Igisenyuka c’urubura, urubura rwarasenyutse, n’urubura rwo ku misozi¶

Ivyuma bita glacial seracs ni iminara minini cane canke inkingi z’urubura rwavunitse zivutse aho urubura, urubura rwo mu kiyaya canke urubura rumanitse rugendagenda hejuru y’ibitandara biteye igomwe kandi bitaringaniye. Ico kibanza kizwi mu vy’urubura ko ari ikibanza c’urubura, kigaca gitera umubabaro mwinshi cane, kigatuma haba ibihengeri bikomeye vy’uburebure n’uburebure bitandukanya isonga ry’urubura rwinshi rw’ubururu. Mu buryo butandukanye n’ibipande vy’urubura vy’ibihe bimwe bimwe akenshi bisaba ikintu gikomeye nk’umunyarubura, umunyamisozi canke igikoko, ugusenyuka kw’urubura gutegekwa n’uguhinduka kw’urubura rwo mu mutima gukomeza, ugusenyuka kw’imbere, uburemere bw’isi be n’ugusenyuka kw’ubushuhe. Iyo serac y’amatoni menshi ivuye mu mwonga, irasenyuka ikaba ibisigazwa vy’amabuye y’agaciro, bigatuma haba ibisigazwa vy’urubura vy’umuvuduko munini be n’ibihuhusi vy’umuyaga bikomeye cane bica mu misozi no mu biyaya biri ku metero ibihumbi n’ibihumbi biri musi.

Abaduga imisozi miremire, abatembera mu misozi miremire be n’abaduga imisozi bagendagenda mu misozi y’urubura, barashikirwa n’ingorane zikomeye ku mubiri ziterwa n’urubura rugwa mu buryo butunguranye. Serac imwe gusa isenyuka irashobora kubohora ibihumbi mirongo vy’urubura rukomeye, bigatuma haba umupfunda w’inyenyeri w’agahomerabunwa ugenda ku muvuduko uri hagati y’ibilometero 150 na 350 kw’isaha. Ico gicu c’urubura gipfutse gisunika umupfunda w’ikirere ushobora gumenagura amahaha y’umuntu, ugatuma amakambi y’imbere ateye imbere aringanira, kandi ugatera ibisigazwa vy’urubura bingana n’amabuye y’agaciro mu mitego yo mu butaka. Kugira umuntu ashobore kurokoka bisaba gutahura ingorane zishobora guterwa n’urubura, gutegura neza inzira, guhunga ingorane vyihuta nk’umuravyo, ubuhinga bwiza bwo gutabara abantu mu binogo, be n’amategeko agenga umutekano w’umugwi.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. Uce uva ku murongo w'ugugwa ubwo nyene mu kwiruka ujabuka umusozi mu mfuruka ya degre 45 uvuye ku murongo wo hagati w'urubura.
   • Gutera ivyuma bikomeye bitari ivy’ivyihutirwa nimba bibuza umuvuduko munini wo kwiruka mu mazi y’urubura ataringaniye canke mu mazi akomeye.
   • Ntugerageze gusumba urubura ruje ruza rugororotse ruja hasi kubera ko ibisigazwa vy’amazi bigenda bigenda ku murongo w’urubura ku muvuduko mwinshi cane.
   • Rondera ubuhungiro buva inyuma y’ibitandara bikomeye, ibitandara vy’amabuye y’agaciro, canke umunwa w’imbere wimbitse w’ikinogo kinini gica ibibatsi.
2. Ishire inanga ku barafu y'urubura canke ku rutare rukomeye iyo ufashwe mu nzira y'igisasu ca kabiri c'ifu.
   • Tware ice ax pick yawe canke igikoresho cawe co mu buhinga mu barafu ikomeye gushika mu burebure bw’umutwe wose maze uryamye ku nda yawe ureba amaja hasi.
   • Fuka akanwa kawe n’izuru ryawe neza n’igitambaro co gupfuka, igitambaro co mu ijosi canke ukuboko gufise amaganzu kugira ngo ntupfuke impwemu n’ibisigazwa vy’urubura bipfutse.
   • Fata amaguru yawe amanuke ku musozi maze wimbe imbere y’ibara ry’umuhondo mu butaka kugira ngo umupfunda w’ugukubita urengeye ijwi ntuduze umubiri wawe uve ku musozi.
3. Hindura ama transceiver yose y'urubura kugira ngo akoreshe uburyo bwo gutanga amakuru imbere yo kwinjira mu gitereko maze ugenzure ko amabateri arenga 80 kw'ijana.
   • Gumana ama transceivers yambara neza munsi y’ibipande bikomeye vyo hanze kugira ngo amabarabara ntataburuke mu gihe c’ibintu bitera umuvuduko munini.
   • Genzura ko umunyamuryango wese w’umugwi afise igikoresho co gupima urubura gifise uburebure bukeyi bwa santimetero 280 (inci 110) be n’igikoresho co gupima urubura c’icuma.
   • Wemeze ko amapaki y'umuyaga w'urubura afise ibirwanisho vyuzuye, afise ibifata bishizwe hanze y'imifuko y'umukanda wo ku rutugu.
4. Shiraho airbag yawe y'urubura ubwo nyene iyo ukumbuwe n'urubura canke urubura rwa kabiri.
   • Kurura igikoresho co gutera hasi no hanze ukoresheje inyigisho ikomeye kandi idahagarara imbere y’uko umuvuduko w’umuvurungano utera amaboko yawe ku mubiri wawe.
   • Urwana kugira ngo ugume uhagaze neza mu kwoga mu gihe uriko utera inkweto zawe ku nguvu kugira ngo ugume hafi y’aho ibisigazwa vy’amazi bigenda.
   • Igikombe ukuboko kumwe hejuru y’izuru ryawe n’akanwa kawe mu masegonda ya nyuma y’uguhagarara kugira ngo ureme umufuko w’umuyaga wo guhema wuguruye imbere y’uko urubura rukomera nk’uko beton ikora.
5. Gushinga itegeko ry'ibintu bishobora gushika vuba kandi utangure gushaka amakuru mu masegonda 60 y'uguhagarika umurongo.
   • Genzura ko abagize umugwi bose barokotse batahambwe baca bahindura ama transceiver yabo kugira ngo bashobore kwakira canke gushaka.
   • Scan ahantu ibisigazwa vy’amazi bigenda kugira ngo ubone inkoni za ski zatawe, impuzu zo hejuru, inzira z’ibirato, canke ibitambaro vy’umuyaga bikeye.
   • Hamagara inomero y’ivyihutirwa yo mu karere kawe (911 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Kanada, 112 mu bihugu vyose vy’Ubumwe bw’Uburaya, 999 mu Bwongereza) canke ukoreshe amatara ya SOS y’inyenyeri biciye ku . inomero z'ivyihutirwa.

Ivy'urubura n'ubuhinga bwo gusenyuka kw'urubura rumanitse¶

Kugira ngo umuntu atahure ukuntu serac ihagaze bisaba ko asuzuma ingene urubura rwo mu mazi ruhinduka iyo rushikiwe n’imibabaro y’ubuhinga be n’uburemere bw’isi. Ibarafu ni imibiri y’inguvu y’ibiti vy’imiberoshi vyigenza nk’ibintu bikomeye bishobora gukomera. Mu bice vyo hejuru, urubura rw’urubura rugira inyifato y’ugusenyuka, rugatuma haba imivumo n’imirongo gushika nko ku metero 30 (amafuti 98). Munsi y’ubwo burebure, umukazo w’amabuye utuma urubura ruhinduka nk’ibarafu, bigatuma rushobora gutemba hejuru y’imipfunda y’ibitandara.

Iyo urubura rusesekaye ku mfuruka canke ku mfuruka y’uruzi, inguvu z’ugukomera zirarenga inkomezi z’ugukemurwa kw’imiterere y’urubura. Igitigiri c’amazi yihuta cane kirarambura urubura, kigatuma habaho imirongo myinshi y’ibihengeri. Amabuye amwe amwe ari hagati y’ivyo binogo aca aba inkingi zitandukanye, abahinga mu vy’urubura be n’abaduga imisozi bazi ko ari amaserac.

Gusenyuka kwa serac bishika ku ndege zitera imbere zigenda zisenyuka. Uko umunara w’urubura uri ukwawo wiheka hanze, ni ko n’ububasha bw’isi buguma butera umuvuduko w’ibintu bitari vyo ku ntumbero yawo. Micro-cracking ikwiragira ku mipaka y’intete z’urubura mu bihe vy’ugukwegakwega vyihuta. Mu buryo butandukanye n’ibitandara bigwa, ivyo bikaba akenshi bitanga amatonyanga y’amabuye y’agaciro canke ugusaduka kwumvikana, ukunanirwa kw’urubura kurashobora guceceka gushika umutsi w’intango w’ugukomera ucitse.

Ivyerekeye ubushuhe birahindura ugukemurwa kw’imbere, naho nyene bitagena neza igihe co gusenyuka. Imishwarara y’izuba irashusha ibice vy’imbere, igatuma amazi ari mu mazi aja mu bice vyo mu mutima. Aya mazi ashonze akora umukazo w’amazi ku mpome z’ibinogo, agatuma ibice vy’amazi bifunguka biciye mu guca ibice vy’amazi. Amazi yo mu mazi yo munsi y’urubura arasiga amavuta ahantu urutare ruhurira, agatuma urutare rwo hasi rugenda rwonyerera vuba kandi agatuma ibirenge vy’ibitandara bimanitse bidahagarara neza.

Uburyo bwo gusenyuka buri munsi ya zero burateye akaga kandi burakunda gushika. Ivyo bikoko bita seracs biva mu bibanza vy’uburebure bwinshi birakunda gutandukana mu bihe vy’ubukonje bukaze mw’ijoro canke mu gitondo cane. Gusaduka kw’ugusenyuka kw’ubushuhe kubaho iyo ubushuhe bwo ku ruhande bugabanuka vyihuta bugatuma habaho ugusenyuka kw’itandukaniro hagati y’ibice vy’urubura vyo hanze n’urubura rwo mu mutima rushushe. Ukwo gupfunyarika bukwi na bukwi gutuma haba imibabaro myinshi y’ugukomera bituma habaho ukunanirwa kw’ibihimba vy’umubiri bica biva ku ntege nke z’imibumbe zari zitewe imbere y’imibabaro.

flowchart TD
    A["Ugutemba kw'Ibarafu Hejuru y'Igitandara"] --> B["Ukwaguka kw'ugukomera"]
    B --> C["Kwitandukanya n'Imisozi ya Serac ihagaze"]
    C --> D{"Uburyo bwo gutera"}
    D -->|"Amazi-ugucapura n'Izuba ry'Izuba"| E["Amazi ashonze Wedging na Basal Slip"]
    D -->|"Uguhinduka kw'ipulasitike"| F["Ugukomeza Kwiheka Kutewe n'Inguvu zikwegera hasi"]
    D -->|"Ubushuhe butera ubwoba"| G["Guca ibice mu gihe c'ubukonje buri munsi ya Zero"]
    E --> H["Ivyago vy'imibumbe"]
    F --> H
    G --> H
    H --> I["Umuvuduko munini w'ibisigazwa vy'urubura"]
    I --> J["Igisasu c'umuyaga wo mu kirere"]
    I --> K["Umutego wo guhamba"]

Ubwoko bw'urubura rwo mu misozi mu misozi miremire y'urubura¶

Ibarafu ry'urubura¶

Ibarafu ry’urubura rigizwe ahanini n’ibipande vy’urubura rwinshi cane bimenetse kuva ku bice bitobito bingana n’amabuye y’agaciro gushika ku bipande bininibinini bingana n’inyubakwa z’amagorofa menshi. Ibarafu ryinshi ry’urubura rifise uburemere bw’ibilo nka 850 gushika ku 910 kuri metero kibe (amapawundi 53 gushika ku 57 ku metero kibe), ugereranije n’ibiro 50 gushika ku 400 kuri metero kibe ku rubura rwo mu bihe. Kubera ubwo buremere burengeje urugero, urubura rwo mu mazi rurafise inguvu nyinshi cane zituma ibintu vyose biri mu nzira yarwo itaziguye bimenagurika.

Igicu c'ifu n'ibiturika vy'umuyaga¶

Igihe amatoni ibihumbi n’ibihumbi y’urubura rugwa hasi ku bihome vy’imbere bihagaze, urwo rubarafu rugwa ruca rujana umuyaga mwinshi cane uri hafi. Ico kirere kiranyiganyizwa ningoga munsi y’ibisigazwa bigwa, kigaca kija hanze ku nguvu ku rugero rw’inkubi y’umuyaga. Abahinga mu vy’urubura be n’abahinga mu bijanye no gutabara abantu mu misozi bavuga ko ico kintu ari uguturika kw’ikirere c’urubura canke umupfunda w’ikirere.

Ivyimburwa vy'amabuye vy'impuhwe vya kabiri¶

Serac isenyuka ntabwo ikunda gukora ukwayo iyo urubura rw’ibihe rupfutse imisozi ikikuje. Uguhungabana kw’isi n’uguhungabana kw’ikirere biterwa n’ugugwa kw’urubura birashobora gutuma haba ibipande vy’urubura bidashikamye mu bihe bimwe bimwe ku mirongo n’amaso bifatanye. Ugusenyuka gutoyi kw’ibara ry’agahama hafi y’umurongo w’uruzitiro kurashobora gukuraho igitsibo kinini cane c’ubwaguke bw’amametero amajana n’amajana ku nzira yose y’umusozi.

Intumbero y'isuzuma ry'akaga n'isuzuma ry'akaga k'ubuhinga bw'urubura¶

Kuduga imisozi ata nkomanzi biciye mu bibanza vy’urubura bivana no kumenya amabendera atukura afise imibumbe kera cane imbere y’uko umuntu yinjira mu karere k’urubura. Naho ibintu bimwebimwe bizoshika mu gihe c’ugusenyuka kw’ibarafu bidashoboka ko bimenyekana neza umunota ku munota, ibimenyetso vyagutse vy’ivy’urubura birerekana nimba urubura ruri mu nzira y’ugusenyuka.

Ibimenyetso vy'amaso vy'ukudashikama kw'amaraso¶

Ukwihweza neza amaso ukoresheje amataratara ashobora gukura cane canke amataratara ari ahantu heza, birerekana amakuru ahambaye yerekeye imibumbe:

• Ibara ry’ibihimba vy’umubiri bivunitse: Ivyuma vy’urubura bishasha vyerekanwa bisa n’ivy’ubururu bukeye canke vy’umutuku mwinshi bifise imirongo ityaye kandi ifise imfuruka. Ibarafu rya kera kandi ridahinduka rikagira ishusho y’umweru, izunguruka, idaca ibibatsi kubera uguhinduka kw’izuba n’imishwarara y’izuba.
• Ivyuka vy’ibisigazwa vy’inyana mu bice vy’urubura: Suzuma aho vyirundanira munsi y’urubura. Ivyuma vy’urubura bishasha kandi bitagira ivyuma biruhukiye hejuru y’urubura rwaherutse gutera, vyerekana ko hari igikorwa gikomeje mu masaha 12 gushika ku 24 aheze.
• Igitigiri c’ukwaguka kw’ibice vy’umubiri: Ukwaguka kw’ibihengeri inyuma y’ibice vy’umubiri vy’umubiri vyerekana igipimo kinini c’ugukomera. Iyo umuhengeri utandukanya serac n’urubura runini wagutse bigaragara mu misi myinshi, ukunanirwa kw’agahomerabunwa kuraba hafi.
• Overhanging lean angles: Amabuye y’urubura arengeye degre 10 gushika kuri 15 arenga ubuhagaze ashira ahantu hagati y’uburemere hanze y’ikirenge cayo c’ishimikiro gifasha, yizigiye gusa inkomezi z’ugukomera zo mu mutima zigenda zisenyuka ningoga iyo zigenda zikwegakwega.
• Gukomeza gusesa inkungugu canke ifu: Ivyuma vyiza vy’urubura canke ibice vy’urubura biva mu maso y’igiti citwa serac biguma biva ku giti c’umukara vyerekana ko hariho ukudashobora gukemurwa gukwiragira ku mirongo y’imibabaro yo mu mutima.

flowchart TD
    A["Shika ku kibanza co kuraba hanze y'aho umuntu ashobora kwirukira"] --> B["Suzuma Icefall n'amaso"]
    B --> C{"Suzuma ibara ry'igipfukisho"}
    C -->|"Ubururu bwa kobalti bukeye"| D["Kuvunika mu masaha 24: Akaga gakomeye"]
    C -->|"Umweru udaca ibibatsi"| E["Igikoko ca kera kitakora: Ingorane z'intango"]
    B --> F{"Suzuma ibisigazwa vya Runout"}
    F -->|"Amabuye mashasha yamenetse hejuru y'urubura"| D
    F -->|"Amabuye ya kera yashonze"| E
    D --> G["Ntukinjire: Rondera ubundi buryo bwo guca ku musozi"]
    E --> H{"Zone yoba ishobora kujabuka mu mwijima canke mu gatondo?"}
    H -->|"Ego: Ubushuhe buri munsi ya -5C"| I["Gushitsa dosiye imwe yihuta"]
    H -->|"Oya: Ugushusha kw'izuba ku murango kuri hafi"| G

Ibidukikije bitera n'igihe co ku musi¶

Ivyandiko vy’amateka vyerekeye ukuduga imisozi be n’ibikoresho vy’amasanamu vy’urubura vyerekana ko serac ishobora gusenyuka kw’isaha iyo ari yo yose yo ku murango canke mw’ijoro. Inguvu zikwegera hasi ntizigera zisinzira, kandi igikoresho co mu mutima gikora ubudasiba ata kuraba uburebure bw’izuba. Ariko rero, imibare yerekana ko hariho ugutera imbere gutandukanye mu bijanye n’ugusenyuka mu gihe c’ihinduka ry’ibidukikije.

Urugendo rwo kujabuka canke munsi y’urubura rutegerezwa gutegurwa mu gihe c’idirisha ry’umutaga ry’akaga gatoyi cane k’imibare, kenshi na kenshi hagati ya 1:00 AM na 5:00 AM. Muri ayo masaha ya mbere, ubushuhe bwo mu kirere buraguma buri hasi, amazi yo hejuru arakonja, kandi ugukonja kw’imishwarara kw’ijoro kwatumye urubura rwo hejuru rw’ibihe rudahinduka. Igihe umuco w’izuba wo mu gitondo utera ku ruhande rwo hejuru rw’urubura, ukwaguka kw’ubushuhe be n’ugushonga kw’urubura birongereza cane ubushobozi bwo gusenyuka.

Ukwiruka kw'ubuhinga biciye mu bice vy'urubura n'ibice vy'urubura¶

Intango y'imisozi n'ingengo y'imari y'igihe¶

Gutangura mu misozi miremire si ugusohoka kare mu gitondo gusa. Ni ingengo y’imari y’igihe iharuwe neza igenewe gukuraho uturere twose tw’akaga imbere y’uko ugushushanya kw’izuba gutangura. Harura urugendo rwose rw’umurongo ruca mu karere k’akaga k’uguhunga maze ugabanye n’umuvuduko w’urugendo rw’umugwi wagenzuwe ku butaka butoroshe.

Iyo umugwi ugenda ku kilometero 1 kw’isaha (0,62 miles kw’isaha) uciye mu mirima y’ibinogo vyavunitse kandi ahantu h’akaga ka serac hakaba hari ibilometero 2 (1,24 miles), idirisha ry’ugushirwa ahabona ni amasaha 2 nyayo. Iyo izuba rirashe riteye ku ruhome rwo hejuru rwa serac isaha zitandatu n’igice z’ijoro, iyo ntumwa itegerezwa kuba yaciye mu karere k’akaga isaha zitandatu n’igice z’ijoro. Ivyo bisaba ko umuntu yinjira mu mpera yo hasi y’aho umuntu ashobora kwiruka atarenze isaha zine z’ijoro. Iyo habaye ugucerezwa mu gihe co kwegera, iyo ntumwa itegerezwa guhagarika ukujabuka aho gusunika mu muco w’umutaga.

Dosiye imwe y'itandukaniro n'umugozi w'imigwi¶

Kugendera mu bibanza vy’urubura bizana intambara ikomeye cane: imigwi y’imigozi irasabwa kugira ngo irokoke amagwa y’ibinogo, ariko gufatanya abagize umugwi w’imigozi birongereza umwanya wose wo guca mu mugwi kandi bihuza abafatanyabikorwa iyo bakubiswe n’urubura.

Igihe umuntu ajabuka munsi y’ibarabara ry’amabuye ry’agaciro aho ingorane zo gusenyuka ari nke cane, gukuraho umugozi canke kwiruka mu nzira ndende y’umuntu ku giti ciwe birashobora kuba vyiza kuruta gutera imbere buhoro buhoro kandi uboshe. Umuntu umwe aduga urutare ariruka ajabuka iyo nzira y’akaga gakomeye aja ku kirwa c’urutare canke ku nzira irindwa, akaguma abona neza iyo serac yo hejuru. Amaze gushinga intahe mu mutekano, uwukurikira aratera imbere. Iyo ibihengeri bihuye n’umurongo w’ugugwa, kwiruka kw’imigozi biraguma ari ngombwa, ariko abagize umugwi bategerezwa kwiruka bahuriye ku muvuduko munini uramba ata guhagarara kugira ngo bavugane canke bahindure impuzu.

Gukuraho uguhagarika bidakenewe¶

Gushinga amategeko akomeye yo guhagarika ataco akora mu karere k'akaga:

• Kuva ku bipande vyo kuduga bishobora guhumeka imbere yo kwinjira mu gitereko kugira ngo wirinde gushuha cane no guhagarara ku nguvu.
• Murye ivyokurya birimwo amakalori menshi kandi munywe amazi asusurutse ava mu bikoresho vy’amazi bifise insulation mu gihe murindiriye ahantu h’ugutera imbere hanze y’umurongo w’urugendo.
• Shira imbere y’igihe amavide y’urubura, amakarabine be n’amapule yo gutabara abantu mu bihengeri.
• Kubuza ibiyago bisanzwe, amatelefone yo mu matwi, canke ibisamaza kugira ugume uzi uko ibintu vyifashe mu gacerere. Umviriza ubudasiba ijwi ry’indirimbo ry’indirimbo canke ry’indirimbo ry’indirimbo ry’indirimbo ry’indirimbo ry’indirimbo ry’indirimbo ry’indirimbo ry’indirimbo ry’indirimbo ry’indirimbo.

Amayeri yo guhunga iyo serac isenyutse hejuru yawe¶

Iyo serac ivuye ku musozi uri hejuru y’aho uri, ukuntu umubiri uhita wifata mu masegonda atatu canke atanu ya mbere ni vyo bituma umuntu arokoka. Umuvuduko w’ibisigazwa bigwa ntiwusiga umwanya wo guhanahana ivyiyumviro canke wo kuganira mu mirwi.

flowchart TD
    A["Gusaduka kwumvikana canke kubona kw'Igice ca Serac"] --> B["Inkengeri y'induru: Inkengeri y'urubura ku mugwi wose"]
    B --> C["Raba hejuru mu masegonda 1 gushika kuri 2 kugira ngo ukore Vector y'inkomoko itatu"]
    C --> D{"Woba ushobora gukuraho ibisigazwa vyo hagati?"}
    D -->|"Ego: Urugendo ruratuma umuntu ashobora guhunga"| E["Kwiruka degre 45 z'umusaraba ku ruhande"]
    D -->|"Oya: Inzira y'Ibisigazwa Igororotse kandi Irengeye"| F{"Mbega ahantu ho kwikingira hariho?"}
    E --> G["Kura inzira maze ufate ubuhungiro bw'urutare rukevya"]
    F -->|"Umunwa w'Ikigobe Kiremure Hafi"| H["Simbira ku Munwa w'Imbere Ukingiye wa Crevasse"]
    F -->|"Igitandara gikomeye kiri hafi"| I["Ubuhungiro Inyuma y'Uruhande rw'Ikigo c'Ibuye"]
    F -->|"Gufungura Umusozi ata gipfukisho"| J["Nanga Ibarafu Igikoresho Kiremure, Uryama Hasi, Mu maso Hamanuka"]
    H --> K["Gupfuka inzira y'impwemu n'igikoresho co gukingira umupfunda"]
    I --> K
    J --> K

Ubwo nyene inzira y'uguhunga y'inkomoko itatu¶

Ntukiruke ushitse ku musozi kure y’aho urubura ruteye. Ibisigazwa vy’urubura n’urubura vyihuta cane bimanuka, bikaba bitagoranye gushika mbere n’abarutsi b’abahinga. Ahubwo, ubwo nyene wiruke mu buryo buringaniye canke mu mfuruka y’umusaraba y’amadegre 45, uja ku ruhande rw’ubutaka ruri hafi cane.

Ikoreshwa ry'ubutaka buke bwo kwikingira¶

Igihe ahantu haringaniye canke ibisigazwa vyinshi bikubuza guhunga aho umuntu ashobora guhunga, koresha ahantu hatoyi kugira ngo ukinge umubiri wawe inguvu zijanjagura:

• Umunwa w’imbere w’ibarabara ry’ibarabara: Nimba ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara. Amabuye y’urubura azopfuka iyo nzira yuguruye, azokwirukira hejuru y’umutwe wawe. Genzura ko iyo nzira y’amazi idaca mu mutego w’ibarabara ry’iherezo.
• Igihome c’urutare: Amabuye manini manini y’amabuye y’agaciro yitwa granite, nunataks canke imbavu z’amabuye y’agaciro, birahindura ibisigazwa vy’amabuye bimanuka bikikuje impande zavyo. Gukandagira umubiri wawe cane ku ruhande rumanuka rw’urutare ruhagaze biragukingira amabuye y’urubura agwa.
• Ivyuma vy’imisozi y’imisozi: Kwiruka hejuru ku mutwe w’imisozi y’imisozi yo mu ruhande, bituma ahantu hawe hejuru y’umugende w’amazi aho ibisigazwa vy’urubura biva.

Gushingira intahe igisasu co mu kirere¶

Niwafatwa mu nzira y’igicu c’ifu ca kabiri n’uguturika kw’ikirere ku nzira zifunguye, ukoreshe igikoresho co kwifata nk’igihuhusi:

1. Gutwara ibikoresho vyawe vy’ubuhinga vy’urubura mu burebure burengeye: Hamba amapike n’ibikoresho vy’urubura vyose bibiri mu burebure bukomeye canke bw’ubururu.
2. Ushire umubiri wawe hejuru, uhagaze, kandi uhagaze: Uryama uhagaze rwose ku nda yawe. Gabanya uburemere bwawe bw’umuyaga kugira ngo umupfunda w’ugukubita unyure hejuru y’umugongo wawe utashitse munsi y’igikiriza cawe.
3. Tera ibirenge vyawe vy’imbere mu mfuruka: Rambura ibirenge vyawe, utware ibirenge vyawe vy’imbere mu barafu, maze ushire imitsi yawe y’imbere kugira ngo urwanye inguvu z’ubukazi zo guterura.
4. Rinda inzira yawe yo guhema: Hamba mu maso hawe ataco uhinduye mu nkoko yawe yo mu mutima canke ukwegere urukoba rwawe hejuru y’izuru ryawe. Funga akanwa kawe neza maze uhumeke mu gitutu uciye mu mpuzu kugira ngo ucungurure inkungugu y’urubura yihuta cane.

Ivyago vyo mu misozi n'ibikorwa vy'ubuhinga vyo gutabara¶

Ivyuma vy’urubura bica mu misozi y’urubura akenshi bituma abashikirwa n’ivyo bikoko baja mu binogo vyuguruye canke vyuzuye urubura. Ico gitangura nk’uguhamba kw’urubura gica gihinduka ningoga kikaba igikorwa co gutabara abantu mu buryo bw’ubuhinga bwo munsi y’ubutaka imbere mu binogo vyakonje.

Inguvu z'ugugwa kwa Crevasse munsi y'umuzigo w'urubura¶

Iyo umuntu ariko araduga umusozi akubitwa n’urubura mu mfuruka, inguvu zikoreshwa ku mugwi w’imigozi ziragwizwa n’uburemere bw’urubura rugenda runyerera. Uwo mugozi urashobora guca mu munwa w’urubura wo muri iyo nzira, ugatuma haba umurongo w’ugushikana ufunga uwo mugozi mu kibanza cawo mu gihe bituma gukurura bigorana.

Kubaka nanga vyihuta vy'urubura n'urubura¶

Iyo uwuguye amaze gufatwa, uwumuduga amufata ntashobora gufata uburemere bw’uwo muntu ubuziraherezo mu gihe ariko arahuza ibikorwa vyo gutabara. Utegerezwa kwubaka nanga yo guhunga kugira ngo ukure umuzigo ku nzira yawe:

• T-slot deadman anchor: Mu bikoko vy’ibihe vy’ibihe vy’amabuye vy’agaciro, wimba umugende uhagaze ku murongo w’ugugwa, ufise uburebure bwa santimetero 50 gushika ku 80 (inci 20 gushika ku 31). Girth-hitch umugozi wo kuduga ukikuje hagati y’ishoka ry’urubura, icuma co gutera, canke igikoresho co gutera urubura. Ico gikoresho gishire mu mwobo mu buryo buringaniye, uce umuhora mutoyi wo gusohokeramwo umugozi uja mu mfuruka, hanyuma uhambe ico gikoresho, utere urubura cane.
• Inanga y’urubura y’urudodo rwa v (Abalakov): Mu rubura rw’urudodo rudafise ikintu, wubake inanga y’urudodo rwa V. Koresha uruzitiro rw’urubura rw’amasentimetero 22 (inci 8,7) kugira ngo utere imyobo ibiri ihurirana mu mfuruka z’amadegre 45, ukore umugende w’urubura w’inkomoko itatu wo mu mutima. Ushire umugozi w’inylon w’imilimetero 7 canke urudodo rw’imirongo mu muyoboro ukoresheje urudodo rw’urudodo rw’urudodo n’urudodo rw’urudodo rwo hejuru canke rw’urudodo rw’umurovyi rufise amaboko abiri. Iryo nanga rishobora kwihanganira imizigo irenga kilonewton 10 gushika kuri 12.

flowchart TD
    A["Gufata Crevasse yaguye ku mugozi"] --> B["Kugenzura uburyo bw'urubura/urubura ku kibanza co gufatwamwo"]
    B --> C{"Igihugu kiri hagati?"}
    C -->|"Ibarafu ryinshi canke urubura rwinshi"| D["Kwimba umugende w'amasentimetero 60-80 ku muntu yapfuye"]
    C -->|"Barafu y'ubururu bw'urubura"| E["Tobora imyobo y'amahasa ya degre 45 ku ndodo ya V"]
    D --> F["Guhamba Isōko y'Ibarafu / Igiti c'Umupfu no Gupakira Bikomeye"]
    E --> G["Urudodo rwa 7mm umugozi n'igikoresho c'urutsinga n'urudodo rwo gufatanya"]
    F --> H["Fata umugozi w'imitsi Prusik ku mugozi ushizweko"]
    G --> H
    H --> I["Kwimurira umuzigo ku nanga biciye ku nzira y'imitsi"]
    I --> J["Hunga Sisitemu maze usuzume umunwa wa Crevasse"]

Uburyo bwo gukurura: 3-ku-1 Z-pulley ubuhinga¶

Igihe nanga imaze gukingirwa kandi umuzigo ukaba ushizweho, ushireho ubuhinga bwo gukurura kugira ngo ukureho uwagirizwa:

1. Rinda umunwa w’aho hantu: Ushire ku ruhande rw’aho hantu umugozi w’ishoka ry’urubura, igikoresho co gufatako igiti canke umufuko wo mu mugongo kugira ngo umugozi ushizweko umugozi ntushire kure cane mu mfuruka y’urubura.
2. Fata igikoresho co gufata iterambere: Shira igikoresho co kuduga canke igikoresho co gufatanya ku mugozi ushizweko umugozi ku nanga, uwuhuze n’igikoresho co gufunga. Ivyo bituma umugozi udasubira inyuma mu gihe co gukurura.
3. Rig umugozi ugenda: Wohereze uruzitiro rw’umugozi werekeza ku mfuruka. Fatanya uruzitiro rwa kabiri rwo kuduga canke uruzitiro rwa Prusik ku murongo w’ibintu vyinshi gushika kure cane gushika ku munwa uko umuntu ashobora kubishikako ata nkomanzi. Clip igikoresho co gutera imbere gifise uburemere buke muri iyi Prusik.
4. Reeve the 3-to-1 Z-rig: Ushire umugozi w’ubuntu uva ku nanga uciye mu nzira y’urugendo usubire ku nanga. Gukwega kuri iyo nzira bituma haba akarusho k’ubuhinga 3 kuri 1, bikaba bituma umurokozi umwe ashobora guterura uwundi muntu adashobora gukora, afise ivyuma vyinshi, akamukura mu mwobo.

Gutegura inzira y'umusozi no gukora ikarita yo kwirinda¶

Gukingira ibiza vya serac bishingiye cane ku gusuzuma ahantu, kumenya inzira z’amateka, no gukora ikarita y’ukwirinda imbere y’uko umuntu atera intambwe ku rubura. Amashusho y’ubuhinga bwa none y’inyenyeri, ibigereranyo vy’uburebure bw’ikirere vy’ubuhinga bwa none, be n’amakuru y’uburongozi bw’imisozi, biratuma umuntu amenya ingene urugendo rugenda.

Kumenya imitego y'imiterere y'ubutaka¶

Umutego w’ubutaka ni ikintu cose co mu butaka gikomeza ingaruka z’ugusohoka kw’urubura. Mu misozi miremire y’urubura, imitego isanzwe y’aho hantu harimwo:

• Bergschrund moats: Ico kinogo kinini cane gitandukanya urubura rutemba n’urubura ruhagaze rwo ku ruhome rw’umusozi. Ibarafu rigwa riteranira mu bisanzwe mu bergschrund, rikahamba umuntu wese afashwe imbere munsi y’amabuye y’agaciro yamenetse afise uburebure bwa metero mirongo.
• Constricted couloirs and hourglass gullies: Imigende mikeyi y’ibitandara ituma serac ikwiragizwa cane isenyuka ikaja mu bicu bigenda bigenda vyihuta cane, bikaba bigenda biva ku bitandara bishika ku bitandara.
• Ivyuma bizunguruka hejuru y’imirima y’ibinogo: Ivyuma biteye hejuru y’ikinogo kitaboneka bisunika abaduga bagenda banyerera baja mu binogo vyuguruye.
• Ivyuma vy’urubura vyuzuye: Ivyumba vy’amazi bikikujwe n’inkuta zihagaze vyerekana imipfunda y’urubura, bikaba bituma haba umuvurungano w’inzira nyinshi utuma amakambi ari mbere n’ibilometero vyinshi uvuye aho yasohotse.

Imirongo y'imisozi n'ivu ry'ikiyaya¶

flowchart TD
    A["Hitamwo inzira y'umusozi"] --> B{"Isesengura ry'imiterere y'ubutaka"}
    B -->|"Hasi mu kiyaya / Ikiyaga"| C["Ivyago vy'urubura bikomeza hejuru: Gushirwa ahabona cane"]
    B -->|"Igitandara giteye hejuru / umurongo w'urutare"| D["Gushikirwa n'umuyaga ariko nta ngorane yo gutera urubura: Inzira ikunda"]
    C --> E{"Mbega Inzira Yoshobora Kwirinda Guhunga kw’Imfuruka ya Alpha?"}
    E -->|"Oya: Yamanitswe n'Ibarafu Rimanitse"| F["Inzira yo kwanka: Hitamwo ubundi buryo bwo guca ku musozi"]
    E -->|"Ego: Ububiko bwagutse bwo mu ruhande buraboneka"| G["Bandanya n'Intango y'Ijoro ry'Imisozi"]

Ivyihutirwa vy'ubuvuzi mu bugaragwa mu mpanuka ziterwa n'urubura rwo hejuru cane¶

Abarokowe mu gusenyuka kwa serac barashikirwa n’ibintu bikomeye bifatanya n’ugukubitwa n’inguvu nyinshi, gukomeretswa n’ugujanjagurwa, ugushuha cane, n’ugutakaza umwuka mwinshi.

Ihungabana ry'ibisasu n'ibikomere bikomeye¶

Ingaruka z’ibipande vy’urubura vyinshi bigenda vyihuta cane zituma umuntu agira ingorane nyinshi ku mubiri:

• Ivyimburwa vy’umuvuduko munini be n’igifu c’umupira w’amaguru: Inkurikizi zivuye ku bipande vy’urubura bingana n’umupira w’amaguru zimenagura amaguru n’amaboko, imbavu n’ibibero. Abarokozi bategerezwa guhagarika umugongo w’inkondo y’umura no kugenzura amaraso ava mu mitsi imbere y’uko bagerageza gukura umuntu mu buryo bw’ubuhinga.
• Igikomerekezo co mu bwonko giteye ubwoba: Naho umuntu yoba afise inkofero z’ugutera imisozi zifise icemezo, inguvu z’urubura rugwa zirashobora gutuma umuntu avunagura igihanga, akagira amaraso mu gihanga, akagira n’uguhungabana gukomeye. Inkofero zitegerezwa gusuzumwa ko zitagira imivyimba kandi zigakomeza gufatwa neza.
• Pneumothorax na hemothorax: Imbavu zivunitse canke umuvuduko mwinshi w’ikirere birashobora gutobora utugingo ngengabuzima tw’amahaha, bigatuma umuntu agira pneumothorax y’umubabaro. Abarokozi bategerezwa kugenzura ko igifu kiduga ku ruhande rumwe, amajwi y'impwemu atariho, n'ugukevya kw'imitsi y'impwemu.

Igitangaje ca beton n'ugupfa vyihuta¶

Mu buryo butandukanye n’urubura rwumye rw’ifu rushobora kuguma rufise utunogo, rugatuma umuntu yashikiwe n’urubura agira umufuko w’umuyaga mu minota 15 gushika ku 30, ibisigazwa vy’urubura vyigenza mu buryo butandukanye cane. Ubushuhe buva ku bipande vy’urubura bitera biva ku bipande vy’urubura bica biva ku bipande vy’urubura, ivyo bikaba bica bisubira gukonja igihe ivyo bipande bihagaritse kwiruka. Ivyo bihindura iyo nzira y’ibisigazwa ikaba ikintu kidashobora gucamwo, gikomeye nk’ica beton mu masegonda makeyi.

Ubushuhe bukomeye mu binogo vy'urubura¶

Abaduga imisozi bafunzwe mu binogo baratakaza ubushuhe bw’umubiri vyihuta kubera ubushuhe buja ku mpome z’urubura zikikuje, impuzu zitose ziterwa n’amazi atose, n’imipfunda y’umuyaga ukonnye.

Abaduga imisozi bose, abarongozi bo mu bugaragwa, n’abakozi barondera no gutabara bakora mu bidukikije vy’imisozi miremire y’urubura bakwiye kurangiza inyigisho y’ubutabazi bwa mbere mu bugaragwa yemejwe n’ishirahamwe ry’umusaraba utukura, St John Ambulance, canke ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ryemewe ry’ubuvuzi bwo mu bugaragwa.

Urutonde rw'ibikoresho vyo gusuzuma ku nzira z'imisozi y'urubura¶

• Ivyuma vy'umutekano w'ubuzima bw'umuntu ku giti ciwe:
  • Igikoresho co kwakira amakuru y’urubura gifise antene zitatu gifise amabateri mashasha y’amazi canke y’amazi.
  • Igikoresho co gupima urubura c’aluminium gifise uburebure bukeyi bwa santimetero 280 (inci 110).
  • Ivyuma vy’urubura bifise umugozi ushobora kwaguka n’umugozi ukomeye.
  • Igikapu c'umuyaga cemewe c'urubura gifise igikoresho c'ubuhinga canke supercapacitor.
  • Inkofero yo kuduga igenewe umuvuduko munini w'ibitandara vyo mu misozi n'urubura.
  • Ishoka ry’urubura ry’ubuhinga n’ibikoresho vy’ivyuma bifise amasahani arwanya umupira.
• Crevasse gutabara n'ibikoresho vy'ubuhinga:
  • Umugozi wo kuduga wumye ugereranijwe n'ingingo mfatirwako z'umugozi umwe canke igice.
  • Ivyuma bibiri vy’urubura vy’amasentimetero 22 canke vy’aluminiyumu.
  • Igikoresho co gutera urudodo rwo gutera urudodo rw’urudodo rw’urudodo rwa Abalakov.
  • Ivyuma bibiri bifata iterambere ry’imiduga n’ibikoresho vy’ugufunga bifise uburemere buke.
  • Imigozi ibiri y’uburebure bwa metero 5 (amafuti 16) y’imigozi y’inylon y’imilimetero 6 yitwa Prusik.
  • Igipfukisho kimwe c’amasentimetero 120 (inci 47) cadozwe citwa Dyneema canke c’inylon.
• Ivyuma vyo kurokoka no guhanahana amakuru:
  • Itara ry'intumwa y'inyenyeri y'inzira zibiri rifise ubugenzuzi bw'ivyihutirwa bwa SOS.
  • Itara ry’imbere rifise ubushobozi bwinshi ritanga n’imiburiburi 300 lumens rifise amabateri y’ubukonje.
  • Igikapu c’ibaraza c’ibihe bine canke uburaro bw’abantu babiri bw’ivyihutirwa.
  • Icupa ry'ubusa ryuzuye inzoga zishushe zifise amakalori.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

Woba ushobora kumenya imbere y’igihe ko serac izosenyuka mu kwumviriza amajwi y’ugusaduka?¶

Oya, ntushobora kwizigira amajwi y’ugusaduka kwumvikana kubera ko uguhinduka kw’urubura rw’imbere rw’ipulasitike be n’ugusenyuka kw’imirongo mito mito bishobora gushika ata co bivuze gushika aho ugusenyuka kw’imibumbe kwa nyuma kuba mu bice vy’isegonda. Umuvuduko mwinshi cane w’urubura rugwa bisigura ko igihe umuvuduko wumvikana canke ijwi ry’igisasu riturika rishika mu matwi yawe hakurya y’uruzitiro rw’imisozi, urubura rwacitse rwo mu mfuruka ruba rwaramaze kugenda ku muvuduko uri hagati y’ibilometero 150 na 350 kw’isaha (93 gushika ku 217 miles per hour), rwoba rwaciye ku murongo w’ibilometero 93 gushika kuri 217 kw’isaha.

Ni kubera iki amazi y’urubura ateye akaga kuruta amazi y’urubura asanzwe atera mu bihe bitandukanye?¶

Amabuye y’agaciro yitwa Serac arateye akaga kuruta kubera ko urubura rwinshi cane rufise uburemere buri hagati y’ibilo 850 n’ibilo 910 kuri metero kibe (amapawundi 53 gushika ku 57 ku mfuruka kibe), rugatanga inguvu zigenda zimenagurika zigacika ibice vy’urubura vyica maze zigamenagura ikintu cose kiri mu nzira yaco. Vyongeye, ivyo bisigazwa vy’urubura bigenda binyerera bituma haba umuyaga ukomeye cane ushobora gutuma amakambi y’imbere ari ku metero amajana n’amajana, maze ivyo bisigazwa bikaguma bikonja bikagira ikintu gikomeye nk’ica beton kidashobora guca mu masegonda makeyi umuntu ahagaze, ivyo bikaba bituma kwimba n’amaboko canke kwimba n’igiti c’ipulasitike bidashoboka.

Mbega ikirere c’ijoro gikanye cane gituma amaseraki amanitse agira umutekano rwose wo kujabuka munsi?¶

Oya, igihe c’ijoro gikanye cane ntigituma amaseraki amanitse agira umutekano wose kubera ko urubura rw’urubura ruguma rushikirwa n’ingorane z’uburemere bw’isi be n’uguhinduka kw’ibintu bigendagenda bikora amasaha 24 ku musi ata kuraba ubushuhe bw’ikirere kiri mu karere. Naho ubukonje bwo mw’ijoro bubuza izuba gusenyuka n’ugusenyuka kw’amazi, ugutemba kw’ubushuhe bwihuta mw’ijoro birashobora gutuma ubushuhe busenyuka, bikazana ukunanirwa kw’ibihimba vy’umubiri bitunguranye ku ntege nke z’imiterere y’urubura.

Ni kure gute igitero c’ikirere c’ibara ry’agahama gishobora gutuma umuntu akomereka cane?¶

Igisasu c’umuyaga gikomeye giterwa n’ugusenyuka kw’ibarafu rinini gishobora gutuma umuntu apfa, akagira ibikomere vy’amahaha, n’uguhungabana kw’umubiri ku metero amajana n’amajana gushika ku bilometero birenga kimwe (0,62 miles) birenze urubibi rw’ibarabara ry’ibisigazwa vy’urubura. Uwo mupfunda w’ibisasu urakura abaduga imisozi ku misozi, ugatera amabuye maremare y’urubura mu bibanza bigororotse, maze ukazuza ikirere gikikuje umuyaga mwinshi w’urubura rutoyi cane rushobora gupfuka inzira z’impwemu z’ibihaha mu masegonda makeyi.

Wokora iki ku mugozi wawe wo kuduga iyo ufashwe n’urubura?¶

Iyo ufashwe n’urubura ruriko rurakorana n’umugwi wawe w’imigozi, abagize umugwi barokotse bategerezwa kwifata canke bagafatanya n’urutare rukomeye ubwo nyene kugira ngo ntibakururwe mu binogo canke ngo bakwegwe ku nkengera z’urutare. Ariko rero, iyo abagize umugwi umwumwe wese akubitwa mu mazi yavunitse maze umugozi ukaba utera ubwoba bwo gukwega umugwi wose ukamanuka mu mwonga uhagaze canke mu mutego w’ubutaka bujanjagura, abagize umugwi bategerezwa kwitegurira gukoresha icumu ry’ivyihutirwa kugira ngo bace umugozi nimba ivyo bitanga amahirwe yonyene asigaye yo gukingira umugwi wose gutakaza.

Amasoko yasuzumwe¶

• Komisiyo Mpuzamakungu y’Ibarafu n’Ibarafu (ICSI) n’Ishirahamwe Mpuzamakungu ry’Ivya Siyansi y’Ibarafu (IACS): Amajambo y’Ibarafu n’Ishirahamwe ry’Ibarafu n’Ibarafu.
• Ishirahamwe ry’imisozi ry’Amerika (AAC): Impanuka mu kuzamuka mu misozi yo muri Amerika y’Uburaruko, Isesengura ry’Ibarafu ry’Ibarafu n’Imirongo ngenderwako y’Ibarafu ry’Ibarafu.
• Ikigo ca Leta y’Ubusuwisi c’ubushakashatsi ku mashyamba, urubura n’ubutaka (WSL) n’ikigo ca SLF c’ubushakashatsi ku rubura n’ibicu: Ubuhinga bwo kunanirwa kwa Serac n’inguvu z’ibicu.
• UIAA (Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ry’abaduga n’abaduga imisozi) Komisiyo y’umutekano: Ivyiyumviro vyerekeye imigozi, amananga, inkofero, n’ivyiza vy’ubuhinga bwo gutabara abantu mu binogo.
• Ishirahamwe ry’ubuvuzi ryo mu bugaragwa (WMS): Amabwirizwa y’ubuvuzi yo kwirinda no kuvura indwara y’ubushuhe bwinshi, indwara y’ubukonje n’indwara y’ibikomere biva ku kirere co hejuru cane.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Imisozi y'urubura
• Ugukonja kw'umuco n'ugutwara urubura rwirabura
• Frazil barafu n'inanga barafu jam umwuzure
• Amatungo yo mu karere ka Dzud arakonja kandi arabara
• Inomero z'ivyihutirwa hamwe n'imirongo mpuzamakungu yo gutabara