Kuteleza kwenye barafu au barafu nyeusi: nini cha kufanya na jinsi ya kupona¶

Kuteleza kwenye barafu hutokea haraka, na madereva wengi huguswa na hatua mbili zinazoifanya kuwa mbaya zaidi: kugonga breki na kuzungusha gurudumu. Mwongozo huu unaelezea kile kinachotokea wakati matairi (matairi) yanapopoteza mshiko, nini cha kufanya katika sekunde mbili za kwanza, jinsi breki inavyotofautiana na bila breki za kuzuia kufuli (ABS), na nini cha kufanya baada ya gari kuacha kusonga. Pia hufunika barafu nyeusi, ambayo ni mng'aro mwembamba, wa uwazi, karibu na usioonekana ambao huwashika madereva waangalifu bila tahadhari.

Hakuna kitu hapa kinachochukua nafasi ya mazoezi. Kozi ya kuendesha gari kwa kurukaruka au wakati wa baridi hufundisha mikono na macho yako jinsi slaidi inavyohisi ukiwa mahali salama, na madereva wengi wanaohudhuria wanasema ilibadilisha maoni yao. Soma mwongozo huu sasa, ukiwa umetulia, kwa hivyo hatua zinazofaa zinajulikana wakati moyo wako unapiga.

Fanya hivi sasa¶

1. Ondoa mguu wako kwenye kiongeza kasi mara moja. Usigonge muhuri kwenye breki. Kupunguza nguvu kwa upole huruhusu matairi kuanza kushika tena.
2. Angalia mahali unapotaka gari liende, sio kitu ambacho unaogopa kugonga. Mikono yako huwa inafuata macho yako.
3. Elekeza kwa upole uelekeo unaotaka upande wa mbele wa gari uelekee. Ikiwa nyuma inateleza kulia, elekeza kulia kidogo. Fanya harakati ndogo, laini na uwe tayari kunyoosha gurudumu gari linaporudi kwenye mstari.
4. Ikiwa ni lazima kuvunja, na gari lina ABS, bonyeza pedali kwa nguvu na uishike. Jisikie kupiga chini ya mguu wako na uendelee kuongoza. Ikiwa gari haina ABS, itapunguza akaumega kwa upole, na uachilie ikiwa magurudumu yamefungwa.
5. Gari linaposimama, washa taa zako za hatari, jiangalie wewe na abiria, na uamue ikiwa ni salama kukaa mahali ulipo. Ikiwa uko kwenye njia ya moja kwa moja, ondoka nje ya barabara ikiwa tu unaweza kuifanya bila kuteleza mara ya pili. Mtu yeyote akijeruhiwa au uko hatarini, piga simu kwa nambari yako ya dharura ya eneo lako (911 nchini Marekani na Kanada, 112 kote Umoja wa Ulaya, 999 nchini Uingereza). Tazama nambari za dharura kwa nchi nyingine.
6. Usianze tena safari yako hadi upunguze kasi yako, uongeze umbali unaofuata, na utuliza kupumua kwako. Barafu haionekani peke yake mara chache, kwa hivyo tarajia zaidi.

Je. barafu nyeusi ni nini na inajificha wapi¶

Barafu nyeusi ni safu nyembamba, wazi ya barafu ambayo inachukua rangi ya barabara iliyo chini, kwa hivyo lami inaonekana tu mvua au giza. Hutokea wakati mvua, theluji inayoyeyuka au ukungu unapoganda kwenye barabara iliyo nyuzi joto 0 au chini ya Selsiasi (digrii 32 Selsiasi). Nyuso zinaweza kuwa baridi zaidi kuliko hewa, kwa hivyo barafu inaweza kuunda hata wakati kipimajoto katika gari lako kinaposoma juu kidogo ya kuganda, takriban nyuzi 3 au 4 Selsiasi (digrii 37 hadi 39 Selsiasi).

Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Hali ya Hewa (Marekani) na Met Office (Uingereza) zote zinaonya kwamba wakati hatari zaidi ni alfajiri, jioni, na usiku, na wakati wa saa ya kwanza baada ya mvua ya mvua kugeuka kuwa baridi. Kujifunza mahali ambapo barafu huunda kwanza hukusaidia kutarajia.

Maeneo ya kawaida ya barafu nyeusi:

• Madaraja, njia za kupita juu na viata, kwa sababu hewa baridi hutiririka juu na chini na uso hupoa haraka kuliko ardhi.
• Sehemu zenye kivuli chini ya miti, majengo, na vipandikizi, ambapo jua halifiki kamwe.
• Tunnel entrances and exits, where wet roads meet cold air.
• Maeneo ya chini, majosho, na mashimo ambapo meltwater hukusanya usiku mmoja.
• Road edges, slip roads (on ramps and off ramps), and junctions where traffic is lighter and heat from tyres is less.
• Anywhere that looks darker, glossier, or smoother than the road around it.
• Roads that look dry but feel unusually quiet under the tyres, because tyre noise often drops on ice.

Clues that you are on ice¶

Your senses can warn you before the skid begins. The steering suddenly feels light or loose. The road noise from the tyres goes quiet. Frost or glazing appears on the mirrors, wiper blades, or antenna.

Other cars ahead swerve slightly, or their tail lights drift sideways. Spray stops coming off the tyres of the car in front, which means the water on the road has turned to ice. If any of these happen, ease off the throttle and increase your following gap immediately.

Why a car skids¶

A tyre grips the road through a small patch of rubber about the size of a hand. Ice reduces the friction available from that patch to a fraction of what dry pavement offers. Many safety organizations say stopping distances on ice can be up to ten times longer than on dry roads. When you ask the tyre to do more than the ice allows, by braking, steering, or accelerating too hard, the grip breaks and the car slides.

The key idea is that a tyre has a limited amount of grip, and it can spend that grip on only one job at a time: slowing, turning, or accelerating. If you use all of it to brake, there is none left for steering. That is why gentle, one at a time inputs work on ice and sudden combinations fail.

Three types of skid¶

What to do in the moment¶

Step one: stay off the brake and accelerator¶

The first reflex is to brake. Resist it unless you are about to hit something and have no other option. On ice, a wheel that locks stops turning and stops steering. Easing both pedals lets the wheels spin freely, regain grip, and respond to the wheel.

Step two: steer where you want to go¶

Find a clear path with your eyes, and steer toward it. If the front of the car slides toward a ditch, and the ditch is not where you want to go, keep your eyes on the road, not the ditch. Steer with small, smooth movements. Large, jerky turns can make the car swing the other way, a pendulum effect that is very hard to catch.

Step three: correct the rear slide¶

If the back of the car swings left, steer to the left. If it swings right, steer right. The idea is to point the front wheels the way the car is travelling, which restores grip. As the car straightens, bring the wheel back to center quickly, because the car may swing the other way if you hold the correction.

Step four: brake only when the car is straight¶

If you must slow down, wait until the car is pointing straight. Then brake gently and in a straight line. Heavy braking in a bend or with the wheel turned is the most common cause of a spin on ice. Treat the brake as a dial, not a switch.

Braking: ABS versus no ABS¶

Almost every car sold in the last twenty years has ABS (anti lock braking system). It uses sensors and a pump to release and reapply brake pressure many times a second, so the wheels do not lock and you can still steer. Older cars, some trucks, and some motorcycles may not have it.

Check your dashboard: when you turn the key, an "ABS" light should come on and go out. If it stays on, the system is not working.

If you hear a grinding or feel a vibration when you brake in ice, do not lift your foot. That is ABS doing its job. Many drivers panic at the noise and release the pedal, which lengthens the stop.

Braking on a downhill or on a bend¶

Brake before the bend, while the car is straight, and not while turning. Use a lower gear on downhill sections, or the engine braking mode in an automatic or electric car, so the engine slows you without using the brakes. Do not stamp on the brake halfway down a slope. See hydroplaning and skid recovery for related skid techniques on wet roads.

flowchart TD
    A["Car begins to slide on ice"] --> B["Ease off the accelerator"]
    B --> C["Look where you want to go"]
    C --> D{"Which end is sliding?"}
    D -->|"Front pushes wide"| E["Straighten the wheel slightly and wait for grip"]
    D -->|"Nyuma inaruka nje"| F["Steer gently into the slide"]
    D -->|"All four wheels slide"| G["Release brake slightly, then brake gently"]
    E --> H["Steer smoothly once grip returns"]
    F --> I["Straighten the wheel as the car lines up"]
    G --> H
    H --> J["Slow down and increase following gap"]
    I --> J
    J --> K["Stop safely if needed and check for damage"]

All wheel drive, front wheel drive and rear wheel drive¶

Drive type changes how the car feels in a skid, but it does not change the laws of friction. All wheel drive (AWD) and four wheel drive (4WD) help you accelerate on slippery roads, but they do not help you stop or turn any better than a two wheel drive car on the same tyres. Many serious winter crashes involve drivers who trusted AWD and went too fast.

• Front wheel drive: tends to understeer. Lifting off the throttle in a bend helps the front tyres bite again.
• Rear wheel drive: tends to oversteer. Smooth throttle and early steering correction are important.
• All wheel and four wheel drive: better at pulling away, but the same as others when braking and cornering.
• Electric vehicles: regenerative braking can slow the car abruptly when you lift off the accelerator. Many EVs let you reduce regeneration in winter, so check the settings.

Electronic stability control¶

Most modern cars have electronic stability control (ESC), also called ESP or DSC. It uses sensors to detect a slide and brakes individual wheels to help you recover. ESC is required on new cars in the United States, Canada, the European Union, and many other countries.

It helps, but it cannot create grip that is not there. If a warning light flashes while you drive, that is the system working, and it means you are close to the limit.

What to do after the skid¶

Once the car has stopped, take a breath and check yourself. Adrenaline can hide injuries, so ask passengers how they feel. If there is any pain in the neck or back, a head injury, or someone is not acting normally, do not move them and call your local emergency number.

If the car is in a live lane, consider whether it is safer to stay inside with your seat belt on and hazard lights flashing, or to get out. On an icy highway, a second car can slide into yours. If you can drive the car off the road to a safe spot, do so slowly, avoiding any steering or braking jerks. If it is stuck, see stuck in snow: dig out, traction and when to call for help.

If you hit something or leave the road¶

A skid can end in a ditch, a snowbank, a guardrail, or another vehicle. Switch off the engine if you smell fuel or see smoke. Turn on hazard lights.

If you are off the road and can get out safely, move behind a barrier or well away from the road, upstream of traffic, and call for help. Report the crash to the police as required in your area. Take photos of the scene and the damage if you can do it safely.

If your car has gone into a ditch with snow around the exhaust, do not leave the engine running without checking the tailpipe. See exhaust leak into car cabin, snowbank tailpipe blockage and CO poisoning.

If the car has spun but nothing was hit¶

Stop, hold the brake gently, and check for traffic before you move. A car pointing the wrong way on an icy road is a major risk. Drive off only when you can turn and merge safely, or when the road is clear. If it is not safe to turn, wait with hazard lights on until a gap appears, or call for help.

Driving to avoid skids in the first place¶

Most skids are preventable with simple habits. The golden rule is to do everything more gently and more slowly when roads are cold. Every input should be smooth: steering, throttle, and brake.

Kasi na umbali¶

• Reduce speed well below the limit when roads may be icy. The limit is for dry roads and good tyres.
• Ongeza umbali unaofuata hadi angalau sekunde nane hadi kumi. Utawala wa kawaida wa sekunde mbili hadi tatu ni kwa barabara kavu. Chagua kitu kisichobadilika, kama ishara, na uhesabu sekunde kati ya gari lililo mbele kuipitisha na wewe kuifikia.
• Breki mapema na kwa upole, kabla ya kuinama, makutano, na madaraja.
• Epuka mabadiliko ya ghafla ya njia, kupindukia, au udhibiti wa meli kwenye barabara zenye utelezi.
• Kuongeza kasi kwa upole kutoka kuacha. Katika mwongozo, tumia gia ya pili ili kuvuta. Kwa otomatiki na hali ya msimu wa baridi, itumie.

Matairi na gari¶

Matairi ndiyo sehemu pekee ya gari inayogusa barabara. Matairi ya msimu wa baridi, yenye alama tatu za kilele cha theluji ya mlima, hukaa laini kwenye baridi na kushikilia vizuri barafu na theluji kuliko matairi yote ya msimu. Kukanyaga kina mambo pia. Tazama seti ya gari ya msimu wa baridi na ukaguzi wa gari kabla ya msimu wa baridi kwa mwongozo wa kina cha kukanyaga kulingana na nchi na ukaguzi kamili wa kabla ya msimu wa baridi.

Weka madirisha, taa na vioo wazi ili uweze kuona sehemu za barafu na taa za breki mbele. Weka kioo cha mbele (windshield) kikiwa na kiowevu cha majira ya baridi ambacho hakigandi. Tazama kioo cha mbele cha barafu, kufuli na vifuta vilivyogandishwa.

Njia na wakati¶

• Angalia utabiri na ripoti za barabara kabla ya kuondoka. Huduma za kitaifa za hali ya hewa hutoa maonyo kwa mvua inayoganda na barafu nyeusi.
• Ondoka baadaye au mapema ili kuepuka saa za baridi zaidi karibu na alfajiri, ikiwa unaweza kuchagua.
• Pendelea barabara kuu ambazo zinatibiwa kwa chumvi au mchanga, na epuka barabara ndogo na vilima.
• Mwambie mtu njia yako na wakati unaotarajiwa wa kuwasili kwenye safari ndefu za msimu wa baridi.
• Onyo likisema usisafiri, amini. Tazama dhoruba za msimu wa baridi kwa ajili ya kupanga.

Hali maalum¶

Mvua ya kuganda¶

Mvua inayoganda hunyesha kama kioevu na kuganda inapogusana, na kufunika kila uso kwa safu safi ambayo inaweza kuwa nene kuliko barafu nyeusi iliyoelezewa hapo juu. Ni kati ya hali hatari zaidi za kuendesha gari. Ikiwa baridi kali inaanza unapoendesha gari, punguza mwendo wa kasi, tafuta mahali salama pa kusimama, na ungojee lori za matibabu. Tazama kuendesha gari katika ukungu, mvua kuganda na kukatika nyeupe kwa lini na jinsi ya kuacha.

Milima¶

Kupanda juu ya barafu, shika mwendo wa kasi, usisimame kwenye mteremko, na uache nafasi kwa gari lililo mbele kufika juu kabla ya kuanza. Kuteremka, tumia gia ya chini, vunja kidogo kabla ya mteremko kuanza, na uendelee magurudumu. Ikiwa gari lililo mbele linateleza nyuma, liondokee na upige honi.

Malori na mabasi¶

Magari mazito huchukua muda mrefu zaidi kusimama na yanaweza kutumia jackknife kwenye barafu. Wape nafasi ya ziada na uepuke kuwapitisha kwenye sehemu zenye barafu. Usikate mbele ya lori na kisha kuvunja. Tazama hasara ya breki ya hewa ya nusu lori kwa nini jackknifing inahusisha.

Pikipiki na baiskeli¶

Magari mawili ya magurudumu karibu hayana ukingo kwenye barafu, na ushauri bora sio kupanda wakati kuna barafu. Ikiwa unaendesha gari karibu na wapanda farasi, wape nafasi pana, kwa sababu wanaweza kupoteza mtego bila onyo.

Baada ya kufika nyumbani: angalia gari¶

Kufunga breki ngumu, slaidi kwenye ukingo, au athari ya mwanga inaweza kuharibu mpangilio wa gurudumu, matairi au kusimamishwa. Angalia mtetemo mpya, kuvuta kwa upande mmoja, kelele zisizo za kawaida, au usukani ambao hauko katikati. Ukigundua lolote, fanya gari likaguliwe kabla ya kuliendesha kwa mwendo wa kasi.

Gurudumu la bent au tairi iliyoharibiwa inaweza kushindwa ghafla. Tazama kulipuka kwa tairi na kushindwa kwa usukani kwa kasi kwa jinsi kushindwa kunavyojisikia.

Mazoezi na mafunzo¶

Kusoma kuhusu skids husaidia, lakini mikono yako hujifunza kutokana na kufanya. Pani ya kuteleza inayosimamiwa, shule ya kuendesha gari wakati wa baridi kali, au sehemu ya kuegesha magari iliyofunikwa kwa theluji tupu (eneo la kuegesha) inayotumiwa kwa ruhusa hukuwezesha kuhisi gari likiteleza kwa kasi ya chini ambapo hakuna kitu kinachoweza kugongwa. Bima nyingi, vilabu vya magari, na programu za udereva za polisi huendesha kozi hizi.

Ikiwa unafanya mazoezi peke yako, chagua nafasi kubwa, tambarare, tupu isiyo na nguzo, vizingiti au watu, na upate ruhusa kutoka kwa mmiliki. Endesha kwa mwendo wa kutembea kwanza. Breki kwa upole na uhisi mapigo ya ABS, elekeza kidogo na uhisi matairi ya mbele yakisukuma kwa upana, na inua mshindo kwa zamu ya upole ili kuhisi sehemu ya nyuma ikiwa nyepesi. Simamisha ikiwa nafasi haina tupu au mtu yeyote akifika.

Nini cha kufanya mazoezi¶

• Kufunga breki laini katika mstari ulionyooka, kuhisi mpigo wa ABS na kuweka mwanga wa usukani.
• Kuangalia njia ya kutoka unayotaka, sio kizuizi, huku ukiendesha kwa upole karibu na koni au alama.
• Kupunguza sauti wakati gari linapoanza kuteleza, na kuhesabu hadi mbili kabla ya kugusa breki.
• Kuanzia kwa upole kutoka kwa kuacha, kwa kutumia gear ya juu katika mwongozo au mode ya majira ya baridi katika otomatiki.
• Kurejesha kutoka kwenye slaidi ndogo ya nyuma kwa kasi ya chini, na urekebishaji wa utulivu, laini wa uendeshaji.

Kasi na umbali wa kusimama kwenye barafu¶

Nambari husaidia kueleza kwa nini kuendesha gari kwa upole ni muhimu. Kwenye lami kavu, gari linalosafiri kwa kilomita 50 kwa saa (maili 30 kwa saa) linahitaji takribani mita 25 hadi 30 (futi 80 hadi 100) kusimama unapojumuisha muda wa kufikiri. Kwenye barabara zenye mvua, hiyo inaweza mara mbili. Kwenye theluji iliyojaa inaweza kuwa ndefu mara kadhaa, na kwenye barafu, mamlaka kama vile Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Hali ya Hewa na Usafiri Kanada inabainisha kuwa umbali wa kusimama unaweza kuwa hadi mara kumi zaidi ya barabara kavu.

Hizi ni takwimu mbaya ambazo hutofautiana na matairi, uzito wa gari, mteremko, na uso halisi, lakini muundo ni wazi. Kuongeza kasi yako mara mbili takribani mara nne umbali wako wa kusimama, kwa sababu nishati ya kuondolewa hukua na mraba wa kasi. Ndiyo maana kupunguzwa kidogo kwa kasi kuna thamani zaidi kuliko gadget yoyote.

Pembe na makutano¶

Utelezi mwingi kwenye barafu huanza ambapo dereva lazima apunguze na kugeuka mara moja. Punguza polepole kwenye mstari wa moja kwa moja kabla ya kuinama, kisha ugeuke kwa upole na throttle ya kutosha, na uharakishe kwa upole baada ya kilele. Katika makutano, simama mapema kuliko kawaida, na anza kusonga polepole zaidi. Angalia mbele ili kuona ikiwa gari la mbele lina shida yoyote, na uwe tayari kusimama muda mrefu kabla ya mstari.

Wakati skid inatokea na abiria au mzigo¶

Gari iliyojaa abiria, mizigo, au trela hushughulikia kwa njia tofauti. Mzigo mzito huchukua muda mrefu kusimama, na trela inaweza kusukuma nyuma ya gari kuzunguka.

Kuvuta trela au msafara¶

Ikiwa trela itaanza kuyumba kutoka upande kwenda upande, ambayo inaitwa nyoka, punguza mshindo, usivunje kwa nguvu, na ushikilie usukani sawa sawa. Kupunguza polepole husaidia trela kutulia. Kufunga breki kwa nguvu kunaweza kufanya trela iwe jackknife.

Mara tu swing imesimama, vuta na uangalie mzigo na hitch. Katika barafu, ni busara kuacha trela nyumbani au kusubiri barabara bora.

Masanduku ya paa na mizigo nzito¶

Sanduku la paa lililopakiwa huinua katikati ya mvuto na linaweza kufanya gari kuegemea zaidi kwenye mikunjo. Punguza mwendo mapema na uelekeze kwa upole zaidi. Weka vitu vizito chini na karibu na katikati ya gari, vimefungwa chini ili visiweze kusonga kwa kuteleza.

Watoto na kipenzi¶

Hakikisha watoto wako katika kizuizi kinachofaa, wamefunga mikanda kwa usahihi, na wameketi sawa. Wanyama vipenzi na vitu vilivyolegea huwa dondoo katika ajali. Ongea kwa utulivu na watoto baada ya kuteleza, kwani mtoto anayeogopa anaweza kuvuruga kama barabara. Mtu yeyote akiumia, piga simu kwa nambari yako ya dharura ya eneo lako.

Mifumo ya usalama ya gari lako imeelezwa¶

Magari ya kisasa hubeba mifumo kadhaa ambayo husaidia katika skid. Kujua kile wanachofanya, na kile ambacho hawawezi kufanya, hukuzuia kutarajia mengi.

• ABS (mfumo wa kuzuia breki): huzuia magurudumu kufungwa chini ya breki, ili uweze kuendesha wakati wa kuvunja. Haifupishi sana kituo cha barafu, na wakati mwingine huirefusha kwenye theluji iliyolegea.
• Udhibiti wa traction: hupunguza mzunguko wa gurudumu unapoongeza kasi, kwa kukata nguvu ya injini au kuvunja gurudumu linalozunguka. Inakusaidia kujiondoa, lakini sio kuacha.
• Udhibiti wa uthabiti wa kielektroniki: hufunga magurudumu ya kibinafsi ili kuweka gari lielekeze jinsi unavyoelekeza. Inasaidia katika mikunjo na kwenye nyuso zinazoteleza lakini haiwezi kushinda fizikia.
• Usaidizi wa breki: huongeza nguvu ya kusimama wakati mfumo unapohisi kusimama kwa dharura. Inafanya kazi kwa shinikizo la kanyagio, sio kwenye mtego.
• Onyo la mgongano na uwekaji breki wa dharura kiotomatiki: huenda isifanye kazi vizuri wakati vitambuzi vimefunikwa na theluji au barafu, au kwenye barabara zenye utelezi. Weka vitambuzi safi, na usizitegemee katika hali mbaya ya hewa.
• Udhibiti wa meli na udhibiti wa usafiri wa baharini unaoweza kubadilika: ziepuke kwenye barabara zenye utelezi, kwa sababu zinaweza kutumia nguvu kwa wakati usiofaa.

Kuangalia matairi baada ya skid au ukingo uliowekwa¶

Utelezi unaoishia kwenye ukingo unaweza kupinda magurudumu, kuharibu matairi, na kuelekeza vibaya kusimamishwa. Baada ya athari yoyote, egesha gari kwa usalama na uangalie matairi ikiwa hakuna uvimbe, mikato au kamba zilizoachwa wazi. Angalia rimu za gurudumu kwa dents. Ikiwa gari linasogea upande mmoja, likitikisika, au usukani haupo katikati, liangalie kabla hujaendesha mbali.

Pia angalia shinikizo la tairi. Uvujaji wa polepole baada ya kugonga ukingo unaweza kusababisha kupigwa. Ikiwa una shaka, endesha gari polepole hadi kwenye karakana, au piga simu kwa usaidizi wa kando ya barabara.

Orodha fupi ya kiakili kwa siku zenye barafu¶

Jibu maswali haya kabla hujaondoka na kila dakika chache barabarani. Wanachukua sekunde, na kila moja inapunguza hatari yako.

1. Je, ninahitaji kusafiri sasa hivi, au naweza kusubiri barabara zitibiwe?
2. Je, madirisha, taa na bati zangu za nambari ziko wazi?
3. Je, halijoto ya hewa iko karibu au chini ya nyuzi joto 4 (digrii 39 Selsiasi), kumaanisha kuwa barafu inawezekana kwenye madaraja na barabara zenye kivuli?
4. Je, ninaendesha gari kwa mwendo unaoniruhusu kusimama kwa umbali ninaoona ni wazi?
5. Je. pengo langu linalofuata ni refu vya kutosha, angalau sekunde nane hadi kumi?
6. Je. ninajua nitasimama wapi ikiwa barabara iliyo mbele itakuwa mbaya zaidi?
7. Je, simu yangu imechajiwa, na je, nimemwambia mtu njia yangu?

Maswali yanayoulizwa mara kwa mara¶

Je, nisukume breki kwenye barafu?¶

Ikiwa gari lako lina ABS, usisukuma breki. Bonyeza kanyagio kwa uthabiti na uishike, na utarajie msukosuko na mlio, ambayo inamaanisha kuwa mfumo unafanya kazi. Ikiwa gari lako halina ABS, punguza breki kwa upole na uachilie kidogo ikiwa magurudumu yamefungwa, ili uweze kuelekeza. Ukiwa na shaka, punguza breki na kichapuzi na uelekeze unapotaka kwenda.

Je, ninaelekeza njia gani kwenye skid?¶

Elekeza uelekeo unaotaka sehemu ya mbele ya gari iende, ambayo kwa kawaida ni mwelekeo ambao sehemu ya nyuma ya gari inateleza. Angalia njia unayotaka kuchukua na uweke harakati zako ndogo na laini. Gari linapojipanga, nyoosha gurudumu haraka ili gari lisiyumbe kwa njia nyingine.

Je, ninaweza kuendesha gari kwenye barafu nyeusi kwa usalama hata kidogo?¶

Huwezi kufanya barafu nyeusi kuwa salama, lakini unaweza kupunguza hatari kwa kuendesha gari polepole, kuweka pengo kubwa, na kuepuka uendeshaji wa ghafla, breki, au kuongeza kasi. Ikiwa unashuku kuwa kuna barafu nyeusi mbele, inua mshindo mapema na acha gari lipitie kwenye kiraka kwa mstari ulionyooka. Ikiwa hali ni mbaya sana, chelewesha safari yako au usimame mahali salama.

Je, magurudumu yote yanazuia kuteleza kwenye barafu?¶

Hapana, magurudumu yote husaidia kuongeza kasi lakini haisaidii sana katika kushika breki au kuweka kona kwenye barafu. Matairi bado yana uwezo mdogo wa kushikilia, na gari la AWD huteleza kama lingine lolote unapoliuliza mengi mno. Matairi ya msimu wa baridi, kasi ya chini, na pengo refu linalofuata ni muhimu zaidi kwa kukaa katika udhibiti.

Vyanzo vimeangaliwa¶

• Mwongozo wa NHTSA (Utawala wa Kitaifa wa Usalama wa Trafiki wa Barabara Kuu nchini Marekani) kuhusu kuendesha gari majira ya baridi kali, breki za kuzuia kufuli na udhibiti wa uthabiti wa kielektroniki.
• AAA (Chama cha Magari cha Marekani) vidokezo vya kuendesha gari wakati wa baridi juu ya kuteleza na kusimama kwa breki.
• Taarifa za Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Hali ya Hewa (Marekani) kuhusu barafu nyeusi na mvua inayoganda.
• Ushauri wa Met Office (Uingereza) kuhusu kuendesha gari katika hali ya barafu.
• Mwongozo wa barabara kuu za Kitaifa (England) wakati wa msimu wa baridi na Sheria ya Kanuni ya Barabara kuu ya kuendesha gari katika hali ya barafu na theluji.
• Usafiri Kanada maelezo ya kuendesha gari wakati wa baridi na mwongozo wa matairi ya majira ya baridi.
• Ready.gov (Idara ya Usalama wa Nchi ya Marekani) mwongozo wa usafiri wa hali ya hewa wa majira ya baridi.

Miongozo inayohusiana¶

• Hydroplaning na ahueni ya skid
• Seti ya gari la msimu wa baridi na ukaguzi wa gari kabla ya msimu wa baridi
• Kuendesha gari kwenye ukungu, mvua inayoganda na kukatika
• Kukwama kwenye theluji: kuchimba, kuvuta na wakati wa kupiga simu kwa msaada
• Dhoruba za msimu wa baridi