposable Income yawe y’ukwezi (canke uburinganire butasonerwa) bisaba, kenshi 0 gushika kuri 25 kw’ijana vy’amahera asigaye ku 0% y’inyungu, ibindi bikurwaho ubuziraherezo. Gusubira gutunganya imyenda y’abaguzi, abakodesha, SBA, na MCA gushika ku mahera y’ubudandaji ashobora gukoreshwa mu myaka 3 gushika ku myaka 5 mu gihe azigama uburinganire bwa nyen’umutungo.
Inzu Yawe n'Imodoka Yawe Biba Bite? Mu ibice birenga 95 kw'ijana vy'amadosiye y'umuntu ku giti ciwe yo mu Gice ca 7 ("Ibirego vy'Umutungo Bitagira Umutungo"), uwutanga amadosiye abika 100 kw'ijana vy'umutungo wiwe mu Ibisonerwa vy'Igihombo vya Leta canke vya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (11 U.S.C. 522) mu gihe ubu ku bijanye n'ukwishura, naho Igice ca 7 kitatanga uburenganzira bwo kwishura. Uguma ufise 100 kw’ijana vy’itunga ryawe, naho woba ufise uburinganire butasonerwa CANKE uri inyuma y’amezi ku ngurane y’inzu canke y’imodoka. Mu nsi ya 11 U.S.C. 1322(b)(5), Igice ca 13 gihatira uwuguha inguzanyo kwemera gukira amezi 60 y’inyuma, kigakuraho ingwati zose ziri munsi y’amazi, kigaca gifata inguzanyo z’imodoka za kera (11 U.S.C. 1325(a)(9)). Yanse ubukode bw’ubudandaji buzimvye (guhagarika ivyonona nyen’inzu hakurikijwe 11 U.S.C. 502(b)(6)), igabanya inguzanyo z’ibikoresho ku gaciro k’isoko, kandi ihindura inguzanyo zijanye n’ubudandaji (11 U.S.C. 1190(3)).

Intambwe ya 3: Uko wotanga "Skeleton Petition" y'Ivyihutirwa mu masaha atarenga 2 kugira ngo uhagarike icamunara ejo

Iyo icamunara ry'ugufata ibintu ry'umuntu ritegekanijwe ejo mu gitondo isaha cumi n'imwe canke umukuru w'igipolisi agiye kugusaba amahera y'umushahara wawe uno musi, Itegeko ry'Igihugu ry'Igihugu ryerekeye Igihombo 1007© ryemerera ivyihutirwa "Ikibazo c'Imivyimba" (Ibisabwa vyo Gutanga Igikoko), ivyo U.1 362 Ukwikora Gumana ubwo nyene ushizeho ibintu 4 gusa vy'ingenzi**, mu gihe aguha imisi 14 y'ikirangamisi yo gushiramwo urutonde rw'ibintu bisigaye:

Urutonde rw'ibintu vyo gusuzuma: Ibintu 4 vy'ingenzi bisabwa kugira ngo umuntu ashobore gutanga amakuru y'imivyimba y'ivyihutirwa uno musi

Sohora izo mpapuro ku mpapuro zifise uburebure bwa santimetero 21,6 na 27,9 (8,5 na 11 inch) zifise uruhande rumwe (kandi ubike ikimenyetso cawe co kwakira urukiko gifise ikidodo mu gipfukisho kidashobora guterwa n’amazi, kibitswe n’imiburiburi metero 1,5, canke amafuti 5, hejuru y’urugero rw’igorofa):

  • 1. Ikete ry’Ubushake ry’Abantu Basaba Gusenyuka (Urupapuro rwemewe 101, amapaji 8): Rivuga izina ryawe ryemewe n’amategeko, aho uba, imibare 4 ya nyuma y’inomero yawe y’ubwishingizi, n’Igice uriko uratanga (Igice ca 7 canke Igice ca 13).
  • 2. Itangazo ryerekeye inomero zawe z’ubwishingizi (Ifomu yemewe 121, urupapuro 1): Ushikirijwe mu mwiherero umunyamabanga w’urukiko (wabitswe hanze y’inyandiko ya bose) kugira ngo abagufitiye umwenda bashobore guhura n’ikarata yawe y’umusoro.
  • 3. Icemezo c’Impanuro z’Inguzanyo Imbere y’Igihombo (Urupapuro 1): Catanzwe biciye kuri email PDF inyuma yo kurangiza inyigisho z’isaha imwe zo kuri Internet zivuye ku kigo cemejwe n’Umucungezi w’Igihugu ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (justice.gov/ust). Mu nsi ya 11 U.S.C. 109(h)(1), ikidodo c’igihe kiri ku cete cawe co guhanura ku ngurane kigomba kuba IMBERE y’ikidodo c’igihe co gutanga ikirego cawe co gusenyuka.
  • 4. Igitabo c’Ikete ry’Umuguzi (Verification of Creditor Matrix): Urutonde rw’inyandiko rusanzwe rwerekana izina nyaryo n’aho umuntu wese ushobora gurungikira ubutumwa (na cane cane uwujejwe ivy’ingwati, ishirahamwe ry’abavoka ry’ugufata ivy’umuntu, uwugufitiye umwenda, n’ishirahamwe ry’imisoro).
  • 5. Amafaranga yo gutanga amakuru mu rukiko (338 USD ku gice ca 7 / 313 USD ku gice ca 13) CANKE Ugusaba gutanga amafaranga (Ifomu yemewe 103A) / Guheba amafaranga (Ifomu yemewe 103B): Shirako Urupapuro rwemewe 103A kugira ngo ushiremwo 0l payment inm 103B** kugira ngo ureke amafaranga y’Igice ca 7 iyo amafaranga winjiza ari munsi ya 150 kw’ijana y’ingingo ngenderwako z’ubukene za Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.

Igihe ikirego cawe c’imivyimba gishizweko ikidodo ku musi wa 1, ufise igihe c’iherezo c’imisi 14 y’ikirangamisi hakurikijwe Itegeko ry’Ikigobe 1007© kugira ngo ushireho urutonde rwose rwasigaye (Ingingo A/B gushika kuri J, Itangazo ry’Ivy’Imari, Ikigeragezo c’Ubushobozi, n’Itegeko ry’Itegeko ry’Itegeko imbere y’Umusi wa 1 canke Mo13) igihe kirangiye, canke sentare izoca ica urubanza ku musi wa 15.

Intambwe ya 4: Ni imyenda iyihe IKURUKA mu gihe c’ugusenyuka n’imyenda idashobora gukurwako

  • 100 kw’ijana bishobora gusohoka (Vyazimanganywe mu kigabane ca 7 n’ica 13):
    • Amafaranga y'ikarita y'inguzanyo, amakarita y'amaduka y'ubudandaji, na konti za "Gura ubu, wishyure hanyuma".
    • Amafaranga y'ubuvuzi, amavuriro, amenyo, n'ay'imodoka itwara abarwayi (utaravye umubare w'idolari).
    • Inguzanyo z'umuntu ku giti ciwe, inguzanyo z'umukono, inguzanyo z'umunsi w'umushahara, n'amafaranga y'imbere y'igihe.
    • Intege nke zisigaye inyuma y’aho umuntu asubiye gufata imodoka canke gufata inzu.
    • Amafaranga y'amazi (umuyagankuba, gaze, amazi, telefone, interineti) n'amafaranga y'ubukode bw'amazu yacitse.
    • Ivy’ubwishingizi bw’ubuzima (SSDI/SSI) n’ivy’ubushomeri vyishyurwa birenze urugero (kiretse iyo bigaragajwe ko hariho ubuhendanyi bugamije).
    • Imisoro ya kera y’inyungu z’umuntu ku giti ciwe ihazwa n’ingingo zitanu zose z’Itegeko ryo Gukuraho Imisoro** 3-2-240 (ugusubiza nibura imyaka 3 iheze, yashizweho nawe nibura imyaka 2 iheze, yasuzumwe nibura Haciye imisi 240, ata buhendanyi).
  • Ntibishobora gukurwaho (Ntibishobora gukurwaho mu kigabane ca 7, naho bishobora gukoreshwa mu mezi arenga 60 mu kigabane ca 13):
    • Ivyerekeye infashanyo yo mu rugo (11 U.S.C. 523(a)(5)): Infashanyo y’abana n’iy’ubufasha bwo mu rugo ntivyigera bikurwaho.
    • Imisoro y'inyungu iherutse gusohoka n'imisoro yose y'imishahara/ugurisha "Ikigega c'Ivyizigiro" (11 U.S.C. 523(a)(1)): Imisoro y'inyungu iri munsi y'imyaka 3, imyaka y'imisoro itatanzwe, n'imisoro y'imishahara y'ubucuruzi canke imisoro y'ugurisha ntishobora gukurwa mu kigabane ca 7 (naho imisoro y'imishahara y'ubucuruzi irenga amezi 6). 0% igihano co muri kazoza).
    • Ibihano vy’ubugizi bwa nabi, ugusubiza, n’imanza z’ugukomeretsa umuntu kubera DUI (11 U.S.C. 523(a)(7) & (a)(9)): Ntizigera zirekurwa.
    • Inguzanyo z'abanyeshure (11 U.S.C. 523(a)(8)): Ntizishobora gukurwako kiretse ushizeho Urubanza rw'Umwansi rwerekana "Ingorane zidakwiye" (zitunganijwe ku ngurane za Leta biciye ku rutonde rw'inguzanyo rw'impapuro 15 rwa DOJ/ED rwari rwarashizweho) canke rwagaragaje

Intambwe ya 5: Gutoranya ubucuruzi buto buto (Gukingira umutungo w’umuntu iyo LLC canke ishirahamwe ry’ubudandaji rinaniwe)

Niba ufise ubucuruzi buto buriko buragwana n’uguhagarika ubukode bw’ubudandaji, amadosiye y’abaguzi, inguzanyo za SBA zidashobora kwishurwa, canke Inguzanyo z’abacuruzi (MCAs):

  1. Gutandukanya Uburenganzira bw'Ishirahamwe ry'Ubucuruzi n'"Ingwati yawe bwite": Hafi nyen'inzu yose y'ubudandaji, umuguzi wa SBA, uwutanga ikarita y'inguzanyo y'ubucuruzi, n'umuguzi wa MCA asaba nyen'ubucuruzi gushira umukono ku Ingwati y'umuntu ku giti ciwe. Iyo ufunze LLC yawe utashizeho ivyerekeye ivyemezo vyawe bwite, abo bagufitiye umwenda bazoca baguburanisha ubwawe.
  2. Nimba Ubucuruzi Buriko Burafunga Ubudasiba: Koresha "Umwenda Utari Uw'Umuguzi" Igice ca 7 Ugusonerwa ku Kigeragezo c'Ubushobozi (11 U.S.C. 707(b)(1)): Igice ca 7 gikomeye Ikigeragezo c'Ubucuruzi gikoreshwa **ku bantu GUSA bafise imyenda "y'abaguzi. Niba birenze 50 kw’ijana vy’amahera yose y’imyenda yawe y’amadolari birimwo Imyenda idakoreshwa n’abaguzi (inguzanyo z’ubudandaji zishingiye ku muntu ku giti ciwe, ingwati za SBA EIDL/7(a), ingwati z’ubukode bw’ubudandaji, MCAs, canke imisoro y’ubudandaji), uri 100 kw’ijana exempt the Me7ga utitaye ku kuntu umushahara wawe ubu uri hejuru, bikagufasha gukuraho ivyemezo vyawe vy’umuntu ku giti ciwe n’amakarata yawe y’inguzanyo mu misi 90.
  3. Nimba Ubucuruzi Bushobora Gukorwa Kandi Bukeneye Gukomeza Gukora: Gutanga Dosiye Igice ca V Igice ca 11: Gutanga Igice ca V Gusubira gutunganya Ubucuruzi Buto (11 U.S.C. 1181-1195) ubwo nyene bihagarika gusukura buri musi nk’uko**ibijanye n’amakonti ya banki ya MCA, bikarekura amakonti ya banki ya MCA leases, kandi bigufasha kugumana 100 kw’ijana vy’uburinganire bwawe mu gihe uriko uriha amafaranga y’ubudandaji ashobora gukoreshwa mu myaka 3 gushika kuri 5.

Impanuro mpuzamakungu: Ubwongereza, Kanada na Ostraliya

  • Mu Bwongereza (Ikibanza co Guhumeka, Amategeko yo Gukuraho Imyenda, IVA, n’Ikigobe):
    • Intambwe ya 1: Gutera "Ikibanza co Guhumeka" c'Imisi 60: Baza ishirahamwe ry'ubugiraneza ryemewe na FCA ku buntu (StepChange, Igihugu c'Imyenda, canke Impanuro z'Abanyagihugu) kugira ngo winjire mu kibanza c'imyenda c'Imisi 60 (eb Amategeko y’Itegeko 2020*, canke Ikibanza co Guhumekeramwo Ingorane z’Ubuzima bwo mu Mutwe), guhagarika gukurikiza amategeko, abacamanza, inyungu, n’amahera y’imisi 60.
    • Itegeko ryo gukuraho umwenda (DRO: Ku buntu ku bakodesha bafise umwenda ushika ku 50.000 GBP): Mu Bwongereza no muri Pays de Galles, iyo udafise inzu, ufise umwenda 50.000 GBP canke hasi, ufise umutungo wose uri munsi ya 2.000 GBP (ushizeko imodoka ifise agaciro kashika GBP0 canke hasi), na 000.000. ukwezi kwose, amafaranga 0 GBP DRO arafunga imyenda amezi 12 akayikuraho 100 kw’ijana. Abafise amazu canke abafise amadeni menshi barashobora kugereranya Itunganyo ry’Ubushake bw’Umuntu ku giti ciwe (IVA) n’Igihombo c’Ubwongereza (amahera yo kuri internet 680 GBP, gusohoka inyuma y’amezi 12).
  • Muri Canada (Ivyiyumviro vy'abaguzi n'ugusenyuka kw'umuntu ku giti ciwe biciye ku Mugenzuzi w'Ihomba afise uruhusha):
    • Guhagarika urubanza (BIA Igice ca 69): Umuntu wenyene afise uruhusha rwo gucungera ubukene (LIT)** (ised-isde.canada.ca, kuganira ku buntu mu ntango) ashobora gutanga Iciyumviro c'Umuguzi canke Ugusenyuka kw'Umuntu ku giti ciwe, bikavyura Uguhagarika Ibikorwa mu gihugu cose hakurikijwe Igice ca 69 c'Itegeko ry'Igihombo n'Igihombo* rihagarika amafaranga yose y'umushahara (harimwo n'Itegeko ry'Ugusenyuka kw'Igihugu)
    • Iciyumviro c’abaguzi c’Igice ca II (Gushika kuri 250.000 CAD): Kigufasha kugumana 100 kw’ijana vy’uburinganire bwo mu nzu yawe, imodoka, n’ishoramari rya RRSP/TFSA mu gihe uriko uratanga imyenda idafise umutekano n’imisoro ya CRA ku gice c’inyungu (kenshi 20 kw’ijana gushika ku%60) amezi**.
  • Muri Australiya (Itangazo ry’Imisi 21 ry’Iciyumviro, Amasezerano y’Imyenda y’Igice ca IX, n’Igihombo ca AFSA):
    • Igice ca 54A c'Itegeko ry'Igihombo 1966): Gutanga Ugukingira Ideni ry'Agateganyo (TDP / Itangazo ry'Iciyumviro) ku buntu kuri interineti ku Ikigo c'Umutekano w'Imari ca Australiya (AFSA) kuri afsa.gov.au guhagarika gukurikiza amategeko y’abaguzi batagira ingwati mu kiringo c’imisi 21 mu gihe bariko baravugana n’umurongo w’ubuntu Umurongo w’Igihugu w’Imfashanyo y’Imyenda (1800 007 007) kugira ngo bagereranye Isezerano ry’Imyenda ry’Igice ca IX n’Ugusenyuka kw’Imyenda ku Bushake (imyaka 3 n’umusi 1).

Tip

Niba ufise inguzanyo y’imodoka canke konti y’inguzanyo muri Ishirahamwe ry’inguzanyo kandi uteganya gutanga igice ca 7 c’ugusenyuka kugira ngo ukureho ikarita y’inguzanyo canke inguzanyo y’umukono muri iryo shirahamwe ry’inguzanyo nyene, urabe amategeko abiri y’ishirahamwe ry’inguzanyo: (1) Administrative Freeze on Bank Accounts: Imisi yose ushire konti yawe y’inguzanyo kuri zero brand o-newt mbere yo gutanga ikirego co gusenyuka kugira ngo ishirahamwe ry’inguzanyo ntirishobore guhagarika konti yawe y’amahera hakurikijwe Citizens Bank v. Strumpf; na (2) Ingingo z’Ingwati zitandukanye: Amasezerano y’inguzanyo y’amashirahamwe y’inguzanyo akenshi avuga ko ingwati y’imodoka yawe ikingira ikarita yose y’inguzanyo n’inguzanyo y’umuntu ku giti ciwe muri iyo sosiyete y’inguzanyo, bisobanura ko utegerezwa gucungura imodoka canke gukuraho ingwati y’umusaraba iri mu kigabane ca 13 kugira ngo ubone ingwati isukuye.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa

Will I lose my house, my car, my wedding ring, or my household furniture if I file for Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 Bankruptcy?

In **over 95 percent of personal consumer bankruptcy filings, the answer is NO: you keep every single item you own**. Bankruptcy law is designed to give you a productive fresh start, not leave you on the street. Under **11 U.S.C. 522**, every state (and the federal bankruptcy exemption system) provides generous **Property Exemptions** that protect your **Homestead Equity** (ranging from roughly 27,900 to 600,000+ USD depending on the state, or **unlimited 100 percent home equity** in states like Florida, Texas, Kansas, Iowa, and Oklahoma if owned for at least 1,215 days), your **Motor Vehicle Equity**, **100 percent of your 401(k)/IRA/Pension retirement accounts**, household goods, clothing, wedding rings, and tools of your trade. And if you happen to have home or asset equity that exceeds your state's Chapter 7 exemption limit, filing **Chapter 13** instead of Chapter 7 lets you **keep 100 percent of the property** by simply paying that non-exempt amount over 36 to 60 months.

How badly will bankruptcy ruin my credit score, and will I ever be able to rent an apartment or buy a house again?

If you are already facing foreclosure, wage garnishment, charge-offs, or collection lawsuits, your credit score is already severely damaged by accumulating 90-day late marks and high debt-to-income ratios. Paradoxically, for most distressed borrowers who file **Chapter 7**, their credit score actually **rebounds into the 620 to 680+ range within 12 to 24 months after discharge**, because filing bankruptcy instantly reduces their past-due balances and Debt-to-Income (DTI) ratio to **zero**, and they cannot file another Chapter 7 for 8 years. While a Chapter 7 filing stays on your credit report for **10 years** (and a completed Chapter 13 stays for **7 years** from filing), you do **not** have to wait 7 or 10 years to buy a house: under official **FHA, VA, and USDA mortgage underwriting rules**, you can qualify for a new home mortgage just **2 years (24 months) after a Chapter 7 discharge** (or after just **12 months of on-time payments inside an active Chapter 13 plan**), and conventional Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac mortgages after 4 years (2 years after Chapter 13 discharge).

Can my employer fire me or refuse to promote me if they find out I filed for personal bankruptcy?

**No**. Under **11 U.S.C. 525(a) and (b) ("Protection Against Discriminatory Treatment")**, both government employers and private-sector employers are **strictly prohibited by federal law from terminating your employment or discriminating against you with respect to employment** solely because you filed for bankruptcy or discharged a debt. Unless your wages are currently being garnished (in which case you want your payroll department to get the bankruptcy notice so they stop the garnishment and give you your full paycheck back) or you file Chapter 13 with a payroll deduction order, **your employer is never notified of a Chapter 7 bankruptcy filing**.

What is the "341 Meeting of Creditors," and will angry bankers show up to yell at me in a courtroom?

Every bankruptcy filer must attend a mandatory 5-to-10-minute administrative interview called the **Section 341 Meeting of Creditors** held roughly 30 to 40 days after filing. Despite the intimidating name, **100 percent of Section 341 meetings across the United States are now conducted remotely over Zoom video**, **no judge is present** (federal law at 11 U.S.C. 341(c) actually prohibits the bankruptcy judge from attending), and **in 99 percent of consumer cases, zero creditors ever show up**. Instead, the meeting is a routine 5-minute oath check conducted by the Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 Trustee, who verifies your photo ID and Social Security card and asks 6 to 8 standard yes-or-no questions confirming that your schedules are accurate and truthful.

If I am married, does my spouse have to file for bankruptcy with me?

**No**. Under federal law, a married person has the absolute right to file an **Individual Bankruptcy (Chapter 7 or Chapter 13) alone** without their spouse joining the petition. If all the defaulted credit cards, medical bills, business guarantees, or lawsuits are solely in **your** individual name (not joint accounts), filing individually wipes out 100 percent of your debts while leaving your non-filing spouse's credit report and credit score **100 percent untouched**. (Note: Even when only one spouse files, you must still include the non-filing spouse's income on the household Means Test form unless you are legally separated or living apart, though you get to take a **"Marital Adjustment Deduction"** on Form 122A-2/122C-2 to subtract everything the non-filing spouse spends on their own separate debts, car payment, student loans, and individual expenses).

What if I cannot afford 1,500 to 3,500 USD upfront to hire a bankruptcy attorney during an emergency?

You have three legitimate options: 1. **Dosiye Igice ca 13 N’Amahera make canke Zero y’Umuvugizi Hasi**: Mu **Igice ca 13 c’ugusenyuka** (bikoreshwa mu guhagarika gufata ivy’umuntu, gusubirana imodoka, canke guhagarika umushahara), benshi mu bavoka b’abavugizi b’ugusenyuka barakwemerera gutanga urubanza n’amahera y’ugusenyuka **0 gushika kuri 500 USD3ur hasi and icemezo c’impanuro) hanyuma ushire amahera y’umuvugizi asigaye mu mahera yawe y’ukwezi 36 gushika ku mezi 60 y’umugambi w’Igice ca 13. 2. **Koresha igikoresho c'igihugu c'ubuntu kitagira inyungu `Upsolve.org` canke Imfashanyo y'Ivyagezwe ku Gice ca 7**: Niba ufise urubanza rugororotse "rutagira umutungo" **Igice ca 7** kandi udashobora kuronka umuvugizi, banza usuzume **Ishirahamwe ry'Ifashanyo ry'Ivyagezwe** (canke **Ivuriro ry'Ishirahamwe ry'Abavoka Pro Bono**) ryo mu karere kawe, canke ukoreshe **`Upsolve.org`**, ishirahamwe ryemewe na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika 501(c)(3) ry’imfashanyo y’amategeko ritagira inyungu riterwa inkunga n’Ishirahamwe ry’Ibikorwa vy’Ivyagezwe rigendana n’abantu bafise amahera make mu gutegura amafishi yabo yuzuye y’Igice ca 7 **100 kw’ijana ku buntu**. 3. **Ntukigere uriha "Umuteguzi w'Ikete ry'Ikigobe" (BPP / Typing Service) atagira uruhusha rwo gutanga amahera arenga urugero rukomeye rw'urukiko**: Mu **11 U.S.C. 110**, abategura amadosiye atari abavoka barabujijwe n’itegeko guhitamwo gusonerwa canke gutanga impanuro z’amategeko kandi bafatwa n’inkiko za Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ku mahera makeyi yo kwandika (kenshi 100 gushika kuri 200 USD).

Amasoko yasuzumwe

  • Inkiko za Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’Ibiro vy’Ubutegetsi vy’Inkiko za Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Igice ca 11 c’Itegeko rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (Itegeko ryerekeye ugusenyuka: 11 U.S.C. 362 Amategeko agenga uguhagarika n’ugusubiramwo, 11 U.S.C. 366 Ugukingira ibikorwa vy’amazi, 11 U.S.C. 11 U.S.C. 523 Ivy’ugusohoka mu kazi, 11 U.S.C. 1181-1195 Igice ca V Gusubira gutunganya ubucuruzi buto, na 11 U.S.C. 1322/1325 Igice ca 13 Gukiza no Guhagarika) n’Itegeko rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ryerekeye Uburyo bwo Gusenyuka 1007© (Amategeko y’Imisi 14 yo Gutanga Amadosiye y’Imivyimba).
  • Ibiro Nshingwabikorwa vy’Igisata c’Ubutungane ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ku Bacungezi ba Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USTP, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Ibiro vyemewe vy’Impanuro z’Inguzanyo imbere y’Ugutanga Inguzanyo hakurikijwe ingingo ya 11 U.S.C. 109(h), Inyungu y’Umuryango y’Igihugu n’Imbonerahamwe z’Ibipimo vya IRS, n’Impanuro z’Ikimenyamenya c’Ingorane zidakwiye z’Inguzanyo y’Abanyeshure.
  • Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu ry’Ivy’Uguhomba & GOV.UK (Ubwongereza): Igikorwa co Gukuraho Imyenda (Igihugu co Guhumeka n’Ikibazo c’Ubuzima bwo mu Mutwe) Amabwirizwa 2020, Itegeko ry’Igihombo ryo mu 1986 (Amategeko yo Gukuraho Ideni [50.000 GBP Arduary Cap & 0 GBP Fe Ivy’ugusenyuka), n’Impanuro y’Umucungezi w’Itunga mu Gusenyuka (Ekose).
  • Ibiro vy’Umucungerezi w’Igihombo (OSB, Canada): Itegeko ryerekeye Igihombo n’Igihombo (BIA Igice ca 69 c’Igihagararo c’Ubutungane, Igice ca II Ivyiyumviro vy’Abaguzi bishika ku madolari 250.000 CAD, n’Ingingo z’Ivyiyumviro vy’Igihombo c’Umuntu ku giti ciwe).
  • Ikigo ca Australiya kijejwe umutekano w’ivy’amahera (AFSA, Australiya): Itegeko ry’ugusenyuka kw’amahera ryo mu 1966 (Igice ca 54A co gukingira umwenda w’igihe gito w’imisi 21 / Itangazo ry’intumbero, Igice ca IX Amasezerano y’imyenda, n’amategeko agenga ivy’ugusenyuka kw’ubutunzi ku bushake).

Inyobora zifitaniye isano