Nsengu, makasa lukama, ne nyama wa nsongo udi ne lufu udi ushipa bantu diambuluisha dia kumpala dia mu lupitadi¶

Venomous terrestrial arthropods deliver potent chemical payloads using specialized anatomic weapons: a scorpion whips a telson-mounted aculeus over its back, a giant centipede clamps its victim using modified front legs called forcipules, and imported fire ants anchor themselves with mandibles to pivot and inject piperidine alkaloids in a circular ring. While the vast majority of arthropod stings in healthy adults produce intense localized burning pain and transient swelling, certain neurotoxic scorpions pose an immediate, life-threatening medical emergency for infants, young children, and older adults, while fire ant and velvet ant stings can trigger rapid systemic anaphylaxis or severe secondary skin infections.

Kujingulula dishilangana dia mu lupitadi pankatshi pa disama dia neurotoxic pinch, necrotic cytolytic blister, ne tshipupu tshia cholinergic tshia bana tshidi tshienda tshivula lukasa kudi kuambuluisha basungidi bua kufila diambuluisha dia lukasa dia kanyinganyinga, kuepuka manga a bantu adi ne njiwu, ne kufikisha babedi badi mu njiwu mikole ku antivenom ne ku luondapu lukole kumpala kua dipanga dia mupuya kutuadijadi.

Enza nunku mpindieu¶

1. Umbuka kule ne muaba udibu benzela nzubu ne umbusha bifukibua bidi bishala bimpe. Ikala mutantshi wa metre 5 too ne ku 10 (16 too ne ku 33 feet) kule ne miaba idi mbua ya kapia minyanguke, mitshi ya nkunyi anyi miaba idi mabue a mu tshipela. Shi nsese ya kapia idi mibuela pa dikoba anyi pa bilamba, isukula ne lukasa ne tshianza anyi tshilamba tshidi ne tshianza kumpala kua kuowa mâyi, bualu kuela nsese ya kapia idi ne muoyo kudi kuenza bua isume bikole ne isume misangu ne misangu.
2. Call your local emergency number immediately for any child stung by a scorpion or anyone showing systemic symptoms. Dial 911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom, 000 in Australia, or consult the directory of nomba ya tshimpitshimpi. Also call your regional Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222 in the United States) for species-specific guidance and hospital antivenom coordination.
3. Remove all rings, watches, bracelets, and tight footwear from the affected limb immediately. Centipede bites, scorpion stings, and multiple fire ant stings can cause rapid, brawny lymphatic and vascular swelling within 15 to 30 minutes. Leaving a metal ring on a swelling finger can constrict arterial blood flow and cause digital ischemia.
4. Wash the sting or bite site gently with mild soap and cool running water. Clean away surface venom traces and dirt without scrubbing aggressively. If fire ant pseudopustules or caterpillar hairs are present, keep the blisters completely intact and never pop or squeeze them.
5. Apply a cloth-wrapped cool compress for 10 to 15 minutes at a time (or warm water immersion for centipede bites). For scorpion and fire ant stings, a cool pack wrapped in a dry towel slows local inflammation and numbs nerve endings. For giant centipede (Scolopendra) envenomations, immersing the bite in tolerable warm water at 40 to 43 degrees Celsius (104 to 109 degrees Fahrenheit) for 20 to 30 minutes helps denature heat-labile protein toxins and relieves excruciating local vasospasm.
6. Keep the victim completely calm, still, and monitored for airway or neurological distress. Rest the stung extremity in a comfortable neutral position at or slightly below heart level for neurotoxic scorpion stings, or slightly elevated for non-neurotoxic inflammatory swelling. If the patient has a prescribed epinephrine auto-injector and develops hives, throat tightness, wheezing, or dizziness, inject epinephrine into the outer mid-thigh immediately.

Emergency decision tree for venomous arthropod stings¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Suspected Scorpion, Centipede, or Venomous Arthropod Sting"]
    Scene["Move to Safety and Remove Constricting Jewelry<br/>Wash gently with soap and water"]
    Anaphylaxis{"Signs of Systemic Anaphylaxis?<br/>(Wheezing, stridor, tongue swelling, hives, hypotension)"}
    Epi["Inject Epinephrine Auto-Injector into Outer Thigh<br/>Call Emergency Medical Services Immediately<br/>Position flat with legs elevated (or upright if short of breath)"]
    Species{"Identify Culprit Arthropod Class and Clinical Syndrome"}
    Scorpion["Scorpion Sting<br/>(Electric burning pain, tap test positive, minimal local swelling)"]
    Centipede["Giant Centipede Bite<br/>(Two paired puncture marks, intense localized burning, erythema, swelling)"]
    FireAnt["Fire Ant / Velvet Ant / Blister Beetle / Puss Caterpillar"]
    NeuroCheck{"Neurotoxic Red Flags or Pediatric Patient?<br/>(Child under 10, roving eyes, drooling, slurred speech, muscle spasms, tachycardia)"}
    ScorpionALS["Call EMS Immediately for Antivenom Transport<br/>1. Suction oral secretions and position on side if drooling<br/>2. Apply cool cloth compress (NO ice immersion, NO tourniquets)<br/>3. Monitor breathing for respiratory fatigue"]
    ScorpionMild["Mild Local Scorpion Pain in Adult<br/>1. Apply wrapped cool pack 10 minutes on / 10 minutes off<br/>2. Call Poison Control and monitor for 4 to 6 hours<br/>3. Verify tetanus immunization status"]
    CentipedeCare["Centipede First Aid Protocol<br/>1. Clean paired puncture wounds thoroughly<br/>2. Test warm water (40 to 43C / 104 to 109F) or cool pack for pain relief<br/>3. Monitor for chest pain, lymphangitis, or secondary cellulitis"]
    OtherCare["Fire Ant / Caterpillar / Beetle Care<br/>1. Tape-strip venomous caterpillar spines immediately<br/>2. Keep fire ant pustules and cantharidin blisters intact<br/>3. Apply cool compresses and watch for allergic reaction"]

    Start --> Scene
    Scene --> Anaphylaxis
    Anaphylaxis -->|Yes| Epi
    Anaphylaxis -->|No| Species
    Species -->|Scorpion| Scorpion
    Species -->|Centipede| Centipede
    Species -->|Ant / Caterpillar / Beetle| FireAnt
    Scorpion --> NeuroCheck
    NeuroCheck -->|Yes: High Risk or Systemic Signs| ScorpionALS
    NeuroCheck -->|No: Isolated Local Pain Only| ScorpionMild
    Centipede --> CentipedeCare
    FireAnt --> OtherCare

Comparing major venomous terrestrial arthropods¶

Recognizing the culprit arthropod by its anatomical strike pattern and immediate clinical presentation helps first responders anticipate whether the threat is systemic neurotoxicity, severe localized tissue inflammation, or allergic anaphylaxis.

Disama dia nsese: pathophysiologie ne dipima dia luondapu¶

Pa mishindu mitue ku 2,500 ya nyunyi ya nkutshi idibu baleje pa buloba bujima, mikese kupita 50 idi ya mu dîku dia Buthidae didi ne njiwu mu malu a luondapu didi mua kufikisha bantu ku lufu anyi ku lufu. Ino, mu bitupa bya mvula, bya mu mashika, ne bya mu mashika mu Amerika wa ku Nord ne wa ku Sud, mu Afrike wa ku Nord, mu Moyen-Orient, ne mu Inde, bipupu bia nsongo bidi bishipa bantu bapite pa 1.2 million ne lufu lua bantu bapite pa 3000 ku tshidimu, nangananga bana badi ne bidimu muinshi mua 10.

Mukenji wa tshikebelu wa tshianza: bingoma ne mukila¶

Nansha mudi benda pa mikuna ne bena nzubu kabayi ne tshia kuteta bua kukuata nyunyi wa nkutshi udi ne muoyo bua kumutangila bimpe, bamanyi ba malu a bifukibua bia mu mpata ne bamanyi ba malu a lufu lua lukasa badi baleja ne: kudi dishintuluka dia malu didi mua kueyemenyibua mu mubidi wa nyunyi wa nkutshi:

• Bipese bitekete ne mukila munene ne wa bukole: Nsengu idi ne mishiku mitekete, mitekete, mifuanangane ne mishiku (pedipalps) misangisha ne metasoma (mukila) mule, muscle segmented metasoma (mukila) idi mimanyine nangananga pa bintu bia bukole bia mu mifuba bua kupangisha nyama wa kudia diakamue. Pabuipi ne nyunyi yonso ya buthid idi mua kushipa bantu, kusangisha ne nyunyi wa lufu (Leiurus), nyunyi wa mikila ya mafuta (Androctonus), ne nyunyi wa mikila (Centruroides), badi ne tshimuenekelu etshi tshia dikasa ditekete.
• Mashinyi manene adi bu a nyama wa nsengu ne mukila mutekete: Nsengu idi ne mikolo mikole, mikole, idi itshibula (bu mudi ngulube wa mukalenge Pandinus imperator anyi ngulube munene wa nsuki ya mu tshipela Hadrurus arizonensis) itu itshimuna nyama ya kudia ku bukole ne tshikisu tshikole ne tshikole tshia muaba udibu basombele, idi mitekete bikole kufikisha ku disama dia mubidi wa muntu.

Mushindu udi nyunyi wa nkutshi ne Buthid neurotoxins baluisha tshitupa tshia mijilu¶

Maluvu adibu bapatula kudi Centruroides, Tityus, Leiurus, ne Hottentotta adi ne polypeptides ya bujitu bukese idi ilamakaja nangananga ku njila ya sodium (\(\text{Na}^+\)) idi mikanga kudi voltage-gated sodium (\(\text{Na}^+\)) idi pa axonal membranes ya peripheral somatic nerves ne ya système nerveux autonomique:

1. Alpha-toxins bidi bivudija tshikondo tshia dipanga dia mudimu dia njila ya sodium, bipangisha tshitupa tshia mijilu bua kupingana kunyima kua dikuma ne dilama dia neuron mu nsombelu wa dipatuka dia nzembu didi dienda divula.
2. Beta-toxins udi ushintulula tshipiminu tshia mudimu wa nzembu bua se: mijilu ya mubidi ne ya tshienzedi idi yenza mudimu nkayayi ku bukole bua dikisha dia pa tshibidilu.
3. Potassium (\(\text{K}^+\)) channel blockers bidi kabidi bipangisha dipingana dia neurons, bivudija dienza dia misangu ne misangu dia fibre nerve yonso udibu bakankamije.

Dinyanguka dia mijilu didi kadiyi dijika didi dijula ​​bilumbu bibidi bidi bipetangana bilondeshile mishindu ya buloba:

• North America Bark Scorpion Syndrome (Centruroides sculpturatus / C. exilicauda, plus Mexican C. limpidus and C. noxius): Didi ditamba kufikisha ku tshimvundu tshia neuromuscular ne cranial nerve storm pamue ne parasympathetic (cholinergic) excess. Bantu badibu bashipe badi bumvua kanyinganyinga ka lukasa ka ku nzembu, dipanga dia lungenyi ne disama dia nzembu didi ditangalaka ku tshianza ne ku mukana, dinyanguka dia misunya didi dienzeka ku budisuile, dienda dia tshimpitshimpi didi difuanangane ne disama dia tshimpumpu padi mubedi mushale mutabale, dijimija dia diumvuangana dia misunyi ya mu tshiadi, dipatuka dia mate a bungi, dipanga dia mêsu, dipanga dia lungenyi, ne ** ejugate anyi ** bienzedi** (nystagme wa tshijengu anyi opsoclonus).
• Old World and South America Autonomic Cardiovascular Storm (Leiurus, Androctonus, Parabuthus, Hottentotta, and Tityus serrulatus): Nansha mudi buanga ebu buenza kabidi kanyinganyinga kakole ka mu mitu, budi bujula divulangana dia bungi dia parasympathetic atycholine (transition bracecaline, hypotension, bronchospasme, profuse sweat, vomiting, and priapism mu bansongalume) bilonda lukasa kudi divulangana dia catecholamine (epinephrine ne norepinephrine) munene, mutantshi mule. Tshipepele tshikole tshia catecholamine etshi tshidi tshikebesha disama dia mashi makole, disama dia tshiadi tshia pa mutu anyi dia tshiadi, disama dia mutshima didi ne buôwa, disama dia mutshima wa ku dia bakaji, ne neurogenic pulmonary edema didi mua kushipa muntu, mudi mâyi a mupuya a rose awuja mifuba. Mishipa ya Tityus mu Brésil ne mu Trinité (mu tshikoso Tityus trinitatis) idi kabidi mimanyike bikole bua disama dia pancreatite dia mashi adi apatuka.

Tshikebelu tshia "Tap Test" tshia Centruroides tshia nsudi¶

Bishilangane na bipese bia nyuki, bipese bia mbuji, anyi bipese bia mbua, bipese bia nyunyi wa tshisuku wa mu Arizona (Centruroides sculpturatus) kabiena bishiya tshimanyinu tshidi tshimueneka pa dikoba to. Pa tshibidilu, kakuena tshitupa tshikunze, kakuena muaba wa dilengeja, ne kakuena disama dia mubidi, bienza bua se: mbikole menemene bua kupeta muaba udibu bashipe muana udi udila anyi muana udi kayi mua kuakula.

Baminganga ba mu tshimpitshimpi batu benza mudimu ne Tap Test bua kujadika disama dia Centruroides didi dinyangakaja mijilu: kutapa bitekete bitekete muaba udibu bela meji ne: udi mutapa ne munu umue kudi kujula tshienzedi tshia lukasa, tshikole, tshia dilekela dia nzembu ne kupatula paresthesies idi kayiyi mifuanangane ne dilenga dikese. Bua disama dia hyperesthesie dia mecanique dikole edi, kutangila muana kumbukila ku mutu too ne ku makasa pa kumukuma ku bianza, ku makasa, ku maboko ne ku makasa kudi mua kuleja muaba menemene udiye kayi umueneka.

Dilongolola dia disama dia nsongo (Tshitupa tshia I to ne tshia IV)¶

Baminganga ba mu tshimpitshimpi ne nzubu ya diluisha buanga badi bateka bipupu bia nsongo mu mishindu inayi bua kumanya nganyi udi mua kuondopibua ne analgesie ne kutangila ne nnganyi udi dijinga ne antivenom wa nsongo wa diakamue:

Diambuluisha dia kumpala dia ku kakese ku kakese bua disama dia nsongo¶

1. Tangila bukubi bua muaba ne tangila bimanyinu bia disama dia nsukadi bia mulongo wa III/IV: Umbusha mubedi kule ne muaba au ne umbusha bilamba bia bulalu anyi bisabata. Shi muntu udibu bashipe udi muana mutekete anyi muana udi ne bidimu muinshi mua 10, anyi muntu mukulumpe udi ne disama dia muoyo ne dia mikolo, bikila bena mudimu ba lupitadi lua lukasa lukasa. Tangila dienda dia mêsu, dipatuka dia mayi a bungi, ngakuilu mubi, ne dikuma dia bianza ku budisuile.
2. Lama njila wa kapepe pikala lutatu lua kuela anyi kumina: Teka muana udi wela mayi anyi udi ukuma mu muaba wa diondopangana ku luseke luende bua mate apatuke bimpe mukana pamutu pa kuenza laryngospasm anyi aspiration, ne pad pa bintu bidi bimunyunguluke.
3. Sukula muaba udibu bashipe ne umbusha bintu bidi bikupangisha: Sukula dikoba bitekete bitekete ne nsabanga ne mayi mashika, ne umbusha bifulu bionso, nsa, ne bisabata diakamue.
4. Ela tshiamu tshia mashika, kuyi muanji kuowa mâyi a mashika to: Teka tshilamba tshia mashika, tshitoke anyi tshibombi tshia mashika tshibuikila mu tshilamba tshiume pa muaba udibu bashipe mu minite 10 anyi 15 ku musangu. Kuena mua kuela tshitupa tshia mubidi mu mayi a mashika to, ne kuepuka tourniquets, incisions, anyi biamu bia kukoka nabi.

Disuma dia nyunyi munene (Scolopendra): disama ne luondapu lua kapia¶

Centipedes (Class Chilopoda) i nyama idi yenda lubilu, mile idi ne maulu abidi ku tshitupa tshionso tshia mubidi. Padi nyunyi mikese ya mu nzubu (Scutigera coleoptrata) ne nyunyi ya mabue ya mu budimi idi ne mishiku mitekete idi kayiyi itamba kutapa dikoba dia muntu, nyunyi minene ya mu matunga a mashika ne ya mu tshipela ya mu tshisumbu tshia Scolopendra** idi ikola too ne ku bule bua santimetre 15 too ne ku 30 (6 too ne ku 12 inches) ne itu ifila umue wa ku mishiku mikole menemene mu bukalenge bua nyama. Mu mishindu ya nyama idi mimanyibue mudi: nyunyi munene wa mu tshipela (Scolopendra heros) wa ku Sud-Ouest kua Amerike ne Mexique, nyunyi munene wa mu Vietnam anyi wa mu Mbuu wa Pasifike (Scolopendra subspinipes) udi mu Asie, Hawaii, ne Australie, ne nyunyi wa tshisuku wa mu Mbuu wa Mediterane (Scolopendra cingulata).

Mushindu udi mubidi wenza: forcipules ne "track marks"¶

Mu kuamba kuimpe, nyunyi wa makasa lukama katu usuma ne mukana mulelela anyi usuma ne mukila to. Pamutu pa nanku, bitupa bia mubidi wende bia kumpala bidi bishintuluka mu mushindu wa dishintuluka bua kulua bipese bibidi binene, bikoseka, bidi ne munda mutupu bidibu babikila ne: forcipules (anyi toxicognaths) biteka anu muinshi mua mutu. Padibu bamutshinyisha anyi bamukuate munda mua bilamba, nyama wa nsongo udi wela maboko onso abidi munda bu mudi tshiamu tshia caliper, ushiya mputa ibidi mikosa idi mitantshi wa 3 too ne ku 10 millimetre (0.12 to 0.4 inches), misangu ya bungi idi ilondangana ne mulongo ibidi wa tusoso tukese tudi tutapa tshitupa tshia mubidi tshia nyama maulu a kuenda avua makuate kikoba.

Bu mudi bantu badi pabuipi apu batamba kuela meji ne: bimanyinu ebi bia disuma dia nyoka bidi ne lufu, kutangila muaba udibu ne dikoba didi dinyunguluke bidi ne mushinga: bimanyinu bia nsongo minene ya centipede bitu bitamba kupatuka mashi makese, bilua bikunze anyi bikunze diakamue, ne bikola lukasa ne bikole muaba kampanda mu minite mikese.

Bienzedi bia biochimie bia buanga bua nsongo¶

Scolopendra buanga budi ne bukole bua bungi bua kudikuba ne bua kudia nyama budibu benze bua kupangisha bikunyibua, mbua, ne nyama mikese idi ne mishiku mu tusekonde tukese:

• Biogenic amines and pain mediators: Bungi bua bungi bua histamine, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), ne acetylcholine budi bujula diakamue dinyanguka dia nocicepteur ne dibuela dia mashi mu mishipa.
• Ssm Spooky Toxin (SsTx): A recently characterized potent peptide toxin in Scolopendra subspinipes that blocks KCNQ (\(\text{K}_\text{v}7\)) voltage-gated potassium channels, triggering severe local and systemic **arterial pasterial, hypertension, artery coronary ne disama dia mupuya.
• Cytolytic enzymes: Phospholipase \(\text{A}_2\), hyaluronidase, acid and alkaline phosphatases, ne metalloproteases badi banyangakaja membrane ya selile ne matrix wa pambelu pa selile, bienza bua mputa ya muaba kampanda, bipumbishi, lymphangitis, ne imue misangu lufu lua pa mutu pa dikoba padibu bapanda.

Diambuluisha dia kumpala dia tshitupa ku tshitupa bua disuma dia nyama munene wa nsongo¶

1. Umbusha tshintu tshidi ne makasa 10 mu bukubi: Enza mudimu ne mutshi anyi tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi bua kumbusha tshintu tshidi ne makasa 10 mu tshienzedi tshimue tshia lukasa pamutu pa kutshikuata ne minu patupu.
2. Sukula bimpe bilonda bibidi ebi: Ela mputa mu mayi malenga a mu pompi munkatshi mua minite mikese ne usukule bitekete bitekete ne nsabanga mupepele bua kumbusha tuishi tua pa mutu (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, ne Clostridium tetani).
3. Wenza mudimu ne luondapu lua kapia:
4. Dibueja mu mayi a luya (40 to ne ku 43 degre Celsius / 104 to 109 degre Fahrenheit): Kuela tshianza anyi dikasa didibu bashipe mu mayi a luya adibu bateta ku 40 too ne ku 43 degre Celsius (104 to ne 109 degre Fahrenheit) munkatshi mua minite 20 too ne ku 30 bidi biambuluisha bua kuondopa kapia ne proteyine udi ujikija disama dia mashi a mu mishipa. Misangu yonso udi mua kuanji kuteta luya lua mayi bua kuepuka kapia.
5. Cool compress alternative: Shi mayi a luya adi avula disama dia nsukadi, anyi kunyima kua minite 20 ya dilengeja dia mashika dimane kujika, ela tshintu tshia mashika tshibuikila ne tshilamba munkatshi mua minite 10 anyi 15 ku musangu.
6. Bandisha tshitupa tshia mubidi kakese ne utangile bua kumanya ni kudi ntatu: Ela tshitupa tshia mubidi tshidi tshisama pa mutu anyi pa mutu pa muoyo kakese. Keba diambuluisha dia lukasa dia munganga pikala muntu udibu bashipe ne disama dia mu tshiadi, disama dia mu nshingu, disama dia nsukadi difiike, disama dia dikoba, anyi ditangalaka dia milonda mikunzubile (lymphangitis), ne kujadika ni udi ne disama dia tetanus.

Nsengu ya kapia, nsese ya velours, nsese ya lufu, ne nsese ya blister¶

Pa kumbusha nyunyi ya nkutshi ne ya nsongo, bisumbu binayi bia pa buabi bia nyama idi ne makasa a pa buloba itu yenza bua bantu baya misangu ne misangu mu tshibambalu tshia malu a mpukapuka bua mputa ya ku dikoba, misanshi mikole anyi disama dia allergie dia mubidi.

1. Nsengu ya kapia ya ku babende (Solenopsis invicta ne Solenopsis richteri)¶

Padibu banyanga tshibumba tshia nsese ya kapia, nsese ya mudimu idi ibuela mu mikolo ya muntu udibu bashipe kumpala kua kumusuma musangu umue. Nsengu yonso udi ukuata dikoba ne mishiku yende ne unyunguluka difu diende mu tshijengu, ututa misangu 5 anyi 8 mu mushindu wa rosette. Bishilangane na buanga bua nyuki, 95 pa lukama bua buanga bua nyunyi wa kapia budi ne piperidine alkaloids (solenopsins) idi kayiyi mua kunyanguka mu mayi** misambakaja ne tshitupa tshia 5 pa lukama tshia proteyine idi ifila disama. Mu mêba 6 too ne ku 24, solenopsins cytotoxics idi ishipa globules blancs ya muaba au, ivuija tshintu tshionso tshikunze mu pseudopustule mutoke udi kayi ne disama.

• Mukenji wa diambuluisha dia kumpala bua disama dia nsese ya kapia:
• Kusukula tuishi kumpala kua kusukula: Kutokesha tuishi tua kapia tudi ne muoyo tudi tuenza bua tukole ne tutungunuke ne kuluma. Ubikuate lukasa ne ubisukule ne tshilamba tshiume anyi ne tshianza tshidi ne tshianza, pashishe ubisukule ne nsabanga ne mâyi ne ubikuate ne bintu bia mashika.
• KUENA KUPOTA anyi kukosa mputa mitoke to: mputa ya nsese ya kapia itu kayiyi mua kulela pikala tshisasa tshia dikoba tshishale tshimpe. Kubikosa anyi kubikosa kudi kubueja Staphylococcus ne Streptococcus bactérie buludiludi mu tshitupa tshia mubidi tshidi tshifue, ne kufikisha ku disama dikole dia cellulite anyi sepsis. Buikila bilonda bidi kabiyi binyanguke ne tshilamba tshikezuke too ne padibi binyanguka mu matuku 7 anyi 10.

2. Nsengu ya velours (Dîku dia Mutillidae)¶

Nansha mudibi ne dina diabu, mbua ya velvet idi mishipa ya bakaji idi kayiyi ne mapuapua mibuikila kudi nsuki mikunzubile, ya orange anyi mifiike. Bu mudiye ne tshitupa tshia pambelu tshikole tshia pa buadi ne tshintu tshile tshidi tshitambakana, mishindu bu mudi nyunyi wa velvet wa ku Est (Dasymutilla occidentalis, udibu babikila ne: "mushipianganyi wa ngombe") udi ne tshintu tshidi tshituta tshidi pabuipi ne ku mutu kua Schmidt Sting Pain Index. Diakalenga, buanga ebu kabuena ne bintu bidi binyanga mubidi anyi enzyme idi inyanga mifuba to. Sukula muaba au ne nsabanga ne mayi, wela tshilamba tshia mashika mu minite 10 to ne ku 15, ne tangila bipeta bia allergie bia pa tshibidilu.

3. Bipupu bia lufu (Lepidopterism / Erucism)¶

Bikunyibua bidi ne buanga bidi bibuikila kudi mishiku ya chitinous (setae) idi kayiyi mikole idi milamakaja ku tuishi tua buanga tua kuinshi. Kutapa tshisuku kudi kutapa nkama ya mikolo miule tente ne buanga mu kikoba.

• Mishipa idi mu njiwu mikole:
• Puss caterpillar (Megalopyge opercularis, anyi "asp"): Udi ufuanangana ne tshisumbu tshia miosa ya or anyi mitoke. Mikolo yende misokome idi ishiya mabala makunze adi afumina ku mashi ne idi ifila kanyinganyinga kakole kadi kafika mu tshiadi anyi mu tshiadi, disama dia mifuba, ne disama dia tshiadi.
• South America Giant Silkworm Caterpillar (Lonomia obliqua and Lonomia achelous): Communal tree-trunk caterpillars which poison is a prothrombin activators and fibrinolytic enzymes. Dipetangana didi difikisha ku disama dia mashi adi ashipangana mu mêba makese anyi matuku makese, didi difikisha ku dipatuka dia mashi mu mishiku, dia hematuria, ne dia dipatuka dia mashi munda mua mutu didi dilomba diakamue dibueja dia serum wa anti-lonomic (SALon) mu lupitadi.
• Mukenji wa diambuluisha dia kumpala: Umbusha tshipupu ne tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi, pashishe wenze diakamue Adhesive Tape Stripping pa kufina selofane anyi duct tape pa muaba udibu bashipe ne kumukosa misangu ne misangu ne bipese bipiabipia bua kupatula mikolo idi munda. Sukula bitekete bitekete ne nsabanga ne mayi, wela bintu bia mashika, ne ukebe luondapu lua lukasa bua disama dikole dia radiation anyi bua disama dia Lonomia dia mu Amerike wa ku Sud.

4. Blister beetles (Family Meloidae ne Oedemeridae)¶

Bipupu bidi bipatula canharidin, tshintu tshidi tshienza bu terpenoïde, mu bitupa bia maulu abi (dipatuka dia mashi) padibu babikuma anyi babikuma ku dikoba. Ku ntuadijilu kakuena kusama to, kadi mu mêba 2 too ne ku 24, bipumbishi binene biuwule tente ne mâyi (bullae) bidi bipatuka pa dikoba. Kuena mua kukuma tshipupu pa dikoba dia patupu to; umumbusha bitekete bitekete, usukule diakamue ne nsabanga ne mayi bua cantharidin kayi ubuela mu mêsu, ne ulame bipumbishi bimpe muinshi mua tshilamba tshidi katshiyi ne disama.

Mianu mibi ne bienzedi bia njiwu bia kuepuka¶

Bantu badi ne lungenyi luimpe batu batamba kuenza mudimu ne manga a kale anyi a nyoka bua kuondopa disama dia arthropode didi dinyanga bikole dibutula dia mifuba anyi disama dia mubidi:

Dikuba mu miaba idi disama edi ditangalake¶

Mu tshipela, mu bitupa bia mu matunga a mashika, ne mu bitupa bia mashika bidi kabiyi ne mashika mudi nyunyi ya nkutshi, ya nsongo minene, ne ya nsese ya kapia mikole, bibidilu bipepele bia ku dituku ne ku dituku bidi bipangisha bipupu bia bungi bia mu nzubu ne bia butuku:

• Umbusha bisabata, bilamba, ne bisabata kumpala kua kubienza nabi mudimu: Misangu yonso ubalulule bisabata ne bisabata panshi ne ukuma bikono pamue kumpala kua kubueja dikasa diebe munda, ne unyungulula bilamba bia kuowa nabi mâyi anyi bilamba bishale panshi anyi pa tshitanda tshia mu tshitudilu.
• Koka malalu ne bitanda kule ne bimanu ne wenze mudimu ne bikunyibua bia ku makasa bia mu tshibombi tshia makala: Nsengu itu ibanda pa mabue makole, pa mabue, ne pa tshimanu tshiume kakuyi lutatu, kadi kayena mua kubanda pa dikala dimpe ne dilengeja to. Mu miaba idi nyama ya nkutshi mitamba kuikalaku, umbusha bitanda bia bana mutantshi wa santimetre 15 (6 inches) kule ne bimanu, enza bua bilamba kabiyi bikuata panshi, ne teka maulu anayi a bitanda munda mua milondo ya makala mimpe ne mishiku mualabale.
• Tangila miaba ya kulala butuku ne butoke bua ultraviolet (UV): Pabuipi ne mbua yonso idi ne bintu bia beta-carboline ne 4-methyl-7-hydroxycoumarin mu tshitupa tshia hyaline tshia exoskeleton cuticle watshi tshidi **tshikenkesha neon blue-vert muinshi mua 365 to 395 to 3955 na butoke bufiike bua UV, tshienza bua se: kakuyi mpata mu mîdima.
• Vala bisabata bikanga ne bianza bia tshiseba pambelu: Kuendakana nansha kakese mu peluze mu teritware wa nsese ya kapia anyi wa nsese ya velours, ne uvuale misangu yonso bianza bia dikoba dikole paudi wenda unyunguluka nkunyi, ushintulula mabue a mu lupangu, anyi ukosa mabeji a bungi muaba udi nyunyi ya puss ne ya centipedes misokome.

Bulombodi bua diambuluisha dia kumpala budi bukuambuluisha bua kukokesha minite mikole ya ntuadijilu ya disama dia envenomation, kadi kabuena mua kupingana pa muaba wa dilongesha dia kuenza mudimu ne bianza mu tshimpitshimpi to. Ela meji bua kulonga tulasa tua diambuluisha dia kumpala ne tua CPR kupitshila ku tshisumbu tshia ditunga tshiebe tshia Croix-Rouge anyi tshia Croix-Rouge, St John Ambulance, anyi mufidi wa manga wa mu mpata wa muaba uudi bua wewe kumona mua kulongolola njila wa luya, dienza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia epinephrine, ne dikonkonona dia malu a tshimpitshimpi ne mulongeshi.

Nkonko itubu bela misangu ya bungi¶

Miaba mifumina¶

• Bibambalu bia dilama ne dikuba dia masama (CDC, États-Unis) & Tshibambalu tshia malu a bukubi ne makanda a mubidi (NIOSH, États-Unis): Bishi bia lufu ne bikunyibua: buludiki bua mu lupitadi, dikuba ne diambuluisha dia kumpala.
• Bulongolodi bua makanda a mubidi pa buloba bujima (OMS, pa buloba bujima): Disama dia nsongo ne bintu bidi bikuata bantu: Tshilumbu tshia makanda a mubidi tshia bantu tshidibu balengulula ne mikenji ya dilama dia nsese ya dîba pa buloba bujima.
• Tshisumbu tshia American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC / America's Poison Centers, United States): Mikenji ya diumvuangana idi mimanyine pa bijadiki bua dilama dia disama dia Bark Scorpion (Centruroides) Stings pambelu pa lupitadi.
• Food and Drug Administration (FDA, United States): Malu adi atangila difunda dia manga ne malu adi atangila dienza dia mateta a luondapu bua Centruroides (Scorpion) Immune F(ab')2 (Equine) Intravenous Antivenom.
• Wilderness Medical Society (WMS, United States): Mibelu ya malu a luondapu bua kuepuka ne kuondopa disama dia nsudi ya pa buloba, ya nsongo ya makasa, ya nsese ya kapia ne ya nsongo.
• Tshibambalu tshia malu a bukola bua mubidi tshia mu Brésil (Ministerio da Saude, Brésil): Mukanda wa Diagnostico ne Tratamento wa Accidentes pa Animais Peconhentos: Escorpionismo (Tityus) ne Erucismo pa Lonomia.
• Bulongolodi bua matunga masanga bua Croix-Rouge ne Crescent-Rouge (IFRC, International): Mikenji ya diambuluisha dia kumpala, ya dilengeja ne ya dilongesha ya pa buloba bujima: Disuma ne disuma.

Malu adi apetangana¶

• Disuma dia nyuki, dia mbuji, ne dia mbuji
• Disuma dia nkutshi ne dia nsese
• Disama dikole dia mubidi ne anaphylaxie
• Disuma dia nyoka diambuluisha dia kumpala dia mu lupitadi
• Jellyfish ne nyama ya mu mayi idi kayiyi ne mikolo
• Nomba ya tshimpitshimpi ne dituma dia matunga makuabu